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Preparation of Yam Powders and Its Quality Change during Storage
No full text山藥分別以抗壞血酸，檸檬酸或亞硫酸氫鈉等溶液處理後，經冷凍乾燥、滾筒乾燥、熱風乾燥或日光乾燥製成粉末化製品，分析其物化性質，並以電子顯微照相觀察乾燥樣品，同時將製品儲藏於25℃下、5個月，分析其品質變化情形。試驗結果顯示原料山藥含有70~80％水份，16~21％醣，3~5％蛋白質及其他成份。冷凍乾燥法經0.5％檸檬酸及0.5％亞硫酸氫鈉液浸漬處理所製成之產品較其它乾燥法佳。製品經貯藏後，顏色及水份含量變化不大。
The procedure of preparing yam powders was developed and the changes in quality of the powder product during storage was also evaluated. Yam tubers were first treated, alone or in combination, with ascorbic acid, citric acid, and sodium bisulfite. The drying treatments included freeze drying, drum drying, air drying, and solar drying. The physicochemical properties were analyzed and scanning electron microscopy was evaluated on the powdered products. The powder was further stored at 25¢XC for 5 months and its physical properties was studied. The results indicated that the contents of water, carbohydrate, protein, and residual components of the raw yam material were, 70-80%, 16-21%, 3-5%, and 0-2%, respectively. The best powder product was obtained from 0.5% citric acid-0.5% sodium bisulfite pretreatment followed by freeze drying. Comparison between the freshly made and stored yam powder showed no significant difference in water content and color appearance
Extraction and Separation of lO-hydroxy-δ-decenoic acid from Royal Jelly by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
No full text本研究之目的在於萃取與分離蜂王乳中葵烯酸（10-hydroxy-δ-decenoic acid ; 10-HDA ）成分。超臨界二氧化碳（supercritical carbon dioxide ; SC-CO2 ）是一種較其它溶劑（如水、乙醇、己院、乙醚、丙酮）安全、無毒、不易燃，而且萃取物與超臨界二氧化碳很容易利用降壓方式將其分離。葵烯酸是一種抗癌、抗氧化和抗菌之物質，食用後有強烈辛辣味，使得蜂王乳不易為消費者接受。為了提高產品接受性與價值性，此研究以超臨界二氧化碳為溶劑，萃取與分離蜂王乳中葵烯酸成分做為醫學用品，與去除不悅味道後之去葵烯酸蜂王乳產品做為食品、飲料與健康食品等用途。實驗操作選擇溫度40℃，壓力10 、20 、30MPa 與添加或不添加10 ％乙醇／蜂王乳（體積/重量比）當為輔溶劑等條件，求得最適溶解度（g 葵烯酸／g CO2）、分配係數（氣相與液相之溶解度比）與選擇性（葵烯酸與蜂王乳之分配係數比）。由實驗之最佳結果，採用溫度40℃ 、壓力25MPa 、添加10％乙醇之條件下，於連續式超臨界二氧化碳萃取系統進行實驗後，顯示此條件下可去除蜂王乳中之90％葵烯酸成分。
The objective of this study was to extract and separate lO-hydroxy- -decenoic acid (10-HDA) from royal jelly. A static and a continuous extraction methods using the solvent of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-C02) or ethanol ¡Ò SC-CO2 were designed to rearch the objective and to measure the solubility of 10-HDA in SC-CO2 or in ethanol ¡Ò SC-CO2. The extraction were performed at 40¢XC and at pressures 10, 20, and 30 MPa. Results showed distribution coefficient of 10-HDA increased with pressure. Two products, 10-HDA and non- or low 10-HDA content of royal jelly products, were obtained at 25 MPa and 40¢XC in the ethanol + SC-CO2 continuous extraction system
The Antioxidative Activity of Yams
No full text以本土山藥品系：台農二號、大汕二、大汕三、中國長、罐仔藷、名間二紅為原料，經冷凍乾燥後，利用溶劑：超臨界二氧化碳（SC-CO2）、體積比10：1之SC-CO2：乙醇，操作溫度40℃，壓力2000、3000、4000psi，冷凍乾燥樣品20g，進行萃取實驗。連續進行萃取實驗三次後，計算其萃取溶解度（g萃取物/LCO2）與萃取率（g萃取物／100g樣品），並分析其抗UV、抗氧化效果與維生素A、C、E、山藥皂素含量”實驗結果顯示：以壓力4O00psi，溫度40oC，溶劑SC-CO2＋乙醇為溶劑，進行實驗1小時後，山藥萃取率達到8-14%。此實驗條件下之10%萃取液的抗氧化率約90%。
The local varieties of yams in Taiwan: D. alata L. (Tainung #2), D. alata L. (Darsan #2), D. alata L. (Darsan #3), D. alata L. (China), D. hispida Dennst., and D. alata L. purpurea (Roxb.) M. Pouch was chosen as the raw materials for this study. The 20g of freeze-drying samples were extracted three times by the solvent of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-C02) or the solvent of SC-C02 / ethanol (10/1 by volume) at 40℃ and pressures 2000, 3000 and 4000 psi. The experimental data were then calculated as the extracted index of solubility (g extract/L CO2) and yield (g extract/100g sample). The extracts were experimentally measured their anti-ultraviolet activity and antioxidant effect. The extracts were also analyzed their vitamin A, C, E and disogenin. The results showed that 8- 1.4% yield was extracted from freeze-drying yam powders by using the operating pressure 4000 psi , operating temperature 40℃ , operating time lhour, and the solvent of SC-CO2 / ethanol. The extract had ca. 90% of antioxidant activity using the above experimental conditions
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
[[alternative]]Evaluation of Sleep Quality of Insomniacs by using Semen Zizyphi Spinosae and Semen Biotae
No full text[[abstract]] 本研究目的在探討傳統中藥酸棗仁與柏子仁應用於輔助失眠患者改善睡眠品質之可行性評估。為評估酸棗仁與柏子仁對失眠患者睡眠品質改善情形，十六名（2男，14女）平均年齡50.3 ± 13.4歲經中醫師診斷為陰虛失眠的患者，進行短期四週研究。經由每日晚間8時服用濃縮製劑酸棗仁2公克、柏子仁2公克，紀錄五次服用前後的心率變異分析（HRV）數值，並以匹茲堡睡眠質量指數（PSQI）自評及中醫師診斷評估睡眠品質改善情形。結果顯示，匹茲堡睡眠質量指數由前測之13.3 ± 3.1分下降至8.4 ± 4.9分（p<0.05）；中醫師評估項目總分由前測之12.6 ± 5.4分下降至2.2 ± 3.7分（p<0.05），表明酸棗仁與柏子仁可一定程度的改善陰虛失眠患者之睡眠品質。另外，在心率變異分析（HRV）數值方面則無顯著性的差異，顯示短時間之內酸棗仁與柏子仁可能對心臟自律神經系統的影響並不明顯。因此酸棗仁與柏子仁可作為輔助改善睡眠品質另類療法之選擇。[[abstract]] This study is intended to assess the purpose of employing Semen Zizyphi Spinosae and Semen Biotae, two kinds of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), to improve the sleep quality of insomniac. For the purpose of conducting this assessment, 16 patients ( 2 males and 14 females, average age of 50.3 ± 13.4 ) diagnosed by a TCM doctor as yin-xu (passive-weak) insomnia were prescribed of concentrated granules of Semen Zizyphi Spinosae and Semen Biotae,（2 grams each） to be taken orally at 8 p.m. every night for a period of four weeks. The heart rate variabilities (HRV) of patients were measured five times each, prior and posterior to taking the granules. In the meantime, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) would be employed and assessed by the patients themselves and their sleep quality would be further assessed by the TCM doctor. As the results, indicate the PSQI felt from prior 13.3 ± 3.1 points to posterior 8.4 ± 4.9 points (p<0.05); and the TCM doctor assessment also declined from prior 12.6 ± 5.4 points to posterior 2.2 ± 3.7 points (p<0.05). These results clearly indicate that Semen Zizyphi Spinosae and Semen Biotae are helpful to improve the sleep quality of yin-xu insomniacs. Since no any critical variances were observed with the HRV measurement, Semen Zizyphi Spinosae and Semen Biotae did not appear to impose any significant effects on the patients' cardio-autonomic nervous system in the prescribed duration. It is concluded that Semen Zizyphi Spinosae and Semen Biotae can be employed as a choice of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to improve the symptoms of insomnia
[[alternative]]eualuate the effect of shoulder acupoint regulation treatments on blood pressure in hypertension patients
No full text[[abstract]] 為評估調整風池穴、肩井穴局部骨架及軟組織之手法對血壓之影響，四十七名(14男，33女)原發性高血壓患者，經由每次2∼5分鐘之手法治療，紀錄四次調整前後的血壓值，並以問卷評估症狀之改善。結果顯示，徒手調整肩部穴位確有降低血壓值及緩解高血壓患者的症狀。患者收縮壓值不但單次療程呈顯著下降，並有逐次下降的趨勢，收縮壓約降18∼19 mmHg，下降幅度達12％ (p<0.01)。舒張壓值可降4.6 mmHg，下降幅度約為5.7 ％，而臨床症狀以頭痛緩解100 % 及項緊緩解80 % 之改善最為顯著，至於心悸、喘和胸痛之改善則較不顯著，因此此手法可提供高血壓患者另類治療之選擇。[[abstract]] To elevate the effect of shoulder acupoints (Feng Chih point (g-20) and Chien Ching point(g-21)) treatment by principles of manual on blood pressure, the blood pressures of 47 essential hypertension patients (14 M and 33 F) were recorded before and after each 2-5 min treatment for four times. Clinical symptoms were also evaluated with questionnaires. Our data relived that treatment by principles of manual significantly reduced blood pressures and relieved clinical symptoms. Systolic blood pressures (SBP) of patients were improved not only after each time but also the following treatments. The reduction of SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 18∼19 (12 % reduction) and 4.6 mmHg (5.7 % reduction), respectively. Clinical elevations showed that this manual treatment effectively relieved 100% headache and 80% nape tightness; however, the improvements of palpitations, pant, and chest pain were not significant. Thus, this principle of manual provides an alternative treatment for hypertension patients
[[alternative]]Effects of lycopene on type 2 diabetic patients
No full text[[abstract]] 根據研究顯示，茄紅素之抗氧化能力比維生素E和胡蘿蔔素強，且多攝取蕃茄或含有茄紅素成份之食品可減少罹患心血管疾病等之慢性疾病。為了評估茄紅素食品對第2型糖尿病患者的功效，共有26位控制穩定之第2型糖尿病患者除了繼續服用原本的藥物外，再進一步接受茄紅素食品補充兩個星期（每天26毫克或52毫克）。結果顯示茄紅素補充後，服用26毫克組和52毫克組之膽固醇數值，分別由184 mg/dl降至174 mg/dl和由164 mg/dl降至148 mg/dl，其p值分別為0.123和0.014（下降幅度分別為4.4%和9.8%），有降低膽固醇的功效。而服用26毫克組和52毫克組之血糖值，也分別由138 mg/dl降至128 mg/dl和由135 mg/dl降至126 mg/dl，其p值分別為0.098和0.078（下降幅度約7%左右），具有改善血糖的情形出現。然而在抗氧化酵素（superoxide dismutase和glutathione peroxidase）、脂質過氧化（malondialdehyde）、總抗氧化能力及high sensitivity CRP上並無顯著變化，這也許和茄紅素食品補充期間不夠長或者糖尿病患者所具備的氧化壓力（oxidative stress）依舊很強，而無法單由茄紅素來改變有關，詳細情況仍有待進一步評估研究。然而對於降低膽固醇和改善血糖而言，可提供給第2型糖尿病患者和照顧這類患者的醫療人員一個方向，並作為第2型糖尿病患者之輔助療法，進一步降低高膽固醇血症和改善血糖控制。[[abstract]] Dietary intakes of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene, a more potent antioxidant than vitamin E and carotene, have been shown to be associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases in numerous studies. In order to evaluate the possible beneficial effects of lycopene supplements in type 2 diabetes mellitus, twenty-six stable type 2 diabetic patients received lycopene, either 26 mg/day or 52 mg/day for 2 weeks, in addition to their previous medication. Lycopene supplements resulted in cholesterol-lowering effect (from 184 mg/dl to 174 mg/dl and 164 mg/dl to 148 mg/dl in 26 mg/day and 52 mg/day lycopene respectively, p=0.123 and 0.014), and the trend for improving glycemic control (from 138 mg/dl to 128 mg/dl and from 135 mg/dl to 126 mg/dl in 26 mg/day and 52 mg/day lycopene respectively, p=0.098 and 0.078). However, there were no significant differences on antioxidant enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA), total antioxidant capacity and high sensitivity CRP values after lycopene supplements. These findings may have some implications for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and health care professionals that the use of antioxidant supplements, such as lycopene or foods rich in antioxidants, among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus may be instructive and complementary
[[alternative]]Effects of Inhalation of Mint Extracts on Heart Rate Variability
No full text[[abstract]] 本研究主要比較不同品種的10組薄荷萃取液噴霧吸入對心率變異差異。研究對象為南華大學學生共59名(男性16名，女性43名)，平均年齡22.2±1.5歲，平均身體質量指數(Body Mass Index, BMI)為22.0±5.0 kg/m2。實驗組有10組，分別綠薄荷、皺葉薄荷、班葉鳳梨薄荷、萊姆薄荷、葡萄柚薄荷、巧克力薄荷、胡椒薄荷、普列薄荷、蘋果薄荷、柯嘉西薄荷。 控制組實驗是靜坐10分鐘後，進行5分鐘的心率變異測量，噴霧吸入組是噴霧器裡加入薄荷萃取液50 ml及200 ml蒸餾水，聞薄荷萃取液的噴霧10分鐘後，進行5分鐘的心率變異測量。 各組內的心率變異前後平均值採成對樣本T檢定(Paired t-test):比較組內每分鐘平均心跳數(Mean Heart Rate，MHR)、QRS波(QRS wave，QRS)、正常竇性心搏間期之標準差(Standard Deviation of all Normal to Normal intervals，SDNN)、正常心跳間期差值平方和的均方根(The square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals，RMSSD)與低頻高頻功率比(Ratio of LF to HF，LF/HF)等測量值之前後平均數差異。噴霧吸入組與控制組亦採成對樣本T檢定，比較組間其心率變異百分改變量值之差異。 實驗結果顯示，噴霧入組與控制組之心率變異值皆無顯著性差異(p>0.05)。 綠薄荷組、皺葉薄荷組、斑葉鳳梨組、葡萄柚薄荷組、巧克力薄荷組與胡椒薄荷組等實驗組別，LF/HF比值有降低趨勢。萊姆薄荷組、普列薄荷、蘋果薄荷組與柯西嘉薄荷組等，其LF/HF比值有上升趨勢。[[abstract]] The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different types of mint plant extracts on heart rate variability (HRV). Fifty-nine (16 males; 43 females) Nanhua University students were studied as research subjects. The average age and body mass index (BMI) of the students was 22.2±1.5 years and 22.0±5.0 kg/m², respectively. Ten different cultivars of mint plants were used in this research, namely, Spearmint, Curled spearmint, Variegate Pineapple Mint, Lime Mint, Grapefruit Mint, Chocolate Mint, Peppermint, Pennyroyal, Apple Mint and Corsican Mint. For the control group, the students were instructed to sit in silence for 10 minutes, after which their heart rate variability were measured for 5 minutes. For the study groups, each group was subjected to a type of mint extract released through a misting system for 10 minutes, after which their heart rate variabilities were measured for 5 minutes. Each mint extract solution contained 50 ml of extract and 200 ml of distilled water. For statistical analysis, a paired t-test was used to compare heart rate variability differences between mean values within each group. These included: mean heart rate (MHR), QRS wave, standard deviation of all normal to normal intervals (SDNN), the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences (RMSSD) between adjacent NN intervals, and the ratio of low frequency (LF) to high frequency (HF). Heart rate variability differences between the control group and study groups were also compared using a paired t-test. The results of this study showed that there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in heart rate variability between the control group and the study groups. Data from the Spearmint, Curled Spearmint, Variegata Pineapple Mint, Grapefruit Mint and Chocolate Mint and Peppermint groups showed a decreasing trend in the LF/HF ratio. Contrarily, data from the Lime Mint, Pannyroyal, Apple Mint and Corcican Mint groups showed an increasing trend in the LF/HF ratio
[[alternative]]Responses of blood glucose and insulin to electroacupuncture stimulation at the Zhongwan acupoint in humans
No full text[[abstract]] 本研究的目的在探討電針刺激人體中脘穴對血糖值的影響並推測可能的作用機轉。實驗分為兩組進行，先隨機將20位健康自願者分派成空腹組與葡萄糖挑戰組，每組有10位受試者。空腹組是探討電針對於空腹血糖與胰島素值的影響，每位受試者接受兩次隨機分派的試驗且試驗間隔超過一個星期：1)對照試驗：電極片貼於中脘穴及其下方1公分處的皮膚上，接上韓氏穴位暨神經刺激器，但不通電刺激；2)電針試驗：穴位同對照試驗，針刺後給予15Hz/2mA交流電刺激30分鐘。受試者於試驗前、試驗完成時與試驗完成後30分鐘，抽靜脈血檢查血糖與血清胰島素濃度。葡萄糖挑戰組是探討在口服葡萄糖情況下電針對血糖與胰島素值的影響，實驗流程皆同於空腹組，唯受試者在試驗前需迅速喝下100毫升含有25%葡萄糖的溶液。研究結果顯示：在空腹狀態下，電針刺激30分鐘可以降低血糖值，降低幅度為3.1±1.1%，不過觀察30分鐘後血糖值即回復，而電針對空腹狀態下的胰島素值並沒有明顯影響。在口服葡萄糖挑戰下，電針並無法增加胰島素的分泌也無法抑制血糖的驟升。我們的結論是：15Hz/2mA電針刺激正常人中脘穴可以短暫降低空腹下的血糖值，其降糖作用與胰島素沒有關係，其機轉須進一步的研究。[[abstract]] The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of blood glucose to electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation at the Zhongwan acupoint (CV12) in humans and to deduce possible mechanisms. Twenty healthy adult volunteers were randomly divided into two groups: fasting group and glucose challenge group. Each group consisted of ten volunteers. In fasting group, we investigated the effect of EA on fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin levels. Two assessments were performed randomly and separated by an interval of at least one week as follows: 1) Control assessment: a pair of electrodes were placed on the surface of the Zhongwan acupoint and the non-acupoint 1 cm below. Then the electrodes were connected to an electronic stimulator (HANS, LY-257) without delivering electrical current throughout the test. 2) EA assessment: needle acupuncture was performed at the same locations as control assessment, and then electrical stimulation (15Hz/2mA) was applied for 30 minutes. For testing blood glucose and insulin concentrations, venous blood samples were taken just prior to the assessment, at the termination of assessment and again 30 minutes later. The glucose challenge group was designed to investigate the effect of EA on postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels. The experiment procedures were similar to the fasting group, except all the subjects were requested to drink 100ml 25% glucose water before assessment. The results demonstrated that the fasting blood glucose level decreased by 3.1±1.1% at the termination of EA assessment, but returned to pre-assessment level after 30 minutes. The fasting insulin level was not significantly changed by EA stimulation. In the glucose challenge group, EA could neither augment insulin secretion, nor inhibit the increase in blood glucose. In conclusion, 15Hz/2mA EA stimulation at the Zhongwan acupoint could temporarily decrease fasting blood glucose level, but the hypoglycemic effect was not insulin-related. Further studies will be needed to clarify the mechanism of action
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