1,444 research outputs found
Universal outlier hypothesis testing with applications to anomaly detection
No full textOutlier hypothesis testing is studied in a universal setting. Multiple sequences of observations are collected, a small subset (possibly empty) of which are outliers. A sequence is considered an outlier if the observations in that sequence are distributed according to an “outlier” distribution, distinct from the “typical” distribution governing the observations in the majority of the sequences. The outlier and typical distributions are not fully known, and they can be arbitrarily close. The goal is to design a universal test to best discern the outlier sequence(s). Both fixed sample size and sequential settings are considered in this dissertation. In the fixed sample size setting, for models with exactly one outlier, the generalized likelihood test is shown to be universally exponentially consistent. A single letter characterization of the error exponent achieved by such a test is derived, and it is shown that the test achieves the optimal error exponent asymptotically as the number of sequences goes to infinity. When the null hypothesis with no outlier is included, a modification of the generalized likelihood test is shown to achieve the same error exponent under each non-null hypothesis, and also consistency under the null hypothesis. Then, models with multiple outliers are considered. When the outliers can be distinctly distributed, in order to achieve exponential consistency, it is shown that it is essential that the number of outliers be known at the outset. For the setting with a known number of distinctly distributed outliers, the generalized likelihood test is shown to be universally exponentially consistent. The limiting error exponent achieved by such a test is characterized, and the test is shown to be asymptotically exponentially consistent. For the setting with an unknown number of identically distributed outliers, a modification of the generalized likelihood test is shown to achieve a positive error exponent under each non-null hypothesis, and consistency under the null hypothesis. In the sequential setting, a test with the flavor of the repeated significance test is proposed. The test is shown to be universally consistent, and universally exponentially consistent under non-null hypotheses. In addition, with the typical distribution being known, the test is shown to be asymptotically optimal universally when the number of outliers is the largest possible. In all cases, the asymptotic performance of the proposed test when none of the underlying distributions is known is shown to converge to that when only the typical distribution is known as the number of sequences goes to infinity. For models with continuous alphabets, a test with the same structure as the generalized likelihood test is proposed, and it is shown to be universally consistent. It is also demonstrated that there is a close connection between universal outlier hypothesis testing and cluster analysis. The performance of various proposed tests is evaluated against a synthetic data set, and contrasted with that of two popular clustering methods. Applied to a real data set for spam detection, the sequential test is shown to outperform the fixed sample size test when the lengths of the sequences exceed a certain value. In addition, the performance of the proposed tests is shown to be superior to that of another kernel-based test for large sample sizes.Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2016-03-02 without embargo termsThe student, Yun Li, accepted the attached license on 2015-10-06 at 22:02.The student, Yun Li, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2015-10-06 at 22:23.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2015-10-07 at 16:36.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #8710 on 2016-03-02 at 12:49:26Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-02T19:33:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Evaluation of the difference between two spatiotemporal random fields
No full textComparing the spatial characteristics of spatiotemporal random fields is often in demand in various fields of study. Especially in climatology, people are interested in learning the difference between the synthetic climate simulation model and climate field reconstructions (CFR) which are estimates of the past climate constructed based on the proxy data. The thesis focuses on testing the two spatiotemporal climate fields. First, as assessing the CFR skill is critical for improving their interpretation and ultimately for deriving better CFR estimates, we apply new methods for assessing spatiotemporal skill using formalized null hypotheses. The test provides a detailed assessment of why CFR skill varies across multiple methods, with implications for improving future CFR estimates. Also, it will be more informative, if we could point out where the difference is located by conducting the hypothesis at each location. However, comparing spatiotemporal random fields at each location requires adjusting the multiplicity due to multiple comparisons. We develop a new multiple testing approach to detect the local differences in the spatial characteristics of two spatiotemporal random fields by taking the spatial information into account. The developed procedure is robust to model misspecification and allows for weak dependency among hypotheses. Lastly, predicting the future climate extreme is critical as the consequences of the extreme temperature or precipitation include high mortality rate or impact on agriculture and infrastructure. However, to date, very little work has investigated the difference in the extreme value behavior between two climate fields. The last chapter introduces how we assess the spatial extreme difference of two spatial random fields. This developed procedure could be employed to assess whether the maximum precipitation of the climate simulation models captures real data’s extreme behavior.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2023-08-01The student, Sooin Yun, accepted the attached license on 2021-07-12 at 12:25.The student, Sooin Yun, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2021-07-12 at 12:33.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2021-07-13 at 11:02.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #16867 on 2022-01-12 at 12:54:36Made available in DSpace on 2022-01-12T22:35:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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The Construction of the "Zhengyu" Theory in Zhongyuan yin yun
No full text 周德清（1277-1365）《中原音韻》韻譜自注：「正語之本，變雅之端」，本文從這兩句切入，以〈正語作詞起例〉為論述文本。又根據周德清所說「呼吸言語之間，還有入聲之別」的立足點，探索周德清「正語」理論之建構。
本文分四節。第二節「正語概念的形成與總綱」，闡釋「正語之本，變雅之端」的戲曲背景與涵義。這兩句意謂《中原音韻》既是中原之音的正聲，堪可辨正與《廣韻》之差異，亦可做為矯正方音之病的根本；也是辨別北曲與宋元戲文等其他腔調劇種戲曲語音差異的依據。第三節「正語之本—辨正《中原音韻》與《廣韻》的差異」分別從《中原音韻》平聲分陰平、陽平，入派三聲，無閉口入聲及押韻現象等進行論述。第四節「變雅之端—辨正諸方語之病」，分析周德清「正音」的對象，主要針對宋元戲文載體的吳語。
周德清以《中原音韻》與《廣韻》讀音之差異，落實「正語之本」的宗旨；又以中原之音對比吳語或各地方音，落實「變雅之端」的旨趣。對於《廣韻》一書時而偏激，視為鴃舌；時而認同，據以辨明古今字，或據以釋疑字樣，以為指迷。對於方音，視為語病；卻又認同約定俗成的四海之音。究其成書宗旨，則在通古今音變，立戲曲正音。Zhou Deqing's (1277-1365) Zhongyuan yin yun annotates that his book serves as “a model for zhengyu and a rectification of bianya.” Based on this statement, this article will explore his Rules for Composing the Traditional Northern Opera with Correct Sounds in the book. In addition, according to Zhou's understanding of "entering tones are situated between breathing and speaking,” the author will investigate Zhou's construction of zhengyu theory.
This article is divided into four sections. After an introduction in section one, section two explicates the linguistic background and meaning of the above mentioned statement. This statement signifies that the pronunciation in Zhou’s book was deemed standard in the Central Plains, rectifying the disadvantages of various dialects, and differentiating divergences among Guang yun and various types of operas in Chinese dialects. Section three compares the following rhyming phenomena: level tones divided into voiceless and voiced level tones, entering tones recategorized into level, rising, and departing tones, and a lack of closed entering tones and rhyming. Section four analyzes the subject dialects that Zhou rectified, especially the Wu dialect in Song-Yuan southern drama.
Grounded in the differences between Zhongyuan yin yun and Guang yun, Zhou fulfilled the objective of “a model for zhengyu” and brought the aim of “a rectification of bianya” to a successful conclusion through the comparison of central pronunciation with the Wu and other dialects. Not completely agreeing with what Guang yun argues, he viewed dialects as having deficiencies and meanwhile accepted them as pronunciation in common practices. His goal of composing Zhongyuan yin yun was to historicize the changes of sounds and therefore normalize pronunciation for traditional Chinese opera
Corrigendum: Coral reefs of Pakistan: a comprehensive review of anthropogenic threats, climate change, and conservation status
No full textIn the published article, there was an error in the author list, and author Pu Guo was erroneously excluded as co-first author. The corrected author list appears below. “Ishfaq Ahmad1,2†, Pu Guo1†, Mei-Xia Zhao1,3*, Yu Zhong1, Xiao-Yun Zheng1,2, Shu-Qi Zhang1,2, Jian-Wen Qiu4,5, Qi Shi1, Hong-Qiang Yan1, Shi-Chen Tao1 and Li-Jia Xu6†These authors share first authorship” The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated. Copyright © 2024 Ahmad, Guo, Zhao, Zhong, Zheng, Zhang, Qiu, Shi, Yan, Tao and Xu
[[alternative]]The Adaptation Discussion and Interpretation of Liuqin Concerto “The Bell of Sha Yun” by Hsu, Wei-Ting
No full text[[abstract]] 本論文探討徐瑋廷將其所創作之國樂合奏曲《莎韻》改編至柳琴獨奏曲《莎韻之鐘》之過程，以及後續由柳琴演奏者進行樂曲修改的經過，包含由胡雅茹修改的獨奏曲V2，以及由鄭家芸老師及筆者進行修改的獨奏曲V3，修改的同時也會根據演奏者詮釋想法，增加演奏技法和手法進行樂曲詮釋。 本文於第三章先整理《莎韻》保留給柳琴演奏的旋律後，再探討作曲家移植與改編後的《莎韻之鐘》獨奏譜V1，從中得知作曲家在改編上是有規律性的；獨奏曲交由胡雅茹修改時，是先針對曲譜中無法演奏的音域及和弦兩部分進行調整（V2）；獨奏的第二版本（V3）則是由筆者與鄭家芸根據前譜進行修改，V3也為筆者音樂會上的詮釋版本。 透過研究，筆者歸整出樂曲在改編時的規律性以及作曲家與演奏者在修改上的想法，前者重視樂曲的層次豐富度與呈現出的情緒，後者更重視演奏時的技法與手法是否能呈現柳琴的特色及樂曲呈現的畫面。希望本研究能對柳琴音樂的文獻提供一些資料。[[abstract]] This paper explores the process of composer Hsu Wei-ting adapting his original Chinese ensemble piece “Sha Yun” into a solo Liuqin composition titled “The Bell of Sha Yun”. It also delves into the subsequent modifications of Liuqin performer Hu Ya-ru, including the Solo Version 2 (V2) she modified. Furthermore, it discusses the revisions made by teacher Cheng Chia-yun and the author, resulting in Solo Version 3 (V3). During the modification process, playing techniques and methods were added based on the performer's interpretation, enhancing the musical interpretation. In the third chapter of this paper, the preserved melodies of “Sha Yun” for Liuqin performance were organized. The composer's process of transplantation and adaptation to create the solo score of “The Bell of Sha Yun” (V1) was then explored, revealing a systematic approach to the transformation. When the solo version was handed over to Hu Ya-ru for modification, adjustments were made primarily to address the score's unplayable range of notes and chords, resulting in version 2 (V2). The second version of the solo (V3) was subsequently modified by the author and Cheng Chia-yun, building upon the previous version. V3 represents the interpretation version performed by the author in a concert setting. Through research, the author has summarized the regularity of music adaptation and the ideas of composers and performers in making modifications. The former emphasizes the musical layers' richness and emotions' expression. At the same time, the latter focuses more on whether the techniques and skills used in the performance can showcase the characteristics of the Liuqin instrument and depict the imagery conveyed by the music. It is hoped that this study can provide some information for the documentation of Liuqin music
On the association between land system architecture and land surface temperatures: Evidence from a Desert Metropolis - Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A
No full textabstract: The relationship between the characteristics of the urban land system and land surface temperature (LST) has received increasing attention in urban heat island and sustainability research, especially for desert cities. This research generally employs medium or coarser spatial resolution data and primarily focuses on the effects of a few classes of land-cover composition and pattern at the neighborhood or larger level using regression models. This study explores the effects of land system architecture—composition and configuration, both pattern and shape, of fine-grain land-cover classes—on LST of single family residential parcels in the Phoenix, Arizona (southwestern USA) metropolitan area. A 1 m resolution land-cover map is used to calculate land architecture metrics at the parcel level, and 6.8 m resolution MODIS/ASTER data are employed to retrieve LST. Linear mixed-effects models quantify the impacts of land configuration on LST at the parcel scale, controlling for the effects of land composition and neighborhood characteristics. Results indicate that parcel-level land-cover composition has the strongest association with daytime and nighttime LST, but the configuration of this cover, foremost compactness and concentration, also affects LST, with different associations between land architecture and LST at nighttime and daytime. Given information on land system architecture at the parcel level, additional information based on geographic and socioeconomic variables does not improve the generalization capability of the statistical models. The results point the way towards parcel-level land-cover design that helps to mitigate the urban heat island effect for warm desert cities, although tradeoffs with other sustainability indicators must be considered.Corresponding Author:
Xiaoxiao Li
Arizona State University
[email protected]
Development and validation of an improved method for determination of chloropropanols in paperboard food packaging by GC-MS
No full textPaper used for food packaging is often manufactured with wet strength resin additives to impart moisture resistance. Wet strength resins formulated with epichlorohydrin form undesirable chloropropanol type by-products including 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) and 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol(1,3-DCP). Chloropropanols are suspect carcinogens. These compounds were recently added to the California Proposition 65 list (known or suspect human carcinogens) which mandates labeling of products sold in the state of California, creating a dilemma for food packaging processors. Food packaging manufacturers are concerned with migration of chloropropanols from packaging into foods or beverages. Therefore, analytical methods for determination of chloropropanols in paperboard food packaging are of great importance. However, previously described methods are not developed for paperboard food packaging samples, or not for EU standard aqueous extraction study of paperboard samples. The objective of this research is to develop an improved analytical method for determination of 3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP in paper type food packaging. The refined method uses aqueous extraction, matrix-spiking of a deuterated surrogate internal standard (3-MCPD-d5), cleanup using Extrelut solid phase extraction, derivatization using silylation reagent, and GC-MS analyses of the chloropropanols as their corresponding trimethyl silyl ethers. The new method is applicable to paper type food packaging sample for EU standard aqueous extraction study and aqueous food stimulant migration test. Also, the method uses 10 times less sample size, solvents and reagents than previously described methods, reducing the cost and time for analysis. The derivatization procedure was also improved. The overall validation data suggest the method is precise and rugged. The limit of detection of aqueous extract is 0.010 ppm (w/w) for both 3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP. Analytical system precision is 3.36%RSD for 3-MCPD and 7.65%RSD for 1,3-DCP. The new method has been applied to the analysis of over 100 commercial paperboard packaging samples. The data is being used to guide development of next generation wet strength resins with reduced chloropropanols content, and also used for risk assessments to calculate VSD (virtual safe dose).M.S.Includes bibliographical referencesby Wan-yun Li
Paraxial schematic eye models for 7- and 14-year-old Chinese children
No full text<b>Purpose</b>\ud
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- To develop three-surface paraxial schematic eyes with different ages and sexes based on data for 7- and 14-year-old Chinese children from the Anyang Childhood Eye Study.\ud
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<b>Methods</b>\ud
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- Six sets of paraxial schematic eyes, including 7-year-old eyes, 7-year-old male eyes, 7-year-old female eyes, 14-year-old eyes, 14-year-old male eyes, and 14-year-old female eyes, were developed. Both refraction-dependent and emmetropic eye models were developed, with the former using linear dependence of ocular parameters on refraction.\ud
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<b>Results</b>\ud
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- A total of 2059 grade 1 children (boys 58%) and 1536 grade 8 children (boys 49%) were included, with mean age of 7.1 ± 0.4 and 13.7 ± 0.5 years, respectively. Changes in these schematic eyes with aging are increased anterior chamber depth, decreased lens thickness, increased vitreous chamber depth, increased axial length, and decreased lens equivalent power. Male schematic eyes have deeper anterior chamber depth, longer vitreous chamber depth, longer axial length, and lower lens equivalent power than female schematic eyes. Changes in the schematic eyes with positive increase in refraction are decreased anterior chamber depth, increased lens thickness, decreased vitreous chamber depth, decreased axial length, increased corneal radius of curvature, and increased lens power. In general, the emmetropic schematic eyes have biometric parameters similar to those arising from regression fits for the refraction-dependent schematic eyes.\ud
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<b>Conclusions</b>\ud
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- The paraxial schematic eyes of Chinese children may be useful for myopia research and for facilitating comparison with other children with the same or different racial backgrounds and living in different places
Beyond the genetic code in leaf senescence
No full textLeaf senescence is not only genetically programmed but also induced by exogenous stress to ensure completion of the plant life cycle, successful reproduction and environmental adaptability. Genetic reprogramming is a major aspect of leaf senescence, and the senescence signaling that follows is controlled by a complex regulatory network. Recent studies suggest that the activity of transcription factors together with epigenetic mechanisms ensures the robustness of this network, with the latter including chromatin remodeling, DNA modification, and RNA-mediated control of transcription factors and other senescence-associated genes. In this review, we provide an overview of the relevant epigenetic mechanisms and summarize recent findings of epigenetic regulators of plant leaf senescence involved in DNA methylation and histone modification along with the functions of small RNAs in this process
© The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.1
Fu li qu dong tuan liu zhong de biao liang shu yun ji qu ci xi jun de yun dong xue te xing
No full textPh.D.This thesis consists four parts. The first three parts concern the transport properties in buoyancy-driven flows and the last one studies the kinematic properties of an active matter system.The first one is an experimental and numerical study of natural convection with moist air as convecting fluid. By simplifying the system as two-component convection, an experimental method is developed to indirectly measure the moisture transfer rates in buoyancy-driven flows. The result is verified by direct numerical simulations (DNS). It is found that the nondimensionalized transfer rates for both sensible heat and water vapor are essentially determined by a generalized Grashof number, and are only weakly dependent on the buoyancy ratio. As a special case, the Schmidt number dependence for passive scalar transfer rate in buoyancy driven flows is also deduced. The present result should also complement the existing bulk parameterization models for evaporation in nature.The second study concerns the effect of horizontal buoyancy on heat transport in turbulent thermal convection. A vector formed global heat transport is proposed. For fixed vertical buoyancy, we find that the vertical heat transport increase monotonically with the horizontal buoyancy and the horizontal heat transport is also non-negligible. Our DNS result confirms these experimental findings and highlights the richness in convective transport. We further extend the Grossmann-Lohse theory to the case with both vertical and horizontal buoyancy, which not only describes well the effect of horizontal buoyancy, but also captures the general trend of the Prandtl number dependence.The third part of the thesis is focused on Rayleigh-B\'enard convection in slender geometries. Experimentally, this is realized by 3D-printed parallel channel-like structures. Comparing with the case of unit aspect ratio, increase in the overall heat transport are observed for aspect ratio 1/6 and 1/10, provided the Rayleigh number exceeds certain threshold value. We also identify a transition in the Nusselt-Rayleigh scaling from approximately 3/7 to a value close to 1/4. These results, together with measurements in two similar configurations, reveal that the global heat transport can indeed be enhanced by perturbing the bulk of the flow rather than the thermal boundary layer.In the fourth part we discuss the kinematic behavior of a magnetotactic bacterium, M. magneticum strain AMB-1. A statistical method is developed to quantify the batch-averaged magnetic moment possessed by single AMB-1 cell. Furthermore, the comparison between results from the living and dead AMB-1 cells provides an evidence for the possible existence of an active magnetic response pathway.本論文包含四個部分。前三部分旨在研究浮力驅動湍流系統中的輸運行為，最後一部分則主要探討了活性物質系統中的運動學特性。在第一部分工作中，我們通過實驗及數值方法研究了由濕空氣作為對流介質的自然對流系統。通過將該系統簡化為雙組分對流問題，我們提出了一個從實驗上定量推算浮力驅動對流中水汽輸運效率的方法，其結果被直接數值模擬所證實。我們發現無量綱化的水汽輸運效率以及顯熱輸運效率主要由廣義的格拉斯霍夫數決定。通過考慮極限情況，我們進一步推算并預測了被動標量在浮力驅動湍流中的輸運效率隨施密特數變化的標度律指數。這些結果對現有的估算自然界中水汽蒸發量的參數化模型作出了補充。第二部分工作則系統地討論與研究了水平浮力對傳熱的影響。我們將熱對流系統中的傳熱推廣到了矢量形式。對於給定垂直浮力，我們發現系統的垂向熱輸運效率隨水平浮力單調增長，且系統水平方向的總體熱輸運強度也不可被忽略。直接數值模擬與實驗結果的相符，印證與突出了對流系統中輸運方式的多樣性。我們將著名的格羅斯曼-洛斯理論推廣到了存在水平浮力的情況，其結果不但準確描述了水平浮力對總傳熱的影響，也可以刻畫其對普朗特數的依賴關係。論文的第三部分主要研究了細長幾何結構中對流的熱輸運效率。實驗上，我們利用三維打印技術實現了並聯的薯條狀細長對流槽。與寬高比為一的對照組相比，在超過一定瑞利數閾值的區間，我們在寬高比為六分之一和十分之一的細長對流槽中都測得了顯著提升的總傳熱。與此同時，在兩組實驗中我們都觀察到了努賽爾數對瑞利數標度律從接近3/7向1/4的轉變。在另外兩個相似的幾何結構中，我們也觀察到了傳熱的增加，以上結果揭示了通過改變對流槽中心結構（而不是邊界層）來增加系統總體輸運效率的可能性。在最後一部分工作中，我們研究與討論了趨磁細菌在不同外磁場強度下的運動學行為。我們發展了一個統計上的方法量化并測得了趨磁細菌磁小體的平均磁矩。此外，活細菌與死細菌在運動學特性上的差別，為趨磁細菌可能對磁場存在主動響應的觀點提供了間接證據。Zhang, Lu = 浮力驅動湍流中的標量輸運及趨磁細菌的運動學特性 / 張路.Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2019.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-155).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on 06, January, 2021).Zhang, Lu = Fu li qu dong tuan liu zhong de biao liang shu yun ji qu ci xi jun de yun dong xue te xing / Zhang Lu
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