EKSAKTA - Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA (E-Journal)
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Flavonoid Role as Autophagy Modulators in Breast Cancer Treatment Strategy
Full text linkAutophagy is a tightly regulated catabolic process that enables cancer cells to survive under metabolic stress and contributes to the development of chemoresistance. Targeting autophagy has therefore emerged as a promising strategy to enhance cancer therapy efficacy. Flavonoids, a diverse class of polyphenolic compounds abundantly found in plants, have gained considerable attention due to their broad-spectrum biological activities, including anticancer effects. Recent studies highlight their ability to modulate key signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Several flavonoids, such as fisetin, apigenin, and quercetin, exhibit roles as autophagy modulators depending on the cellular context, offering therapeutic flexibility. Their low toxicity and synergistic potential with conventional drugs underscore their relevance as adjuvant agents. This review discusses the critical role of autophagy in cancer progression and drug resistance, and examines current evidence supporting the integration of flavonoids as autophagy modulators in the design of more effective and targeted anticancer strategies, particularly in breast cancer therapy
Clustering Provinces in Indonesia Based on The Main Food Crop Production Using The Spatial Fuzzy C-Means
Full text linkAgriculture plays a strategic role in achieving food security in Indonesia. However, the production of major food crops in Indonesia shows uneven distribution, which may affect efforts to achieve food self-sufficiency. This study aims to cluster 34 provinces in Indonesia based on the total production of seven major food crops (rice, corn, soybean, mung bean, peanut, cassava, and sweet potato) using the Spatial Fuzzy C-Means (sFCM) method. Cluster validation using Modified Partition Coefficient (MPC) and Partition Entropy (PE) shows that the clustering results have high membership clarity and low entropy, making them relevant for spatial data analysis. The findings highlight the unequal distribution of food crop production and provide policy recommendations, where the first cluster can be optimized as a national food production hub, while the second cluster requires interventions based on infrastructure, technology, and redistribution policies. This research makes an important contribution in providing a data-driven scientific basis for food production equity planning. The sFCM method used demonstrates effective capabilities in analyzing data with spatial elements, supporting more inclusive policies for the improvement of national food security and the achievement of sustainable development goals in Indonesia.Â
Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Household Activities
Full text linkCibitung sub-district is an industrial and densely populated area, which can trigger large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions. This study aims to determine the rate of generation and composition of household waste, estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with an IPCC approach and measurement using SPSS statistics. The independent variables used in this study are house type, household income, and electricity power with the type of GHG emissions coming from operational vehicle use, LPG use, and electricity use in household activities. Information on the management of household activities was obtained through the distribution of questionnaires with the target respondents being the community around Cibitung Sub-district. Based on the research results, the total value of GHG emissions generated by Cibitung Sub-district is 34.9565811 KgCO2eq/ month. Kelurahan Wanasari produces the highest GHG emission of 18.6809624 KgCO2eq /month while Kelurahan Sarimukti produces the lowest GHG emission of 676.9651 KgCO2eq/month. Based on the results of statistical tests, the factors that influence the high GHG emissions from household activities are the type of house, the amount of income of the family head, and electricity power
Molecular Pathogenesis of Human Rhinovirus (HRV) Infection
Full text linkHuman Rhinovirus (HRV) is a RNA virus belonging to the Picornaviriade family that most often causes acute respiratory infections (ARI). This virus can cause dangerous infections in children, people with chronic respiratory disorders, and individuals with low immunity. This virus can infect newborns six to eight  times and adults two to four times per year. In addition, HRV is the main cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis which can worsen the symptoms of cystic fibrosis asthma. This article also discusses the development of the HRV replication process that occurs in the respiratory tract epithelium which takes place in several stages, starting with virus attachment and ending with the release of new virions. We also analyze the stages of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to prevent HRV infection. Currently, there are not any authorized antiviral drugs or HRV vaccination because this virus has highly variable antigenic sites. To develop a vaccine that can protect against various HRV serotypes, a consensus sequence that combines several strains is needed
Synthesis of Kaolinite Nanotubes as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Transesterification Reaction of Waste Cooking Oil into Biodiesel
Full text linkKaolinite, a naturally abundant clay mineral, possesses a significant surface area and catalytic properties. To enhance its catalytic efficiency, modification into kaolinite nanotubes is necessary, as this transformation increases surface area and porosity. The synthesis of kaolinite nanotubes was achieved through a solvothermal method, incorporating multiple intercalation and rolling processes influenced by ultrasonic waves, subsequently utilizing these nanotubes as heterogeneous catalysts. The resulting kaolinite nanotube catalysts exhibited well-defined nanotube morphology and were applied in the transesterification of waste cooking oil, with variations in methanol-to-oil ratios. The optimal biodiesel yield achieved was 49.84%, obtained after a 3-hour reaction period using a 3% w catalyst at 60 °C, with a methanol-oil ratio of 3:1. This research highlights the potential of kaolinite nanotubes as effective catalysts in biodiesel production
Molecular Docking of ftsZ Protein of Staphylococcus aureus to Indonesian Herbal Compound
Full text linkMicrobial resistance to antibiotics is a growing global problem, and new antibacterial agents are needed to overcome this. One of the bacteria with a high level of resistance is Staphylococcus aureus. Herbal compounds are an alternative as a source of new antibacterial agents. Molecular docking can be used in screening herbal compounds that can become new antibacterial agents against Staphylococcus aureus. Virtual screening was conducted using Ligandscout, and molecular docking was conducted via Autodock. LigPlot was used to analyze the interaction between hit compounds to the protein target, and finally, the pharmacokinetic characteristics were assessed in SWISSADME and ADMETsar programs. From 1377 compounds in the Indonesian Herbal Database, 12 hit compounds have an affinity to the target protein ftsZ of Staphylococcus aureus. Further analysis of the interaction with target protein and pharmacokinetics properties considers Alpha Santalol a compound with good potential for further development as an antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus. However, in vitro and in vivo study is needed to validate this result
Molecular Docking of Active Compounds from The Ethanol Extract of Phaleria macrocarpa Fruit with Iron Transporters DMT1 and ZIP14
Full text linkIron-overload can lead to organ damage by promoting free radical production.This study explores the potential inhibitory effects of compounds found in Phaleria macrocarpa fruit on non-transferrin-bound iron uptake by targeting DMT1 and ZIP14 iron transporters through in-silico methods.The study utilized homology modeling to construct 3D structures of DMT1 and ZIP14. Validation of these models was carried out by assessing their sequence identity and analyzing their stereochemical quality using Ramachandran plots. Molecular docking was conducted using AutoDockTools. The coordinates for molecular docking were carefully chosen based on the iron binding-site locations as reported in previous literature. Interaction visualization was done using LigPlot+. Our findings indicate strong binding affinities of several compounds from Phaleria macrocarpa fruit with both DMT1 and ZIP14. Specifically, patuletin-7-O-[6"-(2-methylbutyryl)]-glucoside, naringenin-4'-7-dimethyl ether, and 5,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone demonstrated significant interaction with DMT-1, while 6'-O-galloyl-homoarbutin, patuletin-7-O-[6"-(2-methylbutyryl)]-glucoside, and guanine exhibited high affinity for ZIP14. While the ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit shows promising interactions with key iron transporters implicated in iron overload, these in-silico predictions require further experimental validation to confirm their efficacy as inhibitors
Analysis of The Effect of Soundproofing on Ship Engines Based on Composite Materials Made from Tofu Dregs (Glycine Max L Merill)
Full text linkMinimizing ship noise and vibrations is crucial due to potentially severe consequences, such as communication problems, sleep disturbances, stress, and structural damage. To address this, effective dampers are necessary. Many soundproofing materials now utilize natural fiber waste to replace synthetic materials, which are harmful to environment. One underutilized natural fiber is tofu dregs, which contain fibers suitable for sound absorption. This study investigates using tofu dregs as a composite material in sound-dampening applications. Composites are materials engineered from two or more substances with different properties to create a heterogeneous mixture. In this research, sound-dampening composites were developed using tofu dregs combined with carbon black and talc duco. The study found that the composite containing 60 grams of tofu dregs, 60 grams of talc duco, and 50 grams of resin achieved a sound absorption coefficient of α = 0.19. Meanwhile, the composite with 60 grams of tofu dregs, 50 grams of carbon black, and 50 grams of resin achieved a higher sound absorption coefficient of α = 0.24. These results indicate that the tofu dregs and carbon black composite offer superior sound absorption compared to tofu dregs and talc duco composite, demonstrating potential of tofu dregs as an eco-friendly soundproofing material
Growth Response of Banana Kepok Tanjung (Musa acuminata balbasiana) with the Application of BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) and Cow’s Milk In Vitro
Full text linkTissue culture is a plant propagation technique using artificial media by adding particular growth regulators (ZPT) to produce plants as expected. Although, the availability of other issues such as browning and contamination can inhibit the process of explant propagation. The addition of cow’s milk to the culture media and BAP is a type of cytokinin is expected to regenerate the growth of banan Kepok Tanjung variety optimally. This study aims to have best concentration of BAP and cow’s milk for the growt Kepok Tanjung explants in vitro. The experimental design used was a randomized with 16 treatment combinations. The result showed a significant of the combination of media treatment of banana Kepok Tanjung variety on the number of leaves (24.2 sheets) and explant height (25.62 cm) starting from 3-12 WAP
The Effect of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) On Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Axillary Buds Micropropagation
Full text linkPotato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in Indonesia increased by 4.21% in 2022 compared to the previous year, but this production is still low by international standards. This is caused by low quality and quantity of potato seeds which is sourced from tubers. It is necessary to modify the in vitro cultivation of potato seed sources by utilising seeds that are often wasted with the addition of cytokinins, such as Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of BAP on potato axillary shoot explants sourced from seeds. The study was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design with one factor, namely BAP concentrations of 0, 1, 2 and 3 ppm with 3 replications. The results showed that there is an influence of BAP on the parameters of shoot growth percentage, leaf and root emergence time, plant height, number of shoots, roots, and leaves of potato axillary buds planlet. The 2 ppm BAP treatment tends to give the best response in increasing the number of shoots with an average of 4.33 shoots, making it effective for producing potato seedlings from axillary buds in vitro