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Seasonal variation in yield and yield contributing characters of selected cocoa clones
Get PDFCocoa, the only source of chocolate, is divided into three groups viz. Forastero, Criollo and Trinitario. This study was taken up to gauge the performance of 12 years old cocoa clones of three types. Among these, Forastero was found to perform well under tropical conditions in all three seasons. The performance of Forastero was unrivaled with pod weight 429.95 g and wet bean weight 117.79 g. All three varieties performed well under post-monsoon season exploiting advantages of monsoon. When correlated with weather, it was observed that number of rainy days, rainfall and relative humidity had a negative correlation with number of pods, whereas mean sunshine hours had a positive correlation with pod weight, wet bean weight, and TSS. In order to comprehend the significance of weather parameters, canonical correlation was estimated. The high value indicated that all the weather parameters influenced the characters to a great extent. Rainfall, temperature and relative humidity were the three climatic factors influencing the yield parameters. High R2 value obtained in prediction model suggested that it could be efficiently used in the prediction of yield and yield contributing characters of cocoa.
 
Climate based coconut yield model for Arsikere taluk of Hassan district in Karnataka
Get PDFCoconut has a prolonged reproductive phase of 44 months from the initiation of the inflorescence primordium to full maturity of the nuts. Weather affects all stages of the long development cycle, and thus there is likely to be extended predictability based on climate variability. Arasikere taluk of Hassan district, which has a major share of coconut area of Karnataka state, is frequently experiencing deficit rainfall coupled with a decline in groundwater level. Hence, an attempt was made to relate the coconut sample survey data of Coconut Development Board with climate data of Arsikere taluk of Hassan district. Mean nut yield per palm, per year in the Arasikere taluk was 49.2. Among the villages, Gijihalli recorded significantly lower nut yield (42.2) followed by Jajur (48.8) and Aggunda (55.3). Mean maximum, and minimum temperature during 2010-2017 was 32.40C and 19.50C respectively, with an average annual rainfall of 840 mm. Annual rainfall during 2011, 2012 and 2016 was below normal compared to other years. Correlation of monthly nut yield per palm with rainfall showed a significant positive correlation with the previous three to four years rainfall. Long dry spell during primordial initiations to nut maturity during consecutive two years 2011 and 2012 has resulted in significantly low nut yield during 2014. Rainfall during 2013 and 2014 was comparatively better, resulting in significantly higher nut yield during 2016 compared to 2014. Among the different stages, the primordium initiation stage and the ovary development stages were more strongly and significantly influenced by the weather parameters during all the years. Rainfall during button development stage followed by Tmax and rainfall during the spadix emergence stage showed a significant contribution to the weather-based regression model. Future climate of Arasikere showed an increase in annual rainfall mainly during September and October but declined during November/December period. Maximum and minimum temperature showed an increase by 1-1.50C which may increase the evaporative demand and dry spell duration resulting in moisture stress thus highlighting the importance of rainwater harvesting to take advantage of increased rainfall under future climatic condition. The future climate scenario may also favour the attack of pests like eriophyid mite
Productivity and carbon sequestration potential of coconut-based cropping system as influenced by integrated nutrient management practices
Get PDFA field experiment was carried out at Regional Coconut Research Station, Bhatye (DBSKKV, Dapoli), Maharashtra (India) during 2013-2018 to study the productivity and carbon sequestration potential as influenced by integrated nutrient management (INM) practices in coconut based cropping system. INM practices viz., T1- 75 per cent of RDF+25 per cent of N through organic recycling with vermicompost, T2- 50 per cent of RDF+50 per cent of N through organic recycling with vermicompost + vermiwash application + bio-fertilizer application + in situ green manuring (cowpea), T3- fully organic: 100 per cent N through organic recycling with vermicompost + vermiwash application + bio-fertilizer application + in situ green manuring (cowpea) and green leaf manuring + composted coir pith, husk incorporation and mulching with coconut leaves were imposed in coconut based cropping system involving nutmeg, cinnamon, banana and pineapple. For comparison, T4- control: monocrop of coconut with recommended NPK and organic manure was maintained. Four treatments were laid out in a block of 0.45 ha area each. Among the different INM practices, treatment T1 sequestered the highest amount of above ground (coconut + nutmeg) carbon stock (31.1 t ha-1) followed by T2 (30.3 t ha-1) and T3 (27.3 t ha-1). In contrast, the treatment T4 - coconut monocrop alone had sequestered 25.6 t ha-1. The below-ground soil carbon stock in the rhizosphere of different crops was the highest in the nutrient management under T3 followed by T2 and T1, whereas, it was the lowest in coconut monocrop. The productivity of the system was higher in the intercropping garden. The coconut nut yield (5-year average) was higher yield under T1 (147.2 nuts palm-1 year-1), followed by T2 (138.4 nuts palm-1 year-1) and T3 (123.6 nuts palm-1 year-1), whereas, monocrop had recorded a significantly lower number of nuts (97.2 nuts palm-1 year-1)
Potential of soil resources of Coconut Research Station, Aliyarnagar, Tamil Nadu, India for agro-technology generation
Get PDFPotential of soil resources of Coconut Research Station, Aliyarnagar of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University and one of the Centers of ICAR-AICRP (Palms), was assessed by soil profile examination and spatial variability mapping. Three soil profiles were examined, one each in A, B and C blocks of the farm, soils were studied horizon wise samples were collected, and fertility parameters were analyzed. Spatial variability of primary nutrients was mapped employing GIS techniques. Soil profile examination revealed the presence of canker nodules in the lower horizons and the depth of the soil was not a constraint for the cultivation of perennial crops. The texture of the soil varied from loamy sand to sandy clay loam. pH was alkaline and electrical conductivity was less than 2 dSm-1. The content of KMnO4-N was low, and Olsen P, NNNH4OAc-K and organic carbon were medium. Land capability class was IIIew and was highly suitable (S1) for coconut, moderately suitable (S2) for cocoa and marginally suitable (S3) for pepper. The soil taxonomic class is fine-loamy mixed, isohyperthermic Fluventic/Typic Haplustepts. Rock outcrops were noticed over 5 per cent of the area. Top soil erosion and seepage problems resulting in temporary water logging are the major fertility constraints associated with this farm. Scrupulous application of organic manures, split application of fertilizers, providing trenches in areas of water logging, etc., are the strategies to overcome the constraints, which are existing in the farm
Tea seed oil: Physicochemical profiling
Get PDFA study was undertaken to evaluate the quality characteristic of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) seed oil. The oil content ranged between 20.84 and 21.90 per cent. Smoke point, iodine value, saponification value, calorific value, refractive index, oil density, oil colour and oil pH were in the range of 247.29 - 251.53 (oC), 82.74 - 85.65 (g I 100-1 g), 185.33 - 185.72 (mg KOH g-1), 6822.53-6891.05 (J per 100 g), 1.46 (at 40 0C), 0.92 - 0.94 (g per cm3), 4.45 - 4.47 (Y+5R) and 4.62 - 4.64, respectively. The oxidation parameters, i.e., peroxide value, ranged from 1.17 - 2.63 meq kg-1. The tea seed oil has PUFA/SFA ratio 0.82 - 1.31 closer to WHO recommended value. Besides, antioxidant activity in term of DPPH free radical scavenging activity ranged between 6.30 - 7.14 per cent, β-carotene 4.62 - 12.93 mg kg-1 and α-tocopherol 90.49 - 366.52 mg kg-1. Highest oleic acid content was found in TSS 1, whereas highest α-tocopherol was found in TS 557. The results open up the possibilities of extracting oil from these bi-clonal seed stocks, which will diversify the use of tea
Effect of different artificial diets on biological parameters of female Chrysoperla carnea under laboratory conditions
Get PDFChrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is considered as a cosmopolitan polyphagous generalist predator. Chrysoperla carnea can be used in biological control programs. The biological parameters of Chrysoperla carnea were studied to check the effect different diets under laboratory conditions. The results indicate that preoviposition, oviposition and post oviposition periods were 8.2±1.25, 30.6±1.72 and 9.4±1.02 days, respectively. The highest mortalities were occurred reared at Water+ Sugar+ Yeast+ Evion diets while no mortality was observed at H2O + Sugar +Yeast + Honey. The female longevity was 51.2 ± 2.18 days. The fecundity of female was 301.31 eggs per female with 10.36 eggs per day per single female on artificial diet, H2O + Sugar +Yeast + Honey. The study revealed that H2O + Sugar +Yeast + Honey was showed highest survival and fecundity while Water+ Sugar+ Yeast+ Evion least one
Rice Breeding Strategies in the Philippines
Get PDFRice is a major staple in the Philippines. The major goal of the rice sector in the country is to increase its productivity to meet the ever growing demand for rice. Breeding is one of the potential solutions to achieve rice self-sufficiency in the country. Rice variety development is led by research institutions such as PhilRice, IRRI, UPLB, and private companies and each adapts various breeding strategies. Rice variety normally takes 10-12 years of a journey from breeding to release and more than 300 varieties have been developed and released that were suited for various rice ecosystems. Sufficient varieties were available for production and this led to continuous in rice production for the past decade. However, yield increment has plateaued. To meet the increasing demand for rice, achieve self-sufficiency, and particularly, break the yield barrier (plateau) and achieve a leap in yield potential, breeding institutions particularly PhilRice should embrace new advances and technologies in rice breeding. The introduction of the concept of transforming breeding into a “factory line” type encouraging rapid generation advance, earlier multi-location trials, and increasing selection pressure, and employing genomic selection (GS) in handling a large quantity of materials/populations can improve breeding efficiency and outputs significantly
Effect of Method and Time of Management on European Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.) Growth and Development in Minnesota
Get PDFEuropean buckthorn is an exotic problematic invasive woody species that has displaced native plant species in Minnesota woodlands. Buckthorn is also an overwintering host for oat crown rust and soybean aphids, which can cause significant crop yield losses. The overall goal of this study was to test multiple buckthorn control methods and examine the establishment of native plant species in colonized areas. Specific objectives were to 1) determine the effectiveness of buckthorn control methods when applied in different seasons, 2) monitor seedling recruitment and resprouting ability of buckthorn saplings following treatment, 3) monitor recruitment and survival of native plant species following treatment, and 4) characterize buckthorn carbohydrate fluctuations and considerations for timely and effective buckthorn management. Field experiments conducted for two years in two locations (Eagle Lake Regional Park and Battle Creek Regional Park, Minnesota, U.S.A), tested four buckthorn control treatments: 1) cutting only; 2) cutting+stump treatment with herbicide (triclopyr); 3) cutting+stump treatment with herbicide+burning, and 4) cutting+burning. Untreated controls were included in each experiment. Across management seasons, the cutting+stump treatment with herbicide resulted in higher seedling densities for buckthorn and other species the next season compared to cutting only without herbicide application. Spring management resulted in the lowest seedling density the next season for both buckthorn and other plant species, and spring control treatments that included herbicide and burning resulted in higher buckthorn and native species seedling densities than treatments without burning. Because seasonal total nonstructural carbohydrate levels in buckthorn crowns were highest in the fall season, we recommend applying systemic herbicides in the fall when carbohydrates are translocated for storage to facilitate herbicide translocation and efficacy. Our study shows that integrating multiple buckthorn control methods reduces buckthorn populations and increases native species diversity. For long-term control of buckthorn seedling establishment, follow-up treatments like applying foliar herbicide sprays can be used in addition to prescribed burning
Toxicity of insecticides to predators of rice brown planthopper: Wolf spider and carabid beetle
Get PDFField toxicity two insect growth regulators (IGR) viz. Award 40 SC (Buprofezin) and Haron 5 EC (Lufenuron) and one newer Thiacloprid viz. Calypso 280 SC against wolf spider, Lycosa pseudoannulata and carabid beetle, Ophionea indica, the predators of rice brown planthopper (BPH) was examined in the Entomology field laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Effectiveness of insecticides was assessed on the basis of populations of wolf spider and carabid beetle under field condition at 1, 2, 3, 5 & 7 days after treatment. The abundances of wolf spider and carabid beetle were not changed significantly even when rice plants were treated with either Award or Haron. In contrast, Calypso 280 SC had significantly reduced wolf spiders (about 78%) and carabid beetle (about 57%) populations compared to the control. Therefore it is concluded from the present study that Award 40 SC @ 0.75 ml/L or Haron 5 EC @ 1.00 ml/L would be applied as the protector of predators of BPH in rice-ecosystem. On the other hand, Calypso 280 SC has adverse effects on the populations of wolf spider and carabid beetle in rice-ecosystem as well as other environmental components
Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.)
Get PDFThe present study was conducted at the Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam with the objective to estimate the extent of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, correlation and path analysis among tamarind genotypes. A remarkable variability was observed among the tamarind collections for all the characters. In all the cases, phenotypic variance was higher than the genotypic variance. Also, phenotypic coefficient of variation was found higher than genotypic coefficient of variation for all the traits. The high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent over mean was observed in the traits such as pod yield plant-1 (98.07%; 76.103%), fruit weight (89.11%; 63.668%), fibre weight (89.95%; 91.967%), shell weight (86.19%; 58.534%) and pulp weight (74.13%; 51.533%) whereas the lowest values were recorded for pod length (34.91%; 13.945%) and tree circumference (20.34%; 8.198%). Thus, it indicated better scope for improvement of these traits through selection programme. Pod yield tree-1 was significantly and positively correlated with pod width, tree circumference and pulp weight. Path coefficient analysis showed that pod yield tree-1 contributed the maximum positive direct effect