Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development : Scientific Journal of ICARD
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Trematode and Nematode gastrointestinal infections in livestock from different geographical regions in Indonesia
No full textHelmhintiasis remains a major factor for animal health and causes huge economic losses in the livestock industry of Indonesia, particularly infection of trematodes and nematodes. The study aimed to identify the level of trematode and nematode gastrointestinal infections at some farms from different geographical areas in Indonesia. A total of 376 fecal samples were examined using the floating method (Whitlock chamber) for nematodes and the sediment method (methylene blue 1%) for trematodes. The results of the examination were based on samples of livestock feces obtained from several different locations Malang (feces of cattle), Banten (feces of cattle and buffaloes), Waingapu-Sumba (feces of cattle, buffaloes, horses, pigs), and Denpasar-Bali (feces of pigs), showed that the percentage of helminth infections among examined areas were relatively similar (62.7 – 68.9%) with various range of trematode and nematode infections for 7.8 – 58.6% and 18.6 – 68.6%, respectively. Trematode can infect cattle, buffalo, and horses, and the highest infection is Trematodes Paramphistomum spp. found in buffalo in Banten (45.00%) and Trematoda Fasciola spp. detected in cattle in Malang (44.1%). In addition, Nematode can infect all types of livestock, the highest infection of nematodes was found in pigs in Denpasar (68.6%). The distribution of helminthiasis prevalence was considerably high at some farms in the examined areas in Indonesia. Helminthiasis in the gastrointestinal tract can cause digestive disorders and growth retardation. Accordingly, helminthiasis control needs to be concerned to improve livestock productivity
Carrying Capacity for Ruminant Based on Plantation Byproducts and Potency of Enteric Methane Emission
Full text linkFeed is one of the main pillars that need to be considered in optimizing production parameters in order to develop an efficient livestock business. Two aspects that need to be considered in order to make agricultural byproducts as a source of feed; those are the availability of raw materials for animal rations with high economic value and the function to reduce environmental pollution. Methane emissions are not only related to environmental problems, but also reflect the loss of some energy from livestock so that it cannot be used for the production process. The purpose of this paper is to review and estimate the carrying capacity for ruminant based on plantation by-products based feed and potential enteric methane emissions. The availability of feed from agricultural byproducts in Indonesia is estimated at 69.6 million tonnes of dry matter (DM), 34.8 million of total digestible nutrient (TDN), and 5 million tonnes of crude protein (CP)/year so it is estimated that it can accommodate 62.4 million livestock unit (LU) based on the DM availability or 39.1 million LU based on TDN availability or 51.6 million LU based on CP availability. From these calculations, it was found that the carrying capacity for ruminant in Indonesia could still be increased much greater than the current livestock population, namely 21.7-45 million livestock units if all byproducts are used entirely as components in rations. There are two groups of feed originating from plantation byproducts based on the potential for methane emissions produced, namely low (65-73 g CH4 / kg of material) and high (83-103 g CH4 / kg of material). Utilization of plantation byproducts as ruminant feed is expected to overcome the shortage of forage, especially during dry season. Utilization of these byproducts which in line with efforts to reduce methane emissions would enhance the development of livestock populations in friendly environment
Breeding Strategy of Local Muscovy to Support the Development of Meat Type Duck Industry
Full text linkMuscovy duck is one of the genetic resources of waterfowl that spreads almost all over Indonesia. Muscovy duck is classified as meat-producer waterfowl, because of its relatively large body weight and better meat quality compared to other waterfowl. Therefore, cross breeding between Muscovy and ducks were often conducted by farmers to produce offspring with large body weight in order to anticipate the higher demand for duck meat. If this crossing pattern has been widely adopted by breeders, it will require a larger number of Muscovy duck. Whereas, currently the population of Muscovy is relatively low and no breeding system exists both at the community farm level or industrial level. Therefore, a development program of local Muscovy duck, especially its breeding program needs to be done immediately. As an information material to facilitate the preparation of the program, this paper describes factors that affect the breeding program including production performance and reproduction, as well as the breeding strategy of Muscovy duck as candidates of male line to form special type of meat type ducks through 3 groups of livestock breeds in the shape of a conical triangle at the top. The top position was the pure stock (nucleus), the middle was the parent stock (multiplier) and the bottom was the commercial stock. The genetic quality of livestock flows from the top position to the bottom and cannot be the other way around, because the breeding system is closed in the pure stock (nucleus)
Beneficial of Bioactive Compound of Rice Bran for Chicken’s Functional Feed
Full text linkRice bran is a feed ingredient as a result of the rice milling process which widely used as an energy source in the feed formulation in the chicken diet. Rice bran contains various nutrients such as oil, protein, carbohydrates (especially starch), beta-glucans, and pectins. Rice bran contains bioactive compounds that have positive effects on the chicken performance and health. Recently, rice bran’s bioactive compounds have been developed as a source of making functional feed. The objective of this study was to review the bioactive compounds in rice bran and their benefits in order to produce chicken’s functional feed. The results of the study showed that rice bran contains oryzanol as an important bioactive compound that has high antioxidant activity. Furthermore, other bioactive compound, lysolecithin, has an ability to reduce cholesterol content in blood, meat and eggs of chicken. Besides, rice bran extract is reported to exert antibacterial activity and has immunomodulator function. It was concluded that the bioactive compounds of rice bran is potential to be used as a substance for making functional feed for chickens
Diversity, Nest Preferences, and Forage Plants of Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) from West Halmahera, North Moluccas, Indonesia
Full text linkSurvey of stingless bee diversity, nesting preferences, and forage plants was conducted in West Halmahera across 134 collection sites. This research was aimed to determine species diversity, nesting preference and habitat, and dominant forage plants. There were three species found, the most common species being Tetragonula clypearis (Friese), followed by T. sapiens (Cockerell), and last T. biroi (Friese). Based on the morphology characters of each species, the key identification was provided. The most colonies were found in public houses (80.39%), followed by plantations (13.73%), and the community forest (5.88%), respectively.Most colonies nested in stone cavities, parts of the houses, wooden materials, tree trunks, logs, tree roots, bamboo, and sometimes iron cavities. The forage plants consist of forage plantation, crops, fruits, vegetables, ornamental flowers, wild plants and shrubs. The three species found were new record in West Halmahera. Bees lived in various hollow places that were safe for their colony. Bees made use of a variety of flowering plants and secrete resins around the nest site
Production, Nutritional Quality and In-Vitro Digestibility of the Whole Corn Plant as Forage Feed for Ruminant in Two Seasons
No full textCorn crop biomass is potential to be used as ruminant’s feed. This research aimed to study production, nutritional quality, and in-vitro digestibility of whole of corn plants planted in a different season as forage for ruminant feed. Planting maize seeds was carried out with a spacing of 25x50 cm with a planting depth of 3 to 5 cm. Corn crop biomass is harvested at 50 to 60 days after planting at 10 cm above the ground. This research was conducted in a randomized block design, consisting of two groups of season planting (dry and rainy season). Each group consisted of 5 replications with an experimental plot area of 400 m2 for each replication. The variables observed were production, nutrient content, and in-vitro digestibility. Productions data were analyzed using a t-test. There was no significant difference between fresh and dry matter productions planted in the dry and rainy seasons. Fresh productions were 19.35 and 17.36 t/ha while DM productions were 6.35 and 6.33 t/ha for the rainy and dry season, respectively. The nutritional quality and in-vitro digestibility were almost similar both in the rainy and dry seasons. Crude protein contents were 9.83 and 9.04% for the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The ADF content was 33.41 and 36.60% for the rainy and dry season, respectively, while NDF content was 56.89 and 58.63%, respectively. The IVDMD and IVOMD were 49.35 to 51.78% and 48.42 to 50.96%, respectively. It can be concluded that the whole corn plant can be used as a forage source with good quality as ruminant feed
Effect of edamame flour filler substitution on the nutrition facts of culled duck meatballs
No full textThis study objective was to determine the effect of substitution of edamame flour filler on the nutrition facts of culled duck meatballs. Materials used in this study consisted of culled duck meat, tapioca, edamame flour, egg white, garlic, onion, salt, pepper, monosodium glutamate, sodium tripolyphosphate, and ice. Edamame flour filler substitution treatments were 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of the full filler. The nutrition facts of meatballs were calculated based on the nutritional adequacy rate of meatballs which refers to the average energy sufficiency for the Indonesian population per person per day, which is 2,150 kcal, 60 g total protein, 67 g total fat, and 30 g fiber with a 50 g serving (5 meatballs). Samples were tested with 3 replications. The data from the calculation of the nutrition facts of meatballs were analyzed using analysis of variance and then tested by using Duncan's New Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the substitution of edamame flour filler had a highly significant effect (P0.01) on the nutrition facts of meatballs. Culled duck meatballs substituted with up to 20% edamame flour had a higher content of total fat, total protein, and fiber than control meatballs
Livestock Products’ Price Behavior during Covid-19 Pandemic Era in Java, Indonesia
No full textThe pandemic era of Covid-19 may affect decreasing willingness to pay people in Indonesia, especially for livestock products that consider high-income elastic such as beef, broiler meat, and eggs. A study was conducted to analyze price behaviour on livestock products before and during the Covid-19 pandemic to anticipate future price fluctuations. A total of 480 weekly consumer prices of beef, broiler meat, and eggs had been used in the study from July 2019 until December 2020. The data has been gathered from National Online Market Information System-Livestock by the Food Security Agency of the Ministry of Agriculture divided into two periods, i.e. before March 2020 as a period of non-pandemic and after March 2020 that considered as during pandemic era. Data from six provinces in Java were analyzed in the study. The data used were the prices of three main livestock products, namely beef, broiler meat, and eggs, and weekly data from six provinces in Java (DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, DI Yogyakarta, East Java, and Banten). The results indicated that all provinces in Java were significantly affected by consumer price changes of beef, broiler meat, and eggs (P0.001). The beef price, region, and time variables and their interactions were significantly affected by price changes (P0.001). However, the price of eggs has been affected by the time variable (P0.05), while that of their interaction was not affected significantly (P0.3). The results indicated that consumers' beef price has the most affected due to the Covid-19 pandemic era in Java, while price eggs and broiler meat were not too affected by price changes
Breeding soundness examination and sexual dimorphism of young Bali cattle bull
No full text The objectives of the research were to evaluate the Breeding Soundness Examination and Sexual Dimorphism of young Bali bulls. There were 33 healthy, under normal condition and 25 heads had reddish-brown and 8 had dark chestnut brown skin color. The data collected were body weight (kg), scrotal circumference (cm), libido (score 1-3), semen volume (ml), color of semen, motility (%), concentration of sperm (×107/ml), live spermatozoa (%) and testosterone levels (ng/ml). The data were analyzed descriptively with a T-test for statistical analysis. The results Breeding soundness examination showed that bodyweight of 214 ± 25.2 (160-252) kg, Scrotal circumference was 20.96 ± 1.19 (19-24) cm, libido (score 1-3) of 1.12 ± 1.19 (0-3), semen volume of 2.15 ± 1.02 (1-4) ml, motility of 51.25± 9.54 (40-65) %, concentration of sperm of 668.51 ± 216.39 (340-952) x 107/ml, live spermatozoa of 52.51 ± 8.86 (40-60) % and testosterone level of 6.64 ± 0.28 (4.93-7.51) ng/ml. Results of the evaluation of sexual dimorphism of reddish yellow and dark chestnut brown skin color consist body weight, scrotal circumference, and testosterone levels were found nor significantly different (P0.05) those values were 224.71±25.85(n=25) and 210.8±24.69kg (n=8), scrotal circumference were 20.75±1.28(n=25) and 21.04 ±1.18 cm(n=8), 6.41±0.78 (n=25) and 6.72±0.56 ng/ml (n=8) respectively. It can be concluded that breeding soundness examination in young Bali bulls can be used to evaluate phenotype variations. There was no effect of sexual dimorphism on body weight, scrotal circumference, and testosterone levels Bali bull age of 1,5 to 2 years
Simmental Identification of SNP BTA10 to Twinning Birth Trait of Simmental - Ongole Grade Crossing
No full textIncreasing of beef cattle population can be done by utilizing the genetic potential of twinning birth, which can be identified through exploration of quantitative trait loci markers (QTL) at locus chromosome 10 (BTA10). The aim of this research was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of BTA10 molecular markers on the trait of twinning birth. Ongole Grade (OG) cattle 22 heads and SIMPO (Simental – OG crossing) cattle 86 heads, they were cows and its twin or single calves, taken its blood as samples research. The sequencing method was used to detect SNPs on BTA10 and SNAP to demonstrate validation markers of the twinning birth traits. The results showed that SNP verification in BTA 10 was not related to genetic of the twinning birth trait in OG or SIMPO cattle, but SNP A/T position of 75 bp at consensus area in its clamp sequence of locus Hapmap22923-BTA-129564 showed significant association with the twinning birth trait only in SIMPO cattle. It was concluded, SNP in BTA 10 had not been proven to be related to genetic traits of twinning birth in OC cattle, but SNP A/T in 75 bp position was significantly associated with SIMPO cattle