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    نجم الدین احمد کے افسانوں کا کرداری تجزیہ: Character analysis of Najamuddin Ahamd 's fiction

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    Najamuddin Ahmed belongs to Syed Hashmi family. His family migrated from "Hisar" district of India and came to Pakistan and initially stayed here temporarily in different cities. After staying in various districts of Punjab, Sahiwal, Jhang and Muzaffarabad, the family reached Bahawalnagar and settled here permanently. Najamuddin Ahmed's fictions reflect many positive and negative aspects of our society and with the help of the characters he has created, he has highlighted many aspects of society that only a visionary artist can see. In the fiction of Najamuddin Ahmed, there are also antagonistic characters who are forces that oppose the protagonist and create conflicts and obstacles to overcome. His antagonists are not supernatural but are mostly the product of society and so are symbolic characters in his fiction. Moreover, the supporting characters in his fiction complement the main character and play an important role in the story. In this article, the characters created by him in “Aao bhai khalain” have been presented

    Najamuddin Ahmed: Personality and Literary Achievements : نجم الدین احمد : شخصیت اور ادبی کارنامے

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    Najamuddin Ahmed is a well-known fiction writer, novelist and translated poet of Pakistan. He belongs to Bahawalnagar. He was born on 2 June 1971 in Bahawalnagar and studied there and did his MA in English Literature. Since September 1993, he has been employed in the Department of Finance, Punjab. So far, a total of thirteen of his books have appeared, eight of which are translations. Apart from this, books include three novels Madfan, Khoj and Saheem and two fiction collections, Ao Bhai Khalain and Farar and other fictions. Najamuddin is one of those writers who, instead of desiring baseless false fame, believe in raising the quality of their works to such an extent that the reader will automatically be captivated by their charm, which is seen by the bitter realities of the times. They believe in facing it instead of stealing it. He has always tried to raise the standard of literature; his efforts are a capital for Urdu literature. Najamuddin is a dynamic writer who should be emulated. Along with his fiction writing, his translations are also appreciated and these translations are also in Urdu. They continue to adorn the pages of newspapers. Along with fiction writing, he also mastered certain critical styles. Key words: Najamuddin Ahmed, fiction writer, novelist, translated poet, novels Madfan, Khoj and Saheem, Ao Bhai Khalain and Farar

    Meningkatkan Aktivitas Dan Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Materi Sistem Pemerintahan Desa dan Kecamatan Melalui Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe NHT Di Kelas IV MI Tawia Barat Kab Hulu Sungai Selatan

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    Najamuddin. 2013. Meningkatkan Aktivitas Dan Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Materi Sistem Pemerintahan Desa dan Kecamatan Melalui Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe NHT Di Kelas IV MI Tawia Barat Kab Hulu Sungai Selatan. Skripsi, Jurusan Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, Fakultas Tarbiyah. Pembimbing : Drs. H. Murhan Zuhri, M.Ag. Kata kunci : Problema, Pembelajaran, Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Pembelajaran PKn di sekolah selama ini sebagian besar masih menggunakan model pembelajaran yang bersifat konvensional, hal ini mengakibatkan rendahnya perhatian siswa sehingga hasil belajar yang dicapai mereka menjadi kurang optimal. Hal tersebut juga terjadi pada MI Tawia Barat Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Selatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV pada semester I MI Tawia Barat untuk mata pelajaran PKn dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe NHT. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus penelitian. Pada setiap siklus yakni siklus I dan siklus II terdiri atas dua kali pertemuan. Subyek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas IVMI Tawia Barat pada semester ganjil tahun ajaran 2013/2014, dengan jumlah siswa 19 orang. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh melalui teknik observasi dan tes tertulis, sedangkan teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah rata-rata dan persentase. Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh (1) aktivitas siswa mengalami peningkatan dari akhir siklus I ke akhir siklus II sebesar 68.42% dengan kriteria aktif menjadi 42.11% dengan kriteria sangat aktif, jika pada siklus I masih ada beberapa komponen yang harus ditingkatkan, pada siklus II komponen tersebut sudah bagus dilaksankan siswa; (2) hasil belajar siswa juga mengalami peningkatan dari 68.37% dengan rata-rata 64.37 pada siklus I menjadi 89.47% dengan rata-rata 73.15 pada siklus II di atas standar ketuntasan belajar mata pelajaran PKn yang telah ditetapkan yaitu 7.00. Pembelajaran dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe NHT dapat meningkatkan aktivitas dan pemahaman/pengetahuan siswa kelas IV MI Tawia Barat pada materi Sistem Pemerintahan Desa dan Kecamatan sehingga memudahkan guru untuk mengelompokkan mereka secara heterogen dan memudahkan guru dalam menyampaikan materi pembelajaran

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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