Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development : Scientific Journal of ICARD
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Pathogenic Organisms in Varanidae and Their Potential as Zoonotic Diseases
Full text linkMonitor lizards have various body sizes, belong to the Varanidae and it is reported that there were various kinds of pathogenic organisms in their bodies. This review aims to describe various information on pathogenic organisms and their potential as zoonotic diseases and can be used as a reference in the prevention of zoonotic diseases originating from Varanidae. The results of this review discuss two types of viruses, three types of bacteria, five types of protozoa, two types of arthropods, and seven types of endoparasites that are pathogenic in Varanidae. Based on this information it is known that potentially zoonotic pathogens include bacteria group is Salmonella spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum; groups of protozoa was Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium sp.; Arthropod group namely Amblyomma sp. which carries the bacteria Rickettsia sp., Borrelia spp. and Anaplasma spp. and the endoparasite group consisting of Ascaris sp., Strongyloides sp., Pentastomida, and Angiostrongylus cantonensis, while for the virus group, there were no pathogenic organisms with zoonotic potential. The extensive use of Varanidae by humans as exotic pets, as well as for consumption and medicine has great potential in the transmission of zoonotic diseases. Those are possible because the varanids non-aseptically environment. The proper handling and maintenance of monitor lizards are necessary to prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases. Unhygienic and less aseptic way of handling food products of animal origin can lead to the potential for transmission of pathogenic organisms (foodborne disease). Efforts to prevent the transmission of foodborne diseases can apply Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) with the process of cooking reptile meat for consumption. Besides, disease transmission can be prevented by implementing the One Health concept
Fiber in Broiler Feed: Its Effect on Performance, Gastro-intestinal Tract, and Microbial Profile
Full text linkIn AGP ban era, addition of a fiber source in broiler feed improves the performance and development of the gastrointestinal tract. This paper aims to describe the differences in fiber analysis methods and the effect of fiber source addition on growth, development of the gastrointestinal tract, and microbiota profile in the digestive tract of broilers. Oat hulls, sugar beet pulp, rice hulls, pea hulls, sunflower hulls, wheat bran, and wood have been tested as fiber source in broiler feed. The effectiveness of fiber in increasing growth performance and stimulating the development of the gastrointestinal tract were influenced by the physico-chemical properties, level of addition, particle size, and fraction composition of the fiber source. Exploration of local fiber sources from Indonesia, which can have ability to increase growth performance and gastrointestinal tract development of broilers is needed to support food security in the future
Dietary mitigation of enteric methane emissions and animal production from ruminants: Plant tannins mitigation options
No full textEnteric methane (CH4) emissions produced by microbial fermentation in the rumen provide the discharge of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere. A reduction in ch4 emissions would not only reduce GHG emissions but would also improve the efficiency of animal production. Methane is a source of energy loss from the animal which would otherwise be used for more efficient production of meat and milk. Animal dry matter intake (dmi) is the single important predictor of CH4 production. Each 1.0 kg increase in dmi increased ch4 production by an average of 20.53 (± 0.87) g per kg of dmi in beef and dairy cattle. However, total methanogens, total protozoa populations, and firmicutes: bacteroidetes (f: b) ratio can significantly affect this relationship. In addition, various dietary ch4 interventions including ionophores, chemical compounds, legumes, essential oils, fats, saponins, probiotics, and plant secondary metabolites (e.g., tannins, saponins) have been investigated as methanogenesis inhibitors. However, in some cases, the desired anti-methanogenic effect may coexist with adverse effects such as decreasing dmi and feed efficiency. Tannins are thought to have both beneficial and detrimental effects on feed nutritive value and animal performance. One possible strategy to reduce GHG emissions is dietary modifications that include feeding tannin-rich diets to cattle and other ruminants. Properly designed tannin-rich diets can reduce GHG emissions as enteric CH4 production without negative impacts on animal production. Therefore, GHG reduction strategies should be established to increase ruminant production efficiency, while minimizing losses of CH4 and volatile organic compounds from animal agriculture
Establishment of Ruminant Feed Mill in West Nusa Tenggara: Challenges and Opportunities
No full textWest Nusa Tenggara or Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) Province is one of the centres of beef cattle production in Indonesia. This research aimed to analyze the opportunities and challenges of establishing a ruminant feed mill in NTB Province. Primary data collections were carried out through surveys and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with competent stakeholders at an agency that handles the livestock sector. Secondary data collections were sourced from government and private agencies, reports on the results of existing studies, and other relevant sources. Analysis of the opportunities and challenges of establishing a ruminant feed mill in NTB Province was using a SWOT analysis. The results showed that the opportunities for the establishment of a feed mill in NTB Province were indicated bythe high number of ruminant livestock population, the strong political support from the provincial government, the local production system, the more intensive food agriculture system, the willingnes of farmers to to buy feed produced from the feed mill. The threats for the establishment of a feed mill in NTB Province were the declining tendency of the ruminant livestock population, the increasing livestock and meat importation lack of the farmer’s capital land conversion, and decreased land carrying capacity, lacks of group resources the non competitive products in quality and quantity with foreign products. The construction of a ruminant animal feed mill in NTB Province is feasible and technically, production and marketing are very prospective because commercial animal feed needs are still imported from outside NTB Province
Physiological Response of Bali Cattle with Improved Feed through Palm Frond Substitution on Dry Land in Central Kalimantan
No full textCentral Kalimantan is one of the Indonesian provinces with great potential for a beef cattle centre in the future. Its supported by the availability of potential land and feed supply. By products of oil palm processing are potential cattle feed ingredient in these provinces. Central Kalimantan was recognized as third largest oil palm land plantations area in Indonesia with total areas of 2.02 million hectares. Oil palm plants can produce 18-25 fronds/tree/year or about 10 tons/Ha/year dry materials. This research was conducted in January - December 2019 and located in the Jaya Makmur farmer group, Kotawaringin Timur Regency, Central Kalimantan Province. A total of 16 Bali cattle aged 24-36 months were used and grouped based on a palm frond fermentation treatment made from palm fronds (P0, P1, P2 and P3). The research was statistically analyzed using a completely randomized design (CRD). The environmental conditions during the study obtained the temperature of the cage ranging from 29-320C. The use of palm frond fermentation has been shown the daily body weight of cattle by 320 ± 75 grams/head/day. The treatment of palm fronds on rations had a significant effect (P 0.05) on the daily weight gain for Bali cattle and as a result, it shown that P1 is the best result significantly. It was also able to increase the BCS value and conception rate due to improved feed ration formula, calculated and adjusted to the cattle needs
Processing Technologies of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Potentials and Constraints for Ruminant Feed Production
Full text linkLignocellulosic biomass (LCB) such as crop residues and agro-industrial wastes are renewable resources and available abundantly. It could play central role in sustainable feeding system of ruminant production. These materials are potential source of fiber to support optimum rumen function and energy supply. However, the LCB has important nutritional constraints that limit its utilization as feed for ruminants. This review is intended to discuss nutritional constraints of LCB as ruminant feed and the potentials and challenges of processes in upgrading the nutritional quality of LCB. The main polymer compounds in LCB are cellulose (30 to 60% ), hemicellulose (20 to 40 %) and lignin (15-25%) and its inter linkages make the energy contained in the LCB is less extractable by the ruminant digestive system. Physical, chemical and biological processing technologies have been well known as alternative means to upgrade the nutritive values of LCB. Recently, novel processing technologies of LCB such as ionic liquid, organosolv, sonication, and new screened rot white fungi (Ceriporiopsis subvermispora) and some older technologies using alkaline and acids have been studied and developed particularly for the purpose of biofuel production in the bio refinery industry. Processing technologies have different properties in degrading the lignin, degrading and solubilizing the cellulose and hemicellulose that all relate to the nutritive quality of LCB. Advantages of processed LCB in ruminant animals were indicated by increase in diet digestibility, intake, rumen fermentation and gain. It is concluded that numerous processing technologies are available to upgrade the nutritional quality of LCB, but there are obstacles to use some of these techniques for wide application in ruminant production system
Lumpy Skin Disease: Ancaman Penyakit Emerging Bagi Kesehatan Ternak Sapi Di Indonesia
No full textLumpy skin disease (LSD) menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi bagi peternak sapi, yang disebabkan oleh virus LSD, genus Capripoxvirus, famili Poxviridae. Penyakit ini di karakterisasi dengan adanya nodul pada kulit. Virus ini hanya menginfeksi sapi dan kerbau rawa yang memiliki tingkat mortalitas rendah, namun tingkat morbiditas tinggi. Sedangkan virus ini tidak menginfeksi kambing dan domba. Hingga saat ini, LSD belum pernah dilaporkan di Indonesia, oleh karena itu pengenalan penyakit LSD diperlukan terutama bagi dokter hewan dan paramedis lapangan sehingga infeksi LSD dapat diketahui dan penanganannya dapat dilakukan lebih dini. Tulisan ini akan membahas mengenai penyakit LSD, cara penyebaran penyakit, epidemiologi, diagnosis, faktor risiko serta pengendalian penyakit LSD, sehingga diharapkan masuknya infeksi LSD dapat terdeteksi sedini mungkin dan diantisipasi dengan lebih arif oleh pemangku kebijakan.
Development of Chicken Production on Free-Range System
Full text linkThe free-range system is a currentmodel of chicken production according to the concept of Animal Welfare. This article aims to discuss how the free-range system was implemented and its effect on health, performance and quality product as well as free-range development strategies as an alternative to chicken production systems. The free-range system must have access to outdoor to express their natural behavior. Based on regulation, the density of chickens in outdoor is a maximum of 10,000 birds/ha. Chickens reared using the free-range system show better welfare indicators, as evidenced by the Heterophil/Lymphocyte (H/L) value and the frequency of their natural behavior. Chicken eggs from the free-range system contain higher levels of protein and carotenoid. It also contains omega-3 6, DHA, vitamins A and E and have lower cholesterol level. Chicken meat from the free-range system contains higher protein and lower fat levels. However, the performance of chicken production using free-range system was still not consistent and was greatly influenced by the type of forage in the pasture. The introduction of grazing land with superior forage such as Indigofera zollingeriana and choosing kampung or local type of chickens may become development strategies of chicken production in the free range system
Effect of Chicken Bone Extract Powder on Epididymal Sperm Quality of Male Wistar Rats
Full text linkCalcium is one of the minerals that are essential for male reproductive function. Calcium deficiency adversely affects spermatogenesis, normal sperm function and results in infertility. The sperm quality of rats fed a standard diet containing chicken bone extract powder (BEP) was assessed in the present study. Twenty male 8-week-old rats, Wistar strain, were randomized by weight into two groups of ten rats each and fed ad libitum a standard diet containing calcium carbonate (CaCO3, control) or chicken BEP; both were equivalent to 0.5% calcium. At the end of the 7-week consumption, the net body weight gains measured in control (101.33±21.81 g) and chicken BEP groups (100.74±26.80 g) were not significantly different (P0.05). The in vitro sperm quality in terms of concentration, motility, viability, resistance to hypotonic stress, acrosomal reaction ability and morphology was comparable between control and chicken BEP (all were P0.05). The results suggest that chicken BEP addition into feeds is an alternative calcium source that is as effective but less expensive as CaCO3, a commercial calcium (fortificant). At least, it has no detrimental effect on male reproductive function
Dairy production in New Zealand
No full textThe dairy industry in New Zealand is an important contributor to the national economy and the aim of this paper is to discuss differences and perceived strengths of its pastoral-based production system and co-operative industry structure compared to other dairy systems. New Zealand produced 3% of the world’s milk, totalling 21.1 billion litres of milk containing 1.90 billion kg milk solids (MS) during the 2019/20 season with 95% of the milk produced exported to 150 different markets. The value of dairy exports has risen from 17.1 billion in 2020. In 2019/20 there was 4.92 Million dairy cows in 11,179 herds and the average herd size was 440 cows. The average milk MS produced per hectare was 1,096 kg and the average MS produced per cow was 385 kg, consisting of 215 kg milk fat and 170 kg milk protein.The New Zealand dairy industry is an integrated system, encompassing the production, manufacturing, and marketing of milk products. Historically, and still to date, the industry is based on co-operative, farmer owned structures whereby milk processors (e.g. Fonterra) focus on maximising financial return to shareholder farmers. Genetic selection and herd recording are carried out by breeding companies, the largest being Livestock Improvement Corporation (a farmer-owned co-operative), along with research and extension from DairyNZ, which is paid for by an industry levy on each kg MS produced. This integrated structure enables the continued progression of the New Zealand dairy industry