Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology
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The Relative Research for Kaohsiung City Chain Bookstore Shop Impression and Consumer Purchasing Bechavior
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The correlation of curriculum leading and teacher's growth in professional field in elementary schools, Taitung
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The Implications of US Universities' Curricular Internation to Taiwan's Higher Education Internationalization:Talking Sociology as an Example
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The Relationship between Elementary School Teachers Organizational Justicce Consciousness and Organizatiomal Citizenship Behaviors in Pingtung County : Professional Commitments as Mediators
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Study on Work-related Fatigue and Stress of University Faculties-A Private Technological University
No full text[[abstract]]教師在所有職業類別中是較為特殊的職業，主要是從事勞心又勞力的工作。根據教育部的統計結果，目前全國約有73,919人投入大學教職這個行業，而且每年陸續增加當中。
在教改的浪潮下，教育制度不斷革新，而加重教師的責任與工作壓力。本研究目的係利用結構式問卷及勞動生理測量工具來探討大學教職員工作產生之自覺疲勞症狀、眼睛肌肉疲勞症狀、工作壓力負荷及生理疲勞情形，以瞭解大學教職員的生理疲勞情形及疲勞型態。
研究方法以南部某一私立科技大學隨機抽樣共90位教職員為本研究對象，包含「教師兼行政」、「教師」、「職員」各30名，分別於上班前下班後進行問卷調查及生理測定。問卷調查項目包含「自覺疲勞症狀」、「眼睛肌肉疲勞症狀」及「工作壓力調查」；生理測定項目為「心律」、「血壓」、「眼睛疲勞閃爍融合閾值」、「反應棒」及「指尖力計」。
研究結果顯示，「教師兼行政」及「職員」自覺疲勞症狀下班後發生率以「眼睛疲勞」為最高（皆為40.0％）、「教師」以「口乾」為最高（26.7％），其疲勞類型均為「一般工作型」；眼睛肌肉疲勞症狀下班後發生率均以「眼睛乾澀」為最高（26.7％~33.3％）。工作壓力調查三組人員於心理負荷各項目皆高於操作標準2.5分為潛在工作壓力源；在社會支持此項目中，以「我的主管會幫助部屬做事」低於操作標準2.5分為潛在工作壓力源。
生理測定方面，三組人員下班後除「血壓」有呈現上升情形，其它生理測定項目都呈現負值情形，「眼睛疲勞閃爍融合閾值」、「反應棒」及「指尖力」測值，下班後均顯著變差（P＜ 0.05），以「教師兼行政」最為明顯。大學教職員工作明顯造成眼睛疲勞、肩膀僵硬及口乾症狀，主要原因為長時間電腦操作與授課，工作壓力主要來自心理負荷，下班後生理反應呈現顯著疲勞現象，以「教師兼行政」之疲勞及壓力症狀最為顯著。
Teaching in all occupational categories is different from most of others, mainly because it requires both labor as well as brain work. According to the Ministry of Education statistics, there are currently about 73,919 teachers working in universities in this country and the number is increasing each year.
In the tide of educational reform, the education system has been experiencing innovations constantly, increasing the responsibility and workload of teachers. The purpose of this study is, using structured questionnaires and laboring physiological measurement tools, to explore the university staff’s self-report fatigue symptoms, eye muscle fatigue, work stress and physical fatigue loading conditions after work, in order to understand the situation of university staff’s physical fatigue and fatigue type.
This research randomly selected 90 staff members as research participants from a private technological university in southern Taiwan, including 30 working as “teacher and administrative staff”, 30 as “teacher”, and 30 as “administrative staff”, respectively. Tests were given before and after work, including the physiological response and questionnaires .
Questionnaire items included “subjective of fatigue symptom”, “eye muscle fatigue” and “work stress survey”; physiological determination of the project included “heart rate”, “blood pressure”, “critical flicker fusion”, “reaction bar” and “pinch strength”.
Research result shows that “teacher and administrative staff” and “administrative staff” self-report symptom indicates the incidence the “eye fatigue ” as the highest after work (both 40.0%), “teacher” indicates “thirsty” as the highest after work (26.7%), both fatigue types belonging to “general work type”; eye muscle fatigue after work has the highest incidence rate in “dry eyes” (26.7%~33.3%). In work pressure, the three groups all get the scores higher than the performance standard 2.5 in all items of the mental load, which is the potential work pressure source; in social support, “My supervisor will help the subordinates to do things” get the scores lower than the performance standards 2.5, which is the potential work pressure source.
Physiological measurement showed that, the three groups after work, except that “blood pressure” was upper, other physiological measurements showed negative values, the values of “critical flicker fusion”, “reaction bar” and “pinch strength” after work were significantly worse (P< 0.05), with “Teacher and administrative staff” the most obvious. University faculty work is clearly causing eye fatigue, shoulder stiffness and dry mouth symptoms, the main reason being the prolonged computer operation and instruction. The work pressure was mainly from the mental load. Fatigue after work is most obvious in “the Teacher and administrative staff”
The effects of organic and inorganic selenium compounds on oxidative stress and proteomic expression in aged mice brain.
No full text目錄 i
圖目錄 v
表目錄 vii
致謝 viii
縮寫對照表 x
中文摘要 xi
Abstract xiii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 前言 1
第二節 文獻回顧 2
一、 老化對腦部與神經系統之影響 2
1. 老化對腦部之影響 2
2. 老化對神經傳導系統之影響 2
二、 老化對抗氧化防禦系統之影響 5
1. 抗氧化防禦系統與老化之影響 6
三、 老化對行為能力之影響 11
四、 硒之介紹 12
1. 硒之介紹 12
2. 硒之建議量、缺乏症及硒中毒 12
3. 硒之化學形式 16
4. 硒的消化、吸收及代謝 21
5. 硒之功效 23
五、 老化對腦部蛋白質體之影響 24
1. 蛋白質體學 (proteomics) 之定義 24
2. 蛋白質體學之研究工具 25
3. 蛋白質體學在腦部之研究 26
第三節 研究目的與設計 28
一、 研究目的 28
二、 研究設計 29
三、 實驗設計說明 30
第二章 材料與方法 31
一、 動物飼養 31
二、 飼料之製備 31
三、 動物犧牲 33
四、 血樣收集 34
五、 組織均質 34
六、 蛋白質測定 34
七、 免疫轉印法 36
1. SDS膠體電泳 36
2. 蛋白質免疫轉印法 40
3. 酵素免疫染色法 42
4. 膠體染色 43
5. 膠體乾片製作 44
八、 蛋白質體學分析 45
1. 腦組織蛋白質萃取與收集 45
2. 蛋白質回溶 46
3. 蛋白質測定 (2-D Quant kit) 47
4. 覆水作用 (rehydration) 48
5. 第一維：等電點聚焦 (IEF) 48
6. 平衡作用 (equilibration) 49
7. 第二維：SDS膠體電泳 50
8. 膠體染色 52
9. 膠體影像處理與比對 54
10. 膠片保存 55
九、 組織中MAO活性之測定 55
十、 血漿中ORAC總抗氧化能力測定 57
十一、 組織中TBARS含量之測定 58
十二、 組織中Carbonyl含量之測定 59
十三、 組織中Catalase活性之測定 62
十四、 組織中GPx活性之測定 63
十五、 組織中SOD活性之測定 64
十六、 組織中維生素C含量之測定 65
十七、 組織中GSH含量之測定 67
十八、 統計 68
第三章 結果 70
一、 動物生長與攝食情形 70
二、 組織重量 70
三、 腦部與肝臟MAO酵素活性之比較 71
四、 腦部MAO-B蛋白質表現量之分析 72
五、 血漿總抗氧化能力之比較 72
六、 腦部與肝臟脂質過氧化程度之比較 72
七、 腦部與肝臟蛋白質氧化程度之比較 73
八、 腦部與肝臟酵素性抗氧化系統之比較 73
九、 腦部與肝臟非酵素性抗氧化系統之比較 74
十、 腦部蛋白質體之分析 75
第四章 討論 96
一、 硒補充對動物生長與組織重之影響 96
二、 硒補充對老齡小鼠體內氧化壓力之影響 97
三、 硒補充改善老齡小鼠體內抗氧化防禦系統之作用 102
四、 硒補充對腦部蛋白質體之影響 106
第五章 總結與未來展望 110
一、 總結 110
二、 未來展望 110
參考文獻 111[[abstract]]硒 (selenium, Se) 為人體所必需之微量營養素。眾多實驗證實，硒具有抗氧化與預防老化之功效。且硒的抗氧化作用是藉由硒化合物之氧化還原反應，防禦過氧化物之作用來達成。硒具有兩種不同型態：無機硒 (inorganic selenium) 與有機硒 (organic selenium)，皆具有抗氧化功效。而生物體的老化是種錯綜複雜之現象，均會受到自由基 (free radicals) 和氧化壓力 (oxidative stress) 等影響。研究顯示，老化期間腦部抗氧化防禦系統均遭受改變，文獻指出硒的補充可降低腦部因老化所致之氧化傷害。因此，本研究目的為不同硒形式的補充，是否可預防老齡小鼠腦部因老化之相關氧化損傷和利用二維電泳探討蛋白質體表現量之影響。本研究採用69-73週齡BALB/c雌鼠，依體重隨機分組，共分3組。分別餵食不同實驗飼料分成：(1) 老齡控制組 (older control簡稱OC)、(2) 無機硒組 (selenite簡稱SE；硒當量含0.5 mg/kg diet)、(3) 有機硒組 (selenium yeast簡稱SY；硒當量含0.5 mg/kg diet)；另有一組10週齡之(4) 年輕控制組 (young control簡稱YC)，分別餵食14週後犧牲取血漿、腦部及肝臟。結果顯示，OC組腦部MAO-B酵素活性明顯高於YC組，給予硒補充則有抑制其含量，而肝臟MAO-B酵素活性則無差異。腦部MAO-B蛋白質表現量4組間無顯著差異。老化會改變血漿總抗氧化能力，硒補充則可回復至與YC組相同。腦部與肝臟中脂質過氧化與蛋白質氧化之含量，也會因老化而顯著增加，硒補充後則顯著降低。體內酵素性抗氧化防禦系統 (包含SOD、Catalase和GPx) 與非酵素性抗氧化防禦系統 (維生素C和GSH) 也會因老化而有所改變，給予硒補充則有改善因老化所影響的酵素性抗氧化系統 (包含SOD、Catalase和GPx) 與非酵素性抗氧化系統 (維生素C和GSH) 之狀態。二維電泳分析YC組和OC組可明顯觀察到18個具有差異蛋白質點，給予老齡有機硒與無機硒補充後也分別各有12個與18個差異蛋白質點，其中，OC組圖譜上之A與C蛋白質點因老化後蛋白質量大於YC組，而B與D蛋白質點因老化後蛋白質量小於YC組，且A蛋白質點在老齡硒補充 (SE與SY組) 後均使蛋白質量減少，B蛋白質點在老齡無機硒補充 (SE組) 後使蛋白質量增加，C蛋白質點在老齡硒有機硒補充 (SY組) 後使蛋白質減少，D蛋白質點在老齡有機硒補充 (SY組) 後使蛋白質增加，可見硒的補充均使這些蛋白質表現量回復至與YC組相當。未來將進一部分析確認差異蛋白質之組成。本實驗結果證實，老化會增加氧化損傷的程度，給予不同硒型式補充具有預防之功效。老化與不同硒型式補充均造成腦部蛋白質體的改變，雖然現在並未知是什麼蛋白質發生變化，但未來還需鑑定這些蛋白質體，探討這些蛋白質體之間對腦部相關機制之影響。
Selenium is a dietary essential trace element for human’s health and an integral part of many proteins with catalytic and structural functions. Se exists naturally in inorganic and organic forms. There are various bioavailability and protective effects between these two forms. Aging is a complex biological phenomenon which involves free radicals and oxidative stress. Brain is more susceptible and vulnerable to oxidative damage. Se is involved in the conservation of functional brain activity and protects against the oxidative-stress-related brain disorders. The purpose of this study was to understand the the effects of organic and inorganic selenium compounds proteomic expression and oxidative stress in aged mice brain. The 69-73 weeks old female BALB/c mice were used as animal model. Mice were divided into 3 groups：(1) old control group (OC group; 0.1 mg Se equivalent/kg diet)；(2) inorganic selenium group (selenite, SE group; 0.5 mg Se equivalent/kg diet)；(3) organic selenium group (selenium yeast, SY group; 0.5 mg Se equivalent/kg diet). In addition, the 10 weeks young female BALB/c mice was added as the young control group (YC group; 0.1 mg Se equivalent/kg diet). The mice were fed the test diets for 14 weeks. In mice brains and livers, monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) enzyme activity in mice brains showed a significant increase in OC group compared with YC group, and showed a significant decrease in the SE and SY groups but no significant change could be noted in the mice livers. However, MAO-B protein expression no significant alteration in the mice brains. The plasma total antioxidant capacity of OC group was significantly decrease than YC group, and SE and SY groups was significantly higher than OC group. In mice brains and livers, the lipid peroxidation and the protein oxidation levels showed a considerable increase in OC group, and showed a significant decrease in the SE and SY groups. Age-related change of the enzymic antioxidants and the non-enzymic antioxidants in brains and livers were also observed. Selenium administration showed significant improvement the enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidant status. In addition, protein expression in brains from organic and inorganic selenium-treated mice was also compared using two dimensional electrophoresis. It was found 18 protein spots expression in brains was differentially regulated between YC and OC group. And aged mice after organic and inorganic selenium administration were found 12 and 18 protein spots, respectively. Particularly, A and C spots protein expression of OC group images was showed significantly increase than YC group, B and D spots protein expression of OC group images was showed significantly decrease than YC group, but A spots protein expression of SE and SY groups images were showed significantly decrease, B spot protein expression of SE group images was showed significantly increase, C spot protein expression of SY group images was showed significantly decrease, D spot protein expression of SY group images was showed significantly increase. The identity of the differentially expressed proteins may help us understand the mechanism of selenium administration. In conclusion, selenium antioxidant properties would be beneficial in ameliorating the age-associated oxidative state. Our results are discussed in context of the role of oxidative stress as one of the important mechanisms of the inorganic selenium and organic selenium supplementation in aged mice brains