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Embryo maturation, dormancy and seed storage behaviour of Gymnacranthera canarica (King) Warb., a threatened endemic tree species of Southern Western Ghats
Get PDFGymnacranthera canarica is a severely endangered endemic tree species found in the Myristica swamps of the Southern Western Ghats. Seed storage behaviour is an essential factor to consider when developing effective conservation methods for plant genetic resources whose ex-situ preservation is unclear. The seed storage behaviour, seed dormancy state, dormancy breaking treatments, germination, and phytohormonal analysis of G. canarica were explored in this work. G. canarica seed moisture at shedding was 28.86%, germinated to 34% at 25ºC, and had a low germination rate in natural conditions. Germination was considerably aided by Gibberellic acid pretreatment and drying stratification. G. canarica seeds may have non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy, as evidenced by the fact that their embryos grew at temperatures between 20 and 25ºC (MPD). Seeds can be stored for up to 60 days at 20ºC after being desiccated to 19.37% suggest that G. canarica seeds are recalcitrant, with non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy, and that seed pretreatment with Gibberellic acid prior to germination could be a viable approach for mass propagation and long term ex-situ conservation could be the potential storage of this critically endangered species
In silico molecular docking and in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of phytochemical compounds of Lantana camara Linn.
Get PDFThe rise of multi-drug resistant bacteria and the extensive use of antibiotics has become a serious threat worldwide. The side effect of antibiotics swirled the researchers towards traditional medicine to find a therapeutic agent with antibacterial activity. The phytochemical compound from medicinal plants paves a way for the novel antibacterial agent. In the present study, in silico molecular docking of phytochemical compounds identified through GC-MS analysis and in vitro antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic leaf extract of Lantana camara were evaluated. In silico docking studies of 11 Phyto-ligands were carried out against 4 motifs- 1PHO, 5I5H, 5UW2 and 6NTW of Escherichia coli to estimate the binding energy and to know the protein-ligand interaction. Amongst all the phyto-ligands studied, 4,8,13-Cyclotetradecatriene-1,3-diol,1,5,9-trimethyl-12-(1-methylethyl) showed good affinity towards 1PHO, 4a(2H)-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde,1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6-methoxy-1,1-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethyl) exhibited highest affinity with 5I5H motifs of E. coli, 4,8,13-Cyclotetradecatriene-1,3-diol, 1,5,9-trimethyl-12-(1-methylethyl) showed better affinity towards motif 5UW2 of E. coli and (Z)-4-Nitro-alpha-(p-nitrophenyl)cinnamic acid showed good affinity towards 6NTW motif of E. coli. The ethanolic leaf extract of L. camara L. showed concentration dependent activity against E. coli
Morphological variations observed in Trichoderma asperellum isolated from commercial products
Get PDFGenus Trichoderma contains many species that are of great economic importance because of their ability to suppress pathogens and enhance their biocontrol capabilities against soil borne pathogens. In order to utilize the full potential of Trichoderma species in specific applications, precise identification and characterization are vital. The use of molecular markers has given a boost to the analysis of the accurate variation among various isolates of bio-agents. The present study was carried out to estimate the morphological diversity among commercial products of Trichoderma. Trichoderma based commercial products produced by different firms and made available for sales were collected from Akola and Nagpur markets. A total of eight isolates were isolated from talc powder carrier based samples on TSM. The Trichoderma isolates were differentiated by colony characters and morphological features. All isolates showed different growth patterns, colony colour, colony type, pigmentation and morphological characters like phialides, conidial size and shape
Expression profiling of stress responsive genes in cell suspension of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton under abiotic stress
Get PDFCardamom is an economically important spice, valued for its multiple utility from culinary to medical purposes. The plant is highly susceptible to both abiotic and biotic stresses. Despite the fact that several studies focusing on stress in cardamom have been conducted; a molecular analysis at the cellular level has not been reported. This study highlights the molecular response of homogenous population of cardamom cell suspension following the temperature and drought stresses for a short period of time (20 mins). Temperature stress at 30, 35, and 40°C caused a significant increase in the transient expression of genes, sHSP 17.8 and sHSP 17.9, which are molecular chaperones involved in protein folding coping with the heat stress response of plants. Drought stress with various concentrations of PEG 6000 has demonstrated only a little increase in the expression of transcription factors, WRKY 35 and WRKY 71. The study implies that sHSP 17.8 and sHSP 17.9 play a crucial role during heat stress, which is a major limiting factor for the cultivation of cardamom in lower altitudes where atmospheric temperature is usually high. But WRKY 35 and WRKY 71 genes are found not to have a high impact at the cellular level in response to drought stress in cardamom when it is exposed to a brief duration of drought. Understanding the molecular mechanism underlying abiotic stress response in cardamom will aid in developing elite varieties adaptable to lower altitudes and to cope with the frequent climatic variations
Integrated nutrient management in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cv. GNT-2
Get PDFThe present experiment was carried out, with a view to study the “Integrated nutrient management in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cv. GNT-2” during kharif season of the year 2021-22 at Regional Horticultural Research Station, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design (RBD) which included ten treatments and three replications consisting viz., T1: RDF (FYM @ 20 t/ha + 60:60:60 NPK kg/ha), T2: FYM 15 t/ha + 75 % RDF, T3: FYM 20 t/ha + 50 % RDF, T4: Vermicompost 10 t/ha + 75 % RDF, T5: Vermicompost 15 t/ha + 50 % RDF, T6: Bio-compost 10 t/ha + 75 % RDF, T7: Bio-compost 15 t/ha + 50 % RDF, T8: FYM 15 t/ha + 50 % RDF + Novel organic liquid nutrients 5 %, T9: Vermicompost 10 t/ha + 50 % RDF + Novel organic liquid nutrients 5 % and T10: Bio-compost 10 t/ha + 50 % RDF + Novel organic liquid nutrients 5 %. The results revealed that growth parameters i.e. plant height (29.71 cm), number of leaves (5.20), length of leaf (25.15 cm) and breadth of leaf (10.39 cm) were recorded maximum at 45 days after planting when the plots are treated with T1: RDF (FYM @ 20 t/ha + 60:60:60 NPK kg/ha). Among the all treatments, application of FYM 15 t/ha + 50 % RDF + Novel organic liquid nutrients 5 % (T8) gave the maximum plant height (62.78 cm, 130.13 cm and 135.47 cm), number of tillers per plant (1.60, 3.43 and 5.22), number of leaves per plant (7.08, 9.77 and 12.27), length of leaf (32.65 cm, 58.50 cm and 81.21 cm) and breadth of leaf (12.13 cm, 14.44 cm and 18.09 cm) at 75, 135 and 195 DAP, respectively.In case of yield and yield attributes, the maximum number of mother rhizomes per plant (3.54), number of fingers rhizomes per plant (18.57), weight of mother rhizomes (53.26 g per plant) and fresh rhizomes yield (317.80 g per plant and 34.26 t per ha) were observed under the application of FYM 15 t/ha + 50 % RDF + Novel organic liquid nutrients 5 % (T8). Quality aspects viz., curcumin content (4.93 %) and essential oil (3.67 %) were found significantly higher in T9 (Vermicompost 10 t/ha + 50 % RDF + Novel organic liquid nutrients 5 %). Regarding economics, the highest benefit cost ratio (3.77) and the maximum net realization (Rs.6,76,970/ha) was obtained under FYM 15 t/ha + 50 % RDF + Novel organic liquid nutrients 5 % (T8). Moreover, application of FYM 20 t/ha+ 50 % RDF (T3) improved the soil nutrient status
Soil test crop response based phosphorous calibration study on maize at Abay Choman district, Horo Guduru Wollega zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia
Get PDFSoil test crop response-based P calibration study can give farmers more economic use of fertilizers and better soil management practices. In a view of this, the trial was done in the Abay Choman district on ten experimental farmers’ fields in the first year of the experiment (2018/19 cropping season) to determine the economic rate of N and on twenty farmers’ fields in the second and third years of the experiment (2019/20 and 2020/21 cropping season respectively) to determine phosphorus critical level and requirement factor. In the first year of the experiment, the treatments were combined in factorial with four levels of phosphorus (0, 10, 20, 40 kg/ha) and four levels of nitrogen (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg/ha). While experiments in the second and third years of the experiment were six levels of Phosphorus 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg/ha. The treatments were laid out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Representative soil samples were taken before planting and analyzed. Experimental sites that have a pH of < 5.5 were amended using the lime application before the setup of the experiment. Soil test results of the study sites before planting indicated that pH values of most soils were strongly acidic (<5.5) and available phosphorus of experimental soil ranged from 3.22 to 13.62 pp. The main effects of both N and P significantly influenced the mean grain yield of maize, but their interaction was not significant with a grand mean of 76.53 qt/ha during the N determination trial. Economic analysis using partial budget analysis showed 92 kg/ha of N was economically optimal for the production of maize in the Abay Choman district. The study also showed that P- the critical value (12 ppm) and P- the requirement factor (10.55 Kg P/ha) were determined for the phosphorus fertilizer recommendation in the study area. Thus, the farmers in the area might be advised to use soil test crop response-based fertilizer recommendations to increase the productivity of maize in and around the study district
Biochemical composition, oil profiling and elemental analysis of different cumin (Cuminum cyminum L) genotypes: Biochemical and elemental analysis of cumin genotypes
No full textCumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is an annual plant of the family Apiaceae and the genus Cuminum has a single species Cyminum, native from the east Mediterranean to east India. In India, Gujarat and Rajasthan are the major producing states. After black pepper, cumin is the second most popular spice in the world. The present research work was carried out to study the nutritional quality parameters, oil profiling and element composition of fifteen cumin genotypes. The results showed that the moisture content was found to vary from 6.22 to 8.15 %. The carbohydrate content was higher in Kushalpura-1 (46.14 %), while the crude protein was highest in Indawar followed by GC-2 and Merta-2. Total protein content was highest in Lampolai (18.24 %) and lowest in GC-2 (11.36 %). In Lamba Jatan, highest content of non-reducing sugars (8.35 %) and total soluble sugars (9.11 %) were observed. Reducing sugars was detected in the range of 0.72 – 1.53 %. Highest amount of total free amino acids and crude fiber were found in Gawardi and Kushalpura-1, respectively. The total oil (20.27 %) and volatile oil (3.99 %) content were highest in GC-4. The petroselinic acid and linoleic acid were observed as primary fatty acids in all tested genotypes. However, Lampolai, Merta-1, GC-2 and GC-4 were good sources of both fatty acids among all the genotypes. The elemental analysis showed that the GC-2 has a high overall amount of macronutrients, while micronutrients was highest in Piplon-5
Biology of aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover in cumin: Biology of cumin aphid
No full textThe experiment on biology of aphid, Aphis gossypii infesting cumin crop was conducted under ambient conditions in the Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, Mandor, Jodhpur. The study was conducted on potted plants of cumin variety GC-4. The aphid, A. gossypii nymphs were moulted four times before attaining the adult stage. The mean body length, width, antennal length and cornicle length of first, second, third and fourth instar nymphs were 0.50 ± 0.04, 0.28 ± 0.03, 0.28 ± 0.02 and 0.036 ± 0.01 mm; 0.90 ± 0.04, 0.38 ± 0.04, 0.40 ± 0.03 and 0.065 ± 0.01 mm; 1.11 ± 0.05, 0.49 ± 0.04, 0.54 ± 0.03 and 0.095 ± 0.01 mm and 1.31 ± 0.06, 0.65 ± 0.05, 0.64 ± 0.04 and 0.175 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. The mean body length, width, antennal length and cornicle length of adult aphid were 1.68 ± 0.06, 0.71 ± 1.53, 0.88 ± 0.02 and 0.266 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. The mean duration period of first, second, third and fourth instar nymphs were 1.30 ± 0.42, 2.05 ± 0.62, 2.40 ± 0.52 and 1.45 ± 0.45 days, respectively. The total nymphal duration was 7.75 ± 1.61 days. The mean longevity of adult aphid was 9.65 ± 1.75 days with an entire life span of 17.75 ± 2.91 days. The pre-reproductive, reproductive and post-reproductive periods were 1.35 ± 0.56, 7.20 ± 1.47 and 1.75 ± 0.71 days, respectively. The fecundity of the adult female was 24.45 ± 6.21 nymphs per female and the intrinsic rate of single female per day was an average of 4.80 ± 2.01 nymphs/day
Biocontrol activity of Streptomyces isolate SDSRO-13 against Colletotrichum spp. causing anthracnose disease of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.): Screening of Streptomyces sp. against anthracnose of chilli
No full textA total of 18 Streptomyces species were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of maize. Among 18 isolates, SDSRO-13 showed strong inhibition against Colletotrichum spp. of chilli. SDSRO-13 was identified as Streptomyces sp. based on morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA partial gene sequence analysis. In this study, two strains of Colletotrichum sp. were used for pathogenicity test. For in vivo antifungal activity, spore suspension of the test pathogens were used on the fresh chilli fruit by making a small puncture on the fruit, in completely sterile conditions and incubated for up to 21 days. The chilli fruits treated with SDSRO-13 and test pathogens showed no disease symptoms. The infected fruits were subjected for Koch’s postulate test and they showed the similar morphological features compared to the pure cultures of the pathogens. We conclude that Actinomycetes, especially members of the genus Streptomyces are potential biocontrol agents which offer safer alternative management strategy to control the chilli fungal pathogens
Effect of heat stress on dairy cow production, reproduction, health, and potential mitigation strategies
Get PDFExtreme weather events are becoming more common and more severe as a result of climate change, and this has serious implications for the future of livestock, farmer income and livelihoods, and food security worldwide. Dairy cattle have become more heat sensitive due to selective breeding for higher production and increased feedlot operations. The harmful effects of heat stress cause hyperthermia, oxidative stress, and other physiological changes in dairy cows. Environmental heat stress causes a decrease in feed intake, leading to a decrease in milk production in dairy cows. The main method to check for reductions in milk production in dairy cows during the summer is an accurate evaluation of heat stress and effective mitigation strategies. Three primary management strategies have been proposed to reduce heat stress and stabilize dairy cattle performance in increasingly hot and humid climates. Short-term management options include physical alteration of the environment and nutritional management, while long-term management strategy includes discovering heat-tolerant genetic traits and genomic selection for heat tolerance. This review looks at how heat stress has affected the dairy industry’s sustainability and elaborates on genomic selection for thermotolerance in dairy cattle as sustainable breeding practices to increase dairy cows’ ability to withstand high temperatures