Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development : Scientific Journal of ICARD
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Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from Animals, Food and Humans
Full text linkAntibiotic resistance is considered a global public health problem and is related to the problem of resistance of bacteria in human and veterinary medicine that are transmitted directly and through the food chain. Uncontrolled use of antibiotics in veterinary practice is a special danger for the development of antibiotic resistance. The problem of public health, human and veterinary is the acquired resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. Of particular importance is the emergence of multidrug resistance to Escherichia coli, which is becoming more common in the world, both in human and veterinary medicine, and the possible transmission of resistant Escherichia coli between animals and humans. The purpose of this paper is to show the importance of the rational use of antibiotics in animals and humans to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coli is an intestinal bacterium of all mammals, widespread in the environment and often present in food of animal origin. Today, a pluripotent bacterium and a carrier of antibiotic resistance genes due to anthropogenic factors, and genes are transmitted through animal bacteria, food bacteria to bacteria of human origin
Pathogenicity of Philippine and Indonesian Trypanosoma evansi Isolates in Mice and Their Responses to Trypanocides
Full text linkPathogenicity of 10 isolates of T. evansi collected from Mindanao, Philippines, and one isolate from East Java, Indonesia was determined and compared. The susceptibility of these isolates against diminazene aceturate, melarsomine dihydrochloride, suramin and quinapyramine sulphate/chloride was also tested. Twenty-five mice were infected intraperitoneally with each isolate and 20 were treated with the 4 drugs (5 mice/drug) while 5 infected and 7 uninfected mice served as infected-untreated and uninfected controls, respectively. Treatment was carried out 24 hours post-infection and parasitemia was monitored for 35 days. Mice infected with Philippine isolates significantly died earlier (5-11 days) than those infected with the Indonesian isolate (14-16 days). The prepatent period for Philippine isolates (3-8 days) was significantly shorter than the Indonesian strain (11-13 days). Trypanosomes were not observed in the blood of mice infected with any of the Philippine isolates when treated with quinapyramine sulphate/chloride, melarsomine dihydrochloride or suramin. Two of 10 mice infected with either C4 or A9 Philippine isolates and treated with diminazene aceturate had parasitemia on days 29 and 31, respectively. It is concluded that isolates of T. evansi from Mindanao, Philippines, are more pathogenic than the isolate from East Java, Indonesia. This study also indicated that quinapyramine sulphate/chloride, melarsomine dihydrochloride and suramin are effective against these T. evansi isolates from Mindanao, Philippines and East Java, Indonesia, while two of the Mindanao isolates are resistant to diminazene. This information is valuable in the enhancement of the control strategy against surra in the Philippines and Indonesia
Antibacterial Effect and Potency of Jamaican Cherry Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) as Feed Additive for Antibiotic Growth Promoter Alternative in Animals
No full textAntimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest health challenges in the world. The unwise use of Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) in livestock is one of the factors that triggers the increase in the incidence of antimicrobial resistance. In an effort to anticipate the negative impact of using antibiotics, alternative materials are needed to replace AGP. From those various problems, this paper aims to provide information on the use of phytogenic feed additives as natural antibacterials that have the potency as an alternative AGP. Based on the results of various studies, Jamaican cherry leaf extract has the ability to inhibit the growth of various bacterial species in vitro. Various phytochemical test results showed that Jamaican cherry leaves contain several types of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins that have antibacterial effect. The addition of Jamaican cherry leaves to feed was able to increase the value of digestibility, carcass weight, egg production, and protein content of meat. Therefore, Jamaican cherry leaf (Muntingia carabula L.) has the potency to be used as feed additive to replace AGP
Regulation on Genetically Modified Animals: Proposed and Its Possible Application in Indonesia
Full text linkThe government is responsible for fulfil the needs of safe, healthy and halal food for all its people in a sustainable manner. The world population will increase from 7 to 9 billion people in 2050. While the availability of land may not increase in the future, it may even not be used for agriculture. Scientists are trying to overcome this problem by creating technologies that can increase livestock productivity, one of which is through a genetically modified process. Genetically modified animals are animals that have been genetically modified for many purposes including yields and disease resistance. Although genetically modified animals are at the last stage of research and the possibility to entering Indonesia remains small, but government should prepare a regulation related to it. European countries and USA have regulations to control genetically modified animals. Malaysia also has applied a similar regulation since 2007. Currently, Indonesia has formed an authority that oversees the genetically modified product, namely Biosafety Commission (Komisi Keamanan Hayati) on genetically modified products. However, this commission only supervises genetically modified organism in food and feed. This paper is aimed to propose the regulation for genetically modified animal that may be entering Indonesia and or be researched by Indonesian scientists
Evaluation of Commercial Multi-enzyme on Performance of Laying Hens Fed with Palm Kernel Cake
No full textPalm kernel cake (PKC) has been used in poultry diets with limited amounts due to its high anti-nutritional factors such as the non-starch polysaccharide. An experiment was designed to study the effect of the addition of a commercial multi-enzyme (DGDP) into diets consist of PKC on the performance of laying hens. A control diet without PKC and diet with 7.5% and 15% PKC was formulated to meet the requirement of laying hens 5 dietary treatments were formulated. DGDP enzymes were added into diets consist of PKC. Each diet was fed to 7 replicates of 4 laying hens, and the performances were measured from 20 to 36 weeks of age. Results showed that the inclusion of 7.5 or 15% PKC in the diet did not affect feed intake, the egg production significantly, and the feed conversion ratio. The addition of enzymes into the diet with 7.5% PKC improved 3% egg production and 1.0% FCR but improved only 1.3% egg production and 0.6% FCR on diet with 15% PKC, these improvements, however, were not significantly different. The inclusion of PKC did not reduce the dry matter digestibility, and true metabolizable energy (TME) but reduced significantly protein- digestibility of the feed. The addition of the enzyme slightly improved the dry matter digestibility, and the TME increased 42 kcal/kg and 34 kcal/kg for the feed with 7.5% and 15% PKC, respectively. It is concluded that inclusion of PKC in laying hens diet did not reduce the egg production or impair the FCR, and supplementation of DGDP enzyme didnot improve the egg production or FCR
Pest identification and in vitro vontrol of Indigofera zollingeriana seeds supports the development of forages crops
No full textIndigofera zollingeriana is a leguminous plant that has high protein content and dry matter digestibility and therefore a potential forage to support more productive ruminants. Effective development and distribution of this nutritious forage is using seeds as planting materials. The objective of this study is to identify types of pests mostly attack on Indigofera seeds that inhibit its propagation, and to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical and biological agents as pest control. Identification on pest types was done by trapping the pests, and then observed its type at the zoology laboratory of LIPI Bogor. Test of pest control was conducted in vitro at the Laboratory of Goat Research Station, using completely randomized design consisting of four pest control treatments and five replications. namely: (a) Chemical treatment (active ingredient Deltamethrin), (b) Biological treatment (Beauvaria bassiana fungus), (c) Biological treatment (Metarizium anisopliae fungus), and (d) Water treatment (control). Pests were put in the jars (three heads/jar) and carried out five replicates. Mortality rate was measured for five consecutive days. The results showed that Nezara viridula, Halyomorpha nr halys, and Tineidae sp. are the most common pests that attacked Indigofera zollingeriana seeds. The highest pest mortality rate (91.67-100%) was due to the chemical treatment on the first day of observation, and the treatment effect on pest mortality was significant. The biological treatment caused more than 50% seed mortality on day three and 100% mortality on the day five. It is concluded that chemical treatment on Indigofera zollingeriana seed is more effective to control pests compared to the biological or water treatments
The Effect of Local Feed Ingredient on the Performance of Superior Native Chicken and IOFC
No full textThe nutrient requirements of native chickens are different from those of broiler chickens, but many breeders use commercial broiler or layer feed for native chickens. This study aims to examine the use of local feed ingredient on the performance of superior native chickens and IOFC. The study used a factorial design 3 x 2 with 5 replicated cages, contained 10 unsexed chickens at 4 weeks old; the first factor was type of chicken, namely the Sensi chicken and the KUB chicken, the second factor was feed treatment. The feed treatments used were (D0) 100% commercial broiler diet as a control, (D1) 50% commercial broiler feed + 15% commercial layer concentrate + 25% rice bran + 10% rejected rice, (D2) 30% commercial layer concentrate + 50% rice bran + 20% rejected rice. Observations were made for 6 weeks, on body weight (BW), feed consumption, BW gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and income over feed cost (IOFC). The results showed that type of chicken had a significant effect on BW, FCR, BW gain and IOFC, while feed treatment had a significant effect on feed consumption, BW gain and FCR. There was no interaction between chicken type and diet on all observations. In this study, it can be concluded that Sensi chickens had higher final BW and BW gain, lower FCR and IOFC than KUB chickens had. P1 feed (50% commercial feed broiler + 15% commercial layer concentrate, 25% rice bran and 10% rejected rice) can replace P0 feed (commercial broiler diet) without affecting final BW, BW gain and IOFC
Encapsulation of Gambir Extract: Yield, Total Phenol, Encapsulation Efficiency, Solubility
No full textGambir (Uncaria gambir) extract contains high level of catechin, which was reported beneficial for improving muscle growth. Catechin, however, is easily degraded in the rumen. Therefore, this experiment aimed to get the best method to protect gambir extract using calcium palm fatty acid distillate. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized with factorial design. The 1st factor was the encapsulation method (consisted of one and two stages) and the 2nd factor was level of gambir (consisted of 1, 3, 5, 10%). The yield of encapsulated gambir (EG), total phenol (TP) content and encapsulation efficiency were measured in four replicates. The solubility experiment was done using EG 10% in pH 2 and pH 7.9 solution in 5 replicates. The yield was significantly higher using one than two stages method (P0.05, 98.50% vs 93.58%) but no effect of gambir level on yield. TP content was affected by method, level and its interaction. The highest TP was at 10% EG and produced by two stages method or 70% acetone (1.63%), followed by 50% methanol (1.29%). Encapsulation efficiency (EE) was significantly higher using 1 stage than 2 stages method (94.84% vs 47.79%) butnot significantly different with different gambir level. Solubility of 10% EG was higher at pH 2 than pH 7.9 solution. In conclusion, the best method to encapsulate gambir was one stage method and 10% gambir in EG could be protected 70% at pH 2 solution
Effect of Water-Saving Technology Innovation (Reservoir and Trench Dam) on Beef Cattle Farming
No full textWater-Saving Technology was using reservoirs and dam trench in the dry land area carried out in Grobogan and Maros regency. Survey structure carried out to 17 and 24 respondents to obtained income information before technology implementation. Carrying capacity analysis was calculated after the implementation of technology using the dry matter requirement of crossbred cattle in Grobongan and Bali cattle in Maros. A sampling of the crops by-products in Grobogan taken from paddy production, while in Maros was taken from corn and peanut during the dry season (3 months). Results show that the main income of the respondents in Grobogan was livestock farming (48,59%) while in Maros was food crops farming (51,87%). The implementation of water-saving technology in Grobogan was able to increase the farmer income by Rp. 12.80 million/farmer, while in Maros by Rp. 12.83 million/farmer. The impact of this innovation in Grobogan was the increase of rice by-products with the carrying capacity for 73,13 crossbreed cattle (10 ha), while in Maros by-products from corn and peanut farming had to carry a capacity of 168,97 head of Bali cattle (6,5 ha). Rice by-products were used as cattle feed in the dry season. While in Maros utilization of maize and peanut by-products for cattle feeding was in the rainy season when the cattle could not be grazed in a paddy field during rice planting. In conclusion the implementation of "Water-Saving Technology" was able to increase farmer income, therefore it is potentially developed in dryland agricultural activity in Indonesi
The Role of Mutation Induction Technology in Forage Breeding
Full text linkMutation induction in breeding is one of many ways to improve the character of a plant, including forage crops. Formation of new variety of forage plants, especially grass is still very rare in Indonesia due to several obstacles, including the flower structure, ploid and reproductive systems of forage plants. Mutation induction in breeding as a method of producing new varieties of forage plants (grass and legume) can be utilized by eliminating the constraints in forage plants, because it can create new variety without being restricted by floral structure and reproductive system of plant. The paper aims to describe the mutation breeding and its methods on forage plants and its prospect to obtain new varieties of superior forage plants to meet the needs of forage in Indonesia. A number of factors, including mutation technique, mutagenic type, seed and other factors, are determining the success of mutational breeding. The creation of new types of forage plants by mutation-induction is aiming to increase productivity, improve forage performances and resist abiotic and biotic stress. Mutation breeding is expected to produce new varieties of superior forage plants in a relatively shorter time, because forage plants can be propagated in a vegetative or generative manner. It is epxected that the assembly of new varieties of forage plants can meet the needs of forage in quantity and quality