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Planning a site for new village or small town to safeguard the health of the population
Get PDFThere is no doubt that health will help reduce the transmission of infectious agents. For the health of individuals, the prior elements to be fulfilled include the availability of pure water, keeping sanitation and hygiene are necessary for reducing infection of all sorts. To make these, change of habits by involving community participation in both urban and rural areas are inevitable to combat communicable diseases. It can be achieved also if initiations should be taken and participation held in both governmental and non-governmental organizations in issues related to the health of the nation. Furthermore, the creation of awareness of the prevailing problems is a prerequisite for any plan of action towards improving the situation
Microsatellite marker assisted molecular and morpho-physiological genetic diversity assessment in 38 genotypes of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Get PDFIdentification of genetic diversity and their relationships among breeding materials is crucial in crop improvement strategies. In this study, 38 sesame genotypes were characterized for their genetic diversity. The results revealed significant variations among various traits such as plant height, maturity, capsule plant-1 and seeds capsule-1. The number of capsule plant-1 showed significant positive correlation with seeds capsule-1. The highest heritability was found for the numbers of capsules plant-1 (98.67%). The 38 genotypes were separated into six distinct clusters. Comparison within the populations of the cluster IV and those of cluster VI had the highest capsules plant-1, seeds capsule-1 with enormous genetic diversity. For molecular characterization, 7 microsatellite markers and 5 SSR primers with polymorphism were finally chosen for genetic diversity analysis. Altogether, 19 alleles were identified among the 38 genotypes, and the average number of alleles per locus was 3.80. The lowest and the highest numbers of alleles were 3 and 5, respectively. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.3201 to 0.5934 and SI-ssr30 showed to be highest at 0.5934. The UPGMA based clustering depicted a significant variation at molecular level among the sesame genotypes, having a coefficient of similarity between 0.29 and 1.00. The present study confirmed that extensive genetic diversity existed among the sesame genotypes and valuable agronomic traits may result in the development of high yielding genotypes
In vitro plant regeneration and metabolite profiling of an aromatic medicinal plant Ruta graveolens L. by using GC-MS
Get PDFRuta graveolens L. is an endemic plant of the Mediterranean region. It has been used for centuries as a medical preparation and has a variety of roles because of its varied chemical composition. In vitro culture is a useful tool for both multiplication and study of important secondary metabolites. The present study was aimed to develop an effective and reproducible protocol for callus induction and indirect plant regeneration of Ruta graveolens (L.) by using leaf explants and to analyze chemical components present in different extracts of Ruta graveolens. The leaf explants were cultured on MS medium augmented with different combinations and concentrations of auxins and cytokinins for callus induction, shoot multiplication and rooting. The optimum plant growth regulator concentration for callus induction, shoot multiplication and root formation was recorded in MSM+2,4-D(1.5mg/L)+NAA(1.5 mg/L), MSM+ BAP (1.5mg/L) +IBA (1.0 mg/L) and half strength MSM+IBA(0.50 mg/L) respectively. The rooted Plantlets were successfully acclimatized and established in earthen pots. The leaves, stem, roots and callus of Ruta graveolens were extracted by using Acetone and Ethyl acetate solvents followed by volatile compound analysis using GC-MS. The phytochemical assay showed that extracts of Ruta graveolens contain various phytoconstituents having potential bioactivity. The major compounds found were 1, 3-Dioxolane-4-propanol, 2, 2-Dimetheyl-, kokusaginine, Bergaptene, 2 Undecanone, 3-Hexene-2-one, Alpha, - 1- Arabinopyranose, 1, 2:3,4-bis-o, and 1- (1,3-Benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-3-Nitro-1 which might be primarily contributing in the biological activity of the plant. The results of this study will make a way for the production of herbal medicines for various ailments by using callus cultures of Ruta graveolens L
Preliminary studies on parasitization potential of Braconid Wasp (Bracon hebetor Say) against certain Lepidopteran insect pest
Get PDFA study on parasitization percentage of Bracon hebetor Say on certain lepidopteran insect pest on Rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica Stainton), Tomato fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner),Tobacco leaf eating caterpillar (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) and okra fruit borer (Earias vitella Fabricius), studied at ordinary room temperature under invitro conditions and revealed that C. cephalonica was the most suitable host for the development of B. hebetor among the host species tested regarding the parasitization percentage was high in C. cephalonica followed by S. litura, H. armigera and E. vitella
Dispatch model for analysing the impacts of electric vehicles charging patterns on power system scheduling, grid emissions intensity, and emissions abatement costs
Get PDFDispatching of generating resources at Power Stations is a complex task based on the balance of economics, contractual agreement, regulations, and environmental consciousness in terms of emissions produced in the course of electricity generation. The complexity of the task could be exacerbated with the integration of a large percentage of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the quest to reduce CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. In this paper, a dispatch model, which is suitable for analysing the impacts of charging patterns of EVs on grid emissions intensity and emissions abatement costs, is described and developed for dispatching generating resources/technologies. The dispatch model is based on the correlation between historical system load and capacity factors of generating units. The dispatch model is tested on data from the UK power system on a typical winter day in December 2015 with an assumed 50% integration of EVs on the system. Results show amongst others that charging of EVs in the off-peak period may affect the optimal deployment of generating technologies/resources with storage capacity and could produce a higher average grid emissions intensity
Role of inorganic and organic ions in response to salt and drought stresses
Get PDFPlants have different responses to salt and drought stresses. They transport several ions to balance osmotic potential and stomatal closure and opening. Ions including inorganic and organic cations and anions play a crucial role to alleviate abiotic stresses (salt and drought). Inorganic cations containing Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ and inorganic anions comprising Cl-, PO42-, NO3-, SO42- have a great role in osmotic and ion hemostasis in response to salt and water stresses. Organic anions like acetate, succinate, malate, citrate and oxalate showed vital impacts on alleviating damages of drought and salt stresses that lead to higher yield in severe conditions. In order to recognize the mechanisms that increase tolerance of salt and drought stresses, this review illustrates roles of organic and inorganic anions and cations and their interactions on osmotic adjustment, stomata closure and ion hemostasis. Halophytes will be compared with glycophytes as the proper models to find out differences in stress tolerance mechanisms
Moringa oleifera extract and neostigmine confer neuroprotection on aluminium chloride -induced Alzheimer’s disease: Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities
Get PDFAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurological episode associated with the senescence process characterized by neuronal cell death in brain regions and loss of cognition. The study investigate the neuroprotective potentials of Moringa oleifera leaf extract and Neostigmine in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease induced by Aluminium chloride (AlCl3). A total number of 20 rats weighing 180-240 kg were used for this study and they were grouped into 5 with 4 rats in each group (n=4) labelled A-E. Group A control, received 0.1 mL normal saline (placebo), Group B, received 100 mg/kg of Aluminium chloride, Group C was given Aluminium chloride 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, Group D experimental animals received Aluminium chloride 100 mg/kg and were treated with 400 mg/kg of the extract orally for 21 days, while Group E received the same dose of Alcl3 and 2 mg/kg Neostigmine given intraperitoneal (IP). Thereafter, the rats were sacrificed, and the hippocampi were harvested for histology and histochemical analysis. Our findings revealed visible protective changes in the group treated with the M. oleifera and Neostigmine as the pyramidal cells of CA3 and neurofibrillary tangles which were prominent in the positive control group were resolved. At the end of this study, it was proven that the toxicity induced by Aluminium chloride was reduced by M. oleifera leaf extract and Neostigmine. M. oleifera is a commonly consumed plant therefore the intake should be encouraged
Perception of farmers on the impact of lockdown due to Covid-19 on agriculture and oil palm cultivation in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India
Get PDFA study was conducted to find the impact of lockdown due to the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on agriculture, in general, and on oil palm cultivation, in specific. Results revealed that the majority of the farmers contacted had 26-30 years of farming experience, were between 31-60 years of age, were educated up to high school level, with an average of four family members and possessed medium landholdings. The crops grown by these farmers include oil palm, maize, coconut, paddy, cocoa and vegetables. The majority of them had irrigated dry lands. All the farmers were aware about the reasons for the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Areas where lockdown impact was visible on agriculture, either directly or indirectly, include labour availability, high cost of labour, harvesting, transport, and market prices. Resources affected due to lockdown were labour, fertilizers, harvesting, transport etc. All cultural practices were adopted in oil palm. The majority of the respondents perceived that oil palm was not affected compared to other crops during the lockdown; they opined to have obtained a good market price for oil palm during the lockdown period. Most of them informed that they received oil palm cultivation related messages sent by ICAR-IIOPR, Pedavegi. They perceived to be aware of the technologies during the lockdown period. Messages (SMS) on oil palm irrigation, cultivation practices, and fertigation were adopted. The need for Government assistance during the lockdown period was felt in the following aspects for different crops, viz., marketing, cultivation assistance, and transport. Farmers perceived that lockdown might have long-term implications due to the non-availability of labour for harvesting crops. It is evident from the study that crops affected severely during the lockdown period require long term strategies to mitigate the problems faced. Farmers must be supported with minimum support price (MSP), transport facilities and ad hoc strategies to sell their products through the government purchase mechanism. A need for monitoring the increase in the prices of agricultural inputs was also felt
Post-harvest evaluation of Arabica and Robusta coffee for physical, mechanical and aerodynamic properties
Get PDFKnowledge about physicomechanical and aerodynamic properties is indispensable for any crop that undergoes post-harvest processing; coffee is no exception. These properties are the most crucial parameters for designing and developing processing machinery and storage structure. As far as coffee is concerned, these properties are imperative for designing dryers, hullers, peeler-cum-polisher and size graders. Though coffee is one of the leading plantation crops in India, published reports on physical, mechanical and aerodynamic properties are rather limited. In this direction, a study was attempted to generate data in respect of physical (length, width, thickness, volume, surface area, thousand seed weight, bulk density, true density and porosity), mechanical (angle of repose and co-efficient of friction) and aerodynamic (terminal velocity) property in different coffee types (parchment, cherry and clean coffees of both Arabica and Robusta varieties). At the prescribed moisture content of 11 per cent, the length, width, thickness, volume and surface area were significantly higher (p=0.05) in cherry coffee, followed by parchment and clean coffees. The porosity, bulk density and true density were found in the order of 45 to 58 per cent, 395 to 466 kg m-3 and 856 to 944 kg m-3 for cherry, 56 to 57 per cent, 400 to 410 kg m-3, 950 to 966 kg m-3 for parchment and 37.5 to 44 per cent, 691 to 780 kg m-3 and 1,106 to 1,401 kg m-3 for clean coffee, respectively. There were no significant differences between coffee types in respect of angle of repose, co-efficient of friction and terminal velocity. The data generated under this study can be harnessed while configuring or improving the coffee processing machinery and helps achieve the final product with desirable quality characteristics
Genetic divergence analyses in tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) landraces based on morpho-agronomic traits
Get PDFTef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) is a gluten-free cereal crop mainly grown in Ethiopia. Knowledge of the nature and magnitude of variation that exists in breeding materials is of great importance for effective breeding. This study was designed to assess the genetic divergence of tef landrace collections using quantitative and qualitative traits and to investigate the important trait in discriminating the tef landraces. The experiment was carried out at Adet Agricultural Research Center during the rainy season in 2019. Sixty-two landraces and two improved varieties were laid out in an 8×8 simple lattice design. Data were collected on 12 quantitative and three qualitative traits. The analysis of variance detected significant (P≤ 0.05) variation for panicle length and biomass yield, and highly significant (P≤ 0.01) differences among the tef landraces for the rest 10 traits, indicating the existence of appreciable genetic diversity that can be exploited in future tef breeding programs. Cluster analysis using the average linkage method grouped the 64 tef genotypes into four clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance was recorded between clusters III and IV; as a result, the tef genotypes from these clusters could be used as parents for future crossing programs. Principal components analysis revealed that the first four principal component axes accounted for 75.12% of the total variation among landraces, indicating that the traits considered were appropriate to detect the variation. The finding also demonstrated that grain yield, harvest index, days to heading, culm length and lodging index are higher contributors to the diversity of the tef landraces. These traits were most important in the discrimination of the landraces. Overall, the present study confirmed the presence of substantial diversity among the tef landraces