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    ¿Son los árbitros deportistas profesionales? A propósito de la Sentencia del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Madrid (STSJM 1789/2024

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    The sport refereeing community has been undergoing an evolution in recent years in terms of its level of dedication and professionalism. Consequently, an update of its legal-labour regime has been necessary to regulate its provision of services. At the same time, a doctrinal and jurisprudential debate has been elucidated that has led to different legal positions regarding the employment or not of sports referees in our country.This is how the latest judicial resolution was reached, from the Superior Court of Justice of Madrid, which not only recognizes the work of soccer referees, in particular, but also considers them as professional athletes with the legal impli-cations what that entails.El colectivo arbitral deportivo ha venido sufriendo una evolución en los últi-mos años en cuanto a su nivel de dedicación y profesionalidad. En consecuen-cia, ha sido necesaria una actualización de su régimen jurídico-laboral para re-gular su prestación de servicios. Al mismo tiempo, se ha venido dilucidando un debate tanto doctrinal como jurisprudencial que ha desembocado en distintas posturas jurídicas en torno a la laboralidad o no de los árbitros deportivos en nuestro país.Es así como se ha llegado a la última resolución judicial, del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Madrid, el cual no solo reconoce la laboralidad de los árbitros de fútbol, en particular, sino que, además, los considera como deportistas profe-sionales con las implicaciones jurídicas que eso conlleva

    Biodegradation behaviour of pharmaceutical compounds and selected metabolites in activated sludge. A forecasting decision system approach

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    Society's support upon chemicals over the last few decades has led to their increased production, application and discharge into the environment. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) contain a multitude of these chemicals such us; pharmaceutical compounds (PCs). Often, their biodegradability by activated sludge microorganisms is significant for their elimination during wastewater treatment. In this paper the focus is laid on two PCs carbamazepine (CBZ) and diclofenac (DCF) and their main transformation products (TPs). Laboratory degradation tests with these two pharmaceuticals using activated sludge as inoculum under aerobic conditions were performed and microbial metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). In two different Mixed liquid Suspended Solids (MLSS) concentrations the biodegradability by activated sludge of CBZ and DCF were evaluated. Also, this article proposes a decision support system to optimize the prediction process of this type of pharmacological compounds. A study and analysis of the techniques of Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, Decision Trees and Multilayer Perceptron Network is carried out to select the most reliable and accurate predictor for the decision system. There are not significant differences in the removal of DCF with 30 mg MLSS/L and 60 mg MLSS/L. DCF was better removed than CBZ in all experiments studied. The TP detected in the samples were mainly 4-OH-DCF for DCF and 10, 11 EPOXICBZ for CBZ. The results show that the best models are obtained with Random Forest and Multilayer Perceptron Network techniques, with a model fit of more than 95% for both carbamazepine and diclofenac metabolites. Obtaining a root means square errors of 0.80 µg/L for the metabolite 4-OH-DCF for DCF with the technique Random Forest and a root means square errors of 1.13 µg/L for the metabolite 10, 11 EPOXICBZ for CBZ with the Multilayer Perceptron Network technique

    Golf players as a customer segment: the influence of handicap level and residency in customer satisfaction and expenditure

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    La segmentación se ha demostrado como una de las mejores herramientas para facilitar el logro de objetivos por parte de las entidades deportivas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la influencia en el gasto y la satisfacción de los clientes en un evento de golf de élite basado en variables de segmentación, como la residencia (local vs. visitante) y el nivel de hándicap de los asistentes (espectador vs. jugador-espectador). Además, esta investigación buscó establecer un modelo multivariado que permitiera predecir el lugar de residencia y el hándicap enfunción de la interacción de las variables analizadas, con la intención de establecer un patrón de comportamiento basado en estas variables para aquellos que asisten a un torneo de golf de élite. Los resultados revelaron quelos asistentes con un hándicapde golf mostraron niveles más altos de satisfacción y eran más propensos a recomendar y gastar en eventos de golf. Por otro lado, los espectadores sin hándicap y aquellos asistentes de fuera de Madrid mostraron un mayor gasto económico, lo que indica la importancia de satisfacer sus necesidades específicas para lograr resultados de impacto económico positivos. Los modelos de árbol de decisión proporcionaron información sobre el comportamiento de los asistentes, identificando factores que influyen en su satisfacción y probabilidad de asistir nuevamente. Factores como la intención de asistir en el futuro, la satisfacción con la variedad de opciones en el área de comidas y el gasto en alojamiento y recuerdos resultaron ser predictores significativos de la residencia y el nivel de hándicap. En conclusión, esta investigación contribuye a la comprensión del comportamiento del cliente en eventos de golf de élite, ofreciendo implicaciones prácticas para organizadores de eventos y gestores deportivos.Segmentation has been proven to be one of the best tools to facilitate sports entities' achievement of their goals. The objec-tive of this research was to analyze the influence on customer expenditure and satisfaction for an elite golf event based on segmentation variables such as residence (local vs visitor) and handicap level of the attendees (spectator vs spectator-player). In addition, this research aimed to establish a multivariate model that allows predicting the place of residence and the handicap based on the interaction of the analyzed variables, with the intention to establish a behaviour patternbased on these variables for those attending an elite golf tourna-ment. Results revealed that attendees with a golf handicap exhibited higher satisfaction levels and were more likely to recommend and spend at golf events. On the other hand, non-handicap spectators and those attendees from outside Madrid displayed higher economic expenditure, indicating the importance of meeting their specific needs to achievepositive economic impact results. The decision tree models provided insights into attendee behavior, identifying factors influencing their satisfaction and likelihood to attend again. Factors including future attendance intention, satisfaction with the food court variety, and spending on accommodation and souvenirs were found to be significant predictors of residency and handicap level. In conclusion, this research contributes to the understanding of customer behavior at elite golf events, offering practical implications for event organizers and sport manager

    Social networks and the Third Sector: analysis of the use of Facebook and Instagram in 50 ngo in Spain and Chile

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    Introduction: This study analyzes the use that the main NGO in Chile and Spain make of their profiles on Facebook and Instagram. Specifically, we study how they manage their public presence on these social networks, what issues they focus their activity on, how they are connecting with their audiences and the engagement they achieve. Methodology: the content analysis of the publications made by 50 NGO during a month has been used, taking into account quantitative and qualitative variables; the sample has been made up of 25 organizations from each country, selected by means of a non-probability sampling according to predefined criteria. Results: a total of 2,103 publications have been analyzed, which show that Facebook is the most used network, especially in Spain, and also the network with the largest number of followers; the use that NGO give to their profiles is basically informative, but there are differences between Spain and Chile and also by sector of activity of the organizations; the most used format for posting is text and notably the use of hashtags; the most common topics deal with the activities and projects of the NGO with a formal tone. Discussion: taking into account the social nature and the need to generate dialogue and connection with society, NGO should make more effort in their social media profiles given the scope and potential for generating engagement with their audiences. Conclusions: the communication strategies of the NGO in social networks do not take advantage of the power that these channels have to dialogue and establish relationships of trust with their audiences.El presente estudio analiza el uso que las principales ONG de Chile y España hacen de susperfiles en Facebook e Instagram. En concreto se estudia cómo gestionan su presencia pública en estas redes sociales, en qué asuntos centran su actividad, cómo están conectando con sus públicos principales y cómo interactúa con ellos y el nivel de engagement que alcanzan. Metodología: se ha utilizado el análisis de contenido de las publicaciones realizadas por 50 ONG durante un mes, tomando en consideración variables cuantitativas y cualitativas; la muestra ha estado formada por 25 organizaciones de cada país, seleccionadas mediante un muestreo no probabilístico de acuerdo con criterios predefinidos. Resultados: se han analizado un total de 2.103 publicaciones, que muestran que Facebook es la red más utilizada, especialmente en España, y también la red con más número de seguidores; el uso que las ONG le dan a sus perfiles es fundamentalmente informativo, pero existen diferencias entre España y Chile y también por sector de actividad de las organizaciones; el formato más utilizado para postear es el texto y notable el uso de hashtags; los temas más habituales tratan las actividades y proyectos de las ONG con un tono formal. Discusión: tomando en consideración el carácter social y la necesidad de generar diálogo y conexión con la sociedad, las ONG deberían hacer más esfuerzo en sus perfiles de redes sociales dado el alcance y su potencialidad para la generación de interacción y engagement con sus públicos más relevantes. Conclusiones: las estrategias de comunicación de las ONG en redes sociales no aprovechan el poder que tienen estos canales para el diálogo y establecimiento de relaciones de confianza con sus público

    Towards a new transformative social ecology. Review of: Emilio Santiago Muíño, Contra el mito del colapso ecológico, Barcelona, Arpa Editores, 2023

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    Ante el complicado escenario de la crisis climática en medio del Antropoceno y la sucesión de posturas que van desde el ecologismo más transformador hasta la más aflictiva derrota, Emilio Santiago Muíño saca a la luz nuevos rayos de esperanza con su obra Contra el mito del colapso ecológico (2023). Doctor en antropología y científico titular del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) desde 2021, Muíño se dedica a estudiar los procesos sociales transformadores hacia la transición ecológica sostenible

    Design of Traffic Electronic Information Signal Acquisition System Based on Internet of Things Technology and Artificial Intelligence

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    This study aims to devise a traffic electronic information signal acquisition system employing Internet of Things and artificial intelligence technologies, offering a novel approach to address prevailing challenges related to traffic congestion and safety. Initially, the hardware circuit for the high-speed signal acquisition control core is developed, leveraging Field-Programmable Gate Array technology. This facilitates wireless monitoring of signal acquisition. Subsequently, a comprehensive time signal acquisition system is formulated, encompassing modules for communication, acquisition, storage, adaptive measurement, and signal analysis. The geomagnetic acquisition module within this system is utilized for collecting geomagnetic signals, which are then translated into switch signals indicating the presence or absence of vehicles. These signals are subsequently transmitted to the geomagnetic signal processor. Experimental results pertaining to the signal acquisition system reveal a notable peak storage speed of 200KB/s, considering the utilization of one million sampling points. Across a series of tests, the maximum relative error of the obtained results ranges from 2.2% to 2.7%, underscoring the consistency and reliability of the measurements. In comparison to existing testing devices, the system exhibits heightened accuracy in test results, rendering it more apt for traffic signal acquisition applications. In conclusion, this study accomplishes the collection and dissemination of diverse traffic information, furnishing robust support for traffic control and ensuring safe operations

    Editor’s Note

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    With (EC) the rise of global economy and Electronic Commerce (EC), efficient inter-organizational planning and deployment for value chain processes have become important. Radio-frequency Identification (RFID), Near Field Communication (NFC), and related wireless technologies are evaluated to be some of the most significant technological innovations in the twenty-first century. In the past few years, wireless and context-awareness technology have led to much hope and optimism. The mainstream press hails these innovations as the avant-garde in technology and business. The Internet of Everything (IoE) goal is the intelligent connection of people, process, data, and things. The IoE describes a world where billions of objects have sensors to detect, measure, and assess their status, all connected over public or private networks using standard and proprietary protocols. Hence, this special issue investigates the state-of-art AI and deep learning approaches for successful systems or applications in the IoE environment. In addition, this special issue also wants to understand the direct and indirect effects of using these smart technologies to build language information processing based on the Web of Things (WoT) around the smart cities and societies

    La cuestión abierta de las tres P: polarización, populismo y posverdad en perspectiva emotivista

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    La polarización, los populismos y la posverdad forman tres fenómenos sociopolíticos fundamentales para comprender cómo se está orientando la política en los sistemas demoliberales. La polarización política se suele entender como un proceso dinámico de activación de las divisiones entre dos o más grupos sociales en el transcurso de los debates públicos que puede terminar con una ruptura comunicativa o una comunicación fallida. Si bien los especialistas no coinciden a la hora de definir el populismo, se puede comprender como una forma concreta de construir el pueblo mediante un discurso que contrapone este al anti-pueblo. La posverdad se referiría a una tendencia cultural donde las verdades de hecho sufren una merma en favor de las verdades vivenciadas subjetivamente. Estos fenómenos tienden a ser percibidos por una buena parte de la sociedad y del mundo académico como una amenaza grave para las bases pluralistas y reflexivas de la democracia. Sin embargo, esa consideración está decantada normativamente. Este artículo trata de explorar un marco referencial diferente, el emotivismo, y cómo, desde este ángulo, toman sentido los tres conceptos clave: polarización, populismo y posverdad

    Constitución Española Comentada: Especial 45º Aniversario

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    Práctico recurso donde se aportan comentarios, precepto por precepto a la Constitución Española de forma actualizada, con sus normas de desarrollo, el despliegue de comentarios doctrinales, sentencias y normas precepto por precepto tanto en notas a pie de página como en el bloque de texto en donde se aporta con carácter previo una introducción al derecho constitucional, al contexto de la transición y un pequeño curso de aproximación a la materia para todo lector empeñado en acercarse al estudio de nuestra Carta Magna en su efeméride

    Soidade non desexada e illamento social

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