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Effect of bio-inoculants on growth and yield of betel vine (Piper betle)
Get PDFBetel vine (Piper betel) cultivation and the consumption of betel leaves is a very traditional and widespread practice in India and many South-East Asian countries. The marginal and small farmers generally cultivate betel vine in their small holdings which provide them with a means of alternative cash earning to meet their day to day livelihood. Chewing betel leaves is an old habit of the people residing in subtropical countries. It is used in several traditional remedies for the treatment of stomach ailments, infections and as a general tonic. As betel leaf is directly chewed, there is a need to improve the leaf yield and to optimize the usage of manures for the leaf production. A study was taken up to assess the efficacy of some of the bio-inoculants in combination with inorganic fertilizers in betel vine cv. SGM 1 under an open system of deep trench method. Among the various treatments, Azospirillum @ 5 kg coupled with 100 kg each of P and K ha-1 had recorded the highest vine length (195.6 cm), more number of laterals per vine (22.3) and highest leaf yield ha-1 (44.7 lakh)
Community-level management of bio-resources for augmenting income from coconut-based farming systems in Kerala state, India
Get PDFOn-farm management of farm residues for mass multiplication of beneficial microbes plays an important role in organic farming as well as integrated nutrient management by improving soil health. Community-level production of organic inputs from crop residues can be a potential source of income for farmers’ groups also. A large scale operational research on community-based bio-resource management, along with soil test based nutrient management, was undertaken by ICAR-CPCRI with financial support from NABARD in the major organic tract of Kerala in the coastal belt - Kanjikuzhy block during 2014-2016. The bio-resource management components under technology integration included farm-level production of organics from crop residues, enrichment using bio-agents, utilization of enriched organics for soil and plant health management and production of bio-primed planting materials. For enhancing the efficiency of Trichoderma-enriched organic manure, two ideal media viz., coir pith compost + neem cake (4:1) and coir pith compost + neem cake + poultry manure + cow dung (2:1:1:1) were standardized. Coconut seedlings produced through bio-priming with Trichoderma sp. showed early germination (90%), higher recovery percentage (79.5%), higher collar girth (17 cm), more number of fronds (9) and height (160 cm). Farm-based participatory action management integrating cost-effective bio-resource management interventions in coconut-based farming systems resulted in improvements in income from coconut by 26 per cent and intercrops by 142.9 per cent, contributing to an increase in the average farm income by 149.8 per cent. The average knowledge index of the respondents related to bio-resource management increased by 115.8 per cent and that of integrated nutrient management by 74.5 per cent
Combining Ability Analysis of Dry Matter Content, Reducing Sugars and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Genotypes in Uganda
Get PDFPotato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Uganda is a major food and cash crop mainly grown in the highland regions by small-scale farmers. The increasing importance of potato as a processed product requires new varieties possessing quality processing attributes with acceptable yield. The objectives of this study were to estimate the combining ability effects for dry matter content, reducing sugars, and yield related traits in potato. Nineteen F1 families generated from eight parents using a half diallel mating design were evaluated for dry matter content, reducing sugars, average weight per tuber and total tuber yield at Kachwekano research station. Additive genetic effects were predominant for dry matter content while non-additive effects for the other traits. The GCA/SCA ratios were 0.58, 0.28, 0.17 and 0.44 for dry matter content, reducing sugars, average weight per tuber and total tuber yield respectively. Broad sense heritability estimates were 50.6% for dry matter content, 77.8% for reducing sugars, 90.3% for average weight per tuber and 29.5% for total tuber yield. Parents NAROPOT 3 and 395096.2 had desirable GCA effects for both dry matter content and reducing sugars. Families of nkrk19.17 x Rutuku had desirable SCA effects for dry matter content while Rutuku x 393077.54 and nkrk19.17 x 392657.8 had desirable SCA effects for reducing sugars. Additive genetic effects for dry matter content imply that, genetic gains can be achieved through different selection methods and trait transferred to the respective progenies. The selected parents and families will be subjected to further clonal evaluation and selection
The Effect of potassium dosage on selected growth parameters and yield response modeling on potatoes grown in Molo, Kenya
Get PDFAbstract: The Molo region of Kenya has experienced decreased potato acreage yields over the years. This has impacted negatively economic endeavors and food security of the region and Kenya at large. A preliminary study on the physical-chemical characterization of the soils indicated that they were deficient in the amount of available potassium. This finding was very important because the majority of the farmers in the region replenish phosphorous and nitrogen but not potassium. Subsequently, the present study was undertaken to determine the effect of replenishing selected farm soils with various potassium levels on the growth and productivity of ‘Shangi’ a variety grown in Molo Sub-county and ultimately determine the soil optimum potassium dose requirement. A field experiment was conducted with seven model-based K fertilizer treatments (0, 33.3, 41.5, 55.3, 133.3, 200 and 266.7 kg K2O/ha) and three replications in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The potassium sorption study was conducted using soil samples as adsorbent while varying the K+ concentration in solution. The data obtained were treated using both linearized and non-linearized Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The optimum potassium fertilizer rate was evaluated using yield response models (Quadratic, linear-plateau, quadratic-plateau, and square root). The results of the study showed that the increase in soil potassium levels led to a significant increase in growth and yield parameters. Aerial stem number, leaf number per plant, and plant height recorded increase with an increase in K levels. The sorption data were found to fit best in linearized Freundlich isotherm based on correlation coefficient values (R2) and error function analysis. The potassium buffering capacity ranged from 13.667-46.068 with a mean of 33.6 ± 17.4mg/Kg. The quadratic model fitted the data better than other models with R2 (0.9559) and SSE (18.237). K2O fertilizer application at 200 Kg/ha maximized the potato tuber yield to 30.111 Ton/ha. The result showed clearly that there is a need to adopt the use of potassium-based fertilizer according to soil requirements in this region to realize good tuber yield
Documentation of fungal endophytes of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and their seed transmission studies
Get PDFThe present study envisaged to document the endophytic fungal association with black pepper through a series of in vitro and in planta investigations. Black pepper was found to harbour endophytic fungal flora belonging to the genera Alternaria, Acremonium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Chaetomium, Curvularia, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Humicola, Paecilomyces, Rhizoctonia, Phoma and non-sporulating forms. Further, it was found that the endocarp of black pepper seed is free from culturable endophytic fungi. This was evident from the absence of culturable fungi in in vitro grown black pepper seedlings. The growth of fungi from the seedlings grown under green house conditions reveal that the fungal endophytes establish from fungal propagules falling on the (test) plants that may enter the plant tissues as back ground inoculum and grow as endophyte. This was also supported by the study that the type of endophytic fungi that harbour black pepper plants varied with geographical locations from where the samples were collected
Genotype x environment interaction and stability of indigenous coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) genotypes for seed yield in different agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh
Get PDFThe present study was conducted to find out the stability and yield performances of 13 genotypes of indigenous coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) evaluated in different agro climatic zones of Chhattisgarh. The trials were laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications at three locations for three years resulting in nine environments (Genotype × year interactions). The genotypes and G × E interactions revealed significant differences at p <0.01 for seed yield indicating varieties and testing environments were distinct from each other. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis (AMMI-biplot) indicated that the yield performances of indigenous coriander genotypes were highly affected by the environments. The first two principal component axes (PCA 1 and PCA 2) were significant and they explained 67% of the total genotype x environment interaction of which 42.4% and 24.6% were represented by PCA 1 and PCA 2, respectively. A biplot generated using genotypic and environmental scores of the first two AMMI components demonstrated that genotype with larger PCA 1 and lower PCA 2 scores were high yielding and stable genotypes and genotypes with lower PCA 1 and larger PCA 2 scores were low yielding and unstable cultivars in tested locations. The genotype GC 5 C-101 (ICS 4) showed higher grain yields (16.35 q ha-1) over grand mean (13.03 q ha-1) and also had the minimum PCA 1 score, minimum AMMI stability value (ASV) and yield stability index (YSI). Therefore genotype ICS 4 (Chhattisgarh Shri Chandrahasini Dhaniya -2) showed wider stability across different agro climatic environments of Chhattisgarh
Volatile metabolites of endophytic Klebsiella aerogenes from Zingiber zerumbet rhizome and its antagonistic effect on soft rot causative Pythium myriotylum
Get PDFRhizomes of Zingiber zerumbet collected from their natural habitat and reported earlier to have high zerumbone content were selected for isolation of endophytes. Biochemical and molecular characterization using 16S rRNA sequencing of the endophytes identified the isolates as belonging to genus Klebsiella, Pantoea and Enterobacter. Isolate designated ZzKSD8 identified as K. aerogenes yielded maximal antagonistic activities against P. myriotylum determined as 83.5% ± 0.77. Volatile metabolites produced by ZzKSD8 caused absolute impairment of P. myriotylum hyphal growth compared to control (23.9 ± 0.37 cm). Volatile metabolites were extracted from 48 hour grown stationary phase ZzKSD8 cultures using absolute methanol, ethyl acetate and ethanol (60% v/v). GC-MS metabolite profiling detected alkanes and fatty acid methyl esters as the predominant constituents in the solvent extracts. Major constituents included methyl palmitate (31.37%), methyl stearate (18.57%) and cyclopropaneoctanoic acid, 2-hexyl-, methyl ester (17.05%) in methanol extract; alkanes like tetratetracontane (13.18%) and 2-methyloctacosane (12.10%) in ethyl acetate extracts and 4,22-sigmastadiene-3-one as major metabolite (22.51%) and stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta) (17.40%) in ethanol extract. Identified metabolites reported to modulate defense strategies in plants against phytopathogens makes ZzKSD8 a potential candidate for development of biological alternatives to control soil-borne soft-rot disease
Dermal Filler types, Effect on soft tissue and Life Style correlation
Get PDFOne of the most common manifestation in our time, especially among girls, is those procedures on the skin or maintaining or to modify some of the changes in the skin, such as those that come due to aging or any other cosmetic reasons. Fillers and Botox are two of the most popular procedures. Dermal fillers are effective treatments used to soften and reduce wrinkles and deep lines, fill out the cheeks and smooth facial contours. There are four main types of injectable dermal fillers, including fat, collagen, hyaluronic acid, and microsphere-containing carriers of another material such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). So that to understand any type of injection, it is important to look at its history for valuable lessons and for successful progress. Honestly, it is very interesting to see what and where the world gets in the last 40 years of injectable. Today, we will be examining the brief history of dermal fillers from their bovine collagen roots, to the advanced fillers that are available today. In this review, we aimed to show some types of dermal fillers including a variety of its complication in soft tissue. Also, we try to correlate the factor of lifestyle with its variant effects
Performance and egg qualities of old-laying hens fed with diets containing selected phytogenic feed additives
Get PDFPerformance and egg qualities of old-laying hens fed with diets containing ginger, turmeric and garlic were evaluated in a twelve (12) week feeding trial. A total of 135 laying birds of Isa-Brown strain which were sixty-four (64) weeks old were used for the trial and arranged in a completely randomized design. Five diets were formulated for the trial: Diet 1 (control), Diet 2 (3% inclusion level of turmeric), Diet 3 (3% inclusion level of ginger), Diet 4 (turmeric and garlic at 2.25% and 0.75%, respectively) and Diet 5 (ginger and garlic at 2.25% and 0.75%, respectively). Proximate compositions of the Phytogenic Feed Additives (PFAs) were determined with the moisture content ranging between 5.03-7.50%; ash (3.26-6.11%); ether extract (7.39-14.58%); fibre (10.28-13.79%); protein (3.07-7.23%) and Nitrogen Free Extract (58.88-61.54%). The performance indices, though not significantly (P˃0.05) influenced by the test diets except for Hen Day Production (HDP) had the highest weight gained (0.16kg) recorded for birds fed on a diet containing ginger. The highest (62.92 and 62.04 %) HDP were observed in birds fed diets containing ginger and ginger + garlic; respectively. However, the lowest weight gained (0.04kg) was recorded in birds fed a diet containing turmeric + garlic; this diet also recorded the lowest % HDP and FCR with values of 57.50% and 2.37 respectively. The overall values for the qualities of eggs from laying hens fed the PFAs showed that only the Haugh Unit, yolk colour and albumen height were significantly (P˂0.05) affected; with those on Turmeric + Garlic diets having the highest for these parameters. However, the fatty acid variables were not significantly (P˃0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. It could be concluded that the inclusion of PFAs in the diets of laying hens especially at an older age would help to sustain performance with improved quality
Biologically upgraded cocoa pod husk: Effect on growth performance, haemato-biochemical indices and antioxidant status of broiler chickens
Get PDFA 49 day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of biologically upgraded cocoa pod husk meal (BCPHM) on the growth performance, haemato-biochemical indices and antioxidant status of broiler chickens. Three experimental diets were formulated at both starter and finisher phases in which BCPHM was added as an active feed ingredient at 0, 10, 20% and designated as diets 1, 2 and 3 respectively. One hundred and fifty day old Marshal broiler chicks weighing 39±2.5g/bird were allotted to 3 dietary treatments (10birds/replicate, 50birds/treatment) in a completely randomized design. The Average daily weight gain (ADWG), total weight gain (TWG) and final body weight (FBW) of broiler chicks fed diets containing 10% BCPHM was significantly (p˂0.05) higher than that of control and diet containing 20% BCPHM at starter phase. At finisher phase, the values of ADWG, TWG and FBW were at par with that of control. Feed Intake was seen to increase as BCPHM increased in the diet at finisher phase. Carcass traits, relative internal organ weight, haemato-biochemcal indices of broiler chickens were similar across dietary treatment. Superoxide dimutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) of birds fed control diet were significantly (p˂0.05) higher than those of birds fed BCPHM based diets. Ten percent dietary inclusion of BCPHM appears optimal in broiler diet since beyond this level growth performance declined