1,720,966 research outputs found
Muhammadiyah’s Views and Actions on the Protection of Civilians during the Japanese Invasion of the Netherlands Indies, 1941-1942
Full text linkStudies on Muhammadiyah largely ignore Muhammadiyah’s perceptions of war. This study explores Muhammadiyah’s thoughts and practices on the protection of civilians in a so far neglected war, namely Japanese invasion of the Netherlands Indies in 1941-1942. Using historical research method, this study scrutinizes previously unexamined primary sources, the weekly magazine Adil, which was published by Surakarta branch of Muhammadiyah, in editions between 1941-1942. By examining edicts from the Central Board of Muhammadiyah as well as the writings of individuals affiliated with Muhammadiyah published by Adil, this study argues that Muhammadiyah was highly attentive to efforts to protect the civilians in times of war, by basing its thoughts on the interplay between Islamic principles and modern ideas about the rights of non-combatants in battle. Muhammadiyah strongly emphasized that during the war the civilians must be protected by the state. It moreover advised people to build spiritual and mental strength so that they can survive the war and advocated a self-protection of civilians by encouraging every resident of the Indies to help each other during the war. It campaigned for the protection of civilians with various methods and by establishing a special agency to organize the protection efforts. This study elucidates the role of Muhammadiyah in providing information, religious guidance and practical supports to its members and the Indonesian people in general regarding the protection of civilians in a war that finally overthrew European colonial powers in Southeast Asia.Studi-studi tentang Muhammadiyah masih mengabaikan tema persepsi Muhammadiyah tentang perang. Kajian ini mengeksplor pandangan dan tindakan Muhammadiyah terkait perlindungan warga sipil di masa perang, dalam konteks yang selama ini terabaikan, yaitu invasi Jepang ke Hindia Belanda pada 1941-1942. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah, studi ini mengkaji sumber-sumber primer yang belum pernah diteliti sebelumnya, yaitu majalah mingguan Adil yang diterbitkan oleh Muhammadiyah cabang Surakarta, di edisi antara tahun 1941-1942. Dengan menelaah maklumat-maklumat Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah serta tulisan individu-individu yang berafiliasi dengan Muhammadiyah yang diterbitkan oleh Adil, penelitian ini berargumen bahwa Muhammadiyah menaruh perhatian besar pada upaya melindungi warga sipil di masa perang, dengan mendasarkan pemikirannya pada saling interaksi antara prinsip-prinsip Islam dan ide-ide modern tentang hak-hak non-kombatan dalam pertempuran. Muhammadiyah sangat menekankan bahwa selama perang warga sipil harus dilindungi oleh negara. Selain itu, Muhammadiyah mengajak masyarakat untuk membangun kekuatan spiritual dan mental sehingga mereka dapat bertahan dari perang dan menganjurkan agar warga sipil berupaya melindungi diri mereka sendiri dengan mendorong setiap penduduk Hindia untuk saling membantu selama perang. Muhammadiyah mengkampanyekan perlindungan warga sipil dengan berbagai metode dan dengan membentuk badan khusus untuk menyelenggarakan upaya perlindungan. Kajian ini menjelaskan peran Muhammadiyah dalam memberikan informasi, panduan keagamaan, dan dukungan praktis kepada anggotanya dan masyarakat Indonesia pada umumnya mengenai perlindungan warga sipil dalam perang yang akhirnya menggulingkan kekuatan kolonial Eropa di Asia Tenggara.
'Mabuhay ang Filipina!': The Independence of the Philippines in the Imaginations of Indonesian Freedom Fighters in the Context of the Dutch-Indonesian War
Full text linkThis study discusses a pivotal but forgotten aspect in the history of Indonesia-Philippines relations, namely how the Indonesian freedom fighters, who were in conflict with the Dutch, responded Philippine independence, which was proclaimed and acknowledged on July 4, 1946. This study, using Indonesian print media published between June-July 1946, shows that Indonesian freedom fighters devoted considerable attention to Philippine independence and they showed it with various expressions and mediums, including speeches, writings, editorials, congratulatory letters, news and photographs. The Indonesian nationalists not only congratulated the Philippines on its independence, but also made Philippine independence a momentum to evaluate and reflect on the struggle for Indonesian independence, including by using the Philippines as an example of how a young country can educate its people, emancipate its women and have an important position in the international world, mainly because of its good relations with the United States. Indonesia and the Philippines were also narrated to have close relations, both as brothers and as neighbors, and have the potential to build cooperation in the future. These perspectives contributed to providing moral strength and confidence for Indonesian fighters in defending their independence in the context of the Dutch-Indonesian war and postwar decolonization in Asia
Loving nature, praising the creator; The visualizations of the natural world in the Islamic magazine \u3ci\u3ePandji Masjarakat\u3c/i\u3e
Full text linkThis study examines previously unexplored visual representations of the natural world published in Pandji Masjarakat magazine in 1960. Known at the time as the most popular Islamic magazine in Indonesia, this publication not only discussed Islamic teachings as hitherto understood, but also provided ample space for the publication of drawings, paintings, and photographs of the natural world. This study argues that the visualizations of the natural world in Pandji Masjarakat were aimed at providing its Muslim readers all over Indonesia and in the wider Malay world with guidance on how to see the natural world and people’s place in it in proper perspective, namely beautiful nature is Allah’s creation and people are welcome to use it taking full responsibility and expressing proper gratitude for it. This study sheds light on the changing attitude of Muslims to the portrayal of living things by presenting how progressive Muslims represented the natural world visually amid the throes of the rapid physical development in increasingly modernized Indonesia
For Donation, Organisation, and Nation: Muhammadiyah’s Charity Stamp Program, 1941-1942
Full text linkStudies on Muhammadiyah’s charitable works mostly discuss the charitable institutions Muhammadiyah founded, such as hospitals and orphanages, and neglect one-off fundraising activities. This study examines Muhammadiyah’s strategies in promoting ‘Muhammadiyah charity stamps’ to the Netherlands Indies people in 1941. This study shows that although stamps are only small postal items, Muhammadiyah paid great attention to promoting and selling these stamps. It ran a well-organised and national-scale campaign, mobilising its network of branches and groups throughout the Indies. Muhammadiyah used all available campaign media, such as magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, pictures, songs and meetings. To maximise promotion, Muhammadiyah emphasised that buying these charity stamps meant giving donations that Allah would reward, supporting Muhammadiyah’s movements, and helping the welfare of the indigenous people. These charity stamps helped Muhammadiyah raise enormous funds and strengthened its reputation at home and abroad as a social movement that cared for the less fortunate. This study elucidates the largest and most successful one-off charitable fundraising effort, but so far still forgotten in the historiography of Indonesian Islam, which was carried out by an indigenous Muslim socio-religious organisation during the colonial period, using previously overlooked primary documents dating from 1941-1942.[Studi mengenai kiprah Muhammadiyah di bidang amal umumnya membahas tentang institusi amal yang didirikannya, seperti rumah sakit dan panti asuhan. Kegiatan pengumpulan dana yang sifatnya sekali waktu saja banyak diabaikan. Kajian ini membahas strategi Muhammadiyah dalam mempromosikan ‘prangko amal Muhammadiyah’ kepada masyarakat Hindia Belanda pada tahun 1941. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa walaupun prangko hanya berupa benda pos kecil, Muhammadiyah memberikan perhatian yang luar biasa untuk mempromosikan dan menjual prangko ini. Organisasi ini menjalankan kampanye yang rapi dan berskala nasional, dengan menggerakkan jaringan cabang dan rantingnya di seluruh Hindia. Muhammadiyah menggunakan segala macam media kampanye yang tersedia, seperti majalah, surat kabar, pamflet, gambar, nyanyian, dan pertemuan-pertemuan. Untuk memaksimalkan promosi, Muhammadiyah menekankan bahwa membeli prangko amal ini berarti melakukan amal yang berpahala, menyokong gerakan sosial Muhammadiyah, dan membantu menyejahterakan masyarakat pribumi. Prangko amal ini membantu Muhammadiyah mengumpulkan dana yang sangat besar dan memperkuat reputasinya di dalam dan luar negeri sebagai gerakan sosial yang menaruh perhatian pada mereka yang kurang beruntung. Kajian ini menerangkan tentang usaha pengumpulan dana amal sekali-waktu yang terbesar dan tersukses, namun sejauh ini masih terlupakan dalam historiografi Islam Indonesia, yang dilakukan suatu organisasi sosial-keagamaan Muslim pribumi pada masa kolonial, dengan menggunakan dokumen-dokumen primer yang berasal dari tahun 1941-1942.
<Articles>Soeara ‘Aisjijah Magazine and the Preparation of Indonesian Muslim Women to Anticipate the Arrival of Japanese Occupation Forces (1941–1942)
Full text linkThis study discusses how Soeara ‘Aisjijah magazine, the official publication of the Indonesian Muslim women’s organization ‘Aisyiyah, prepared its readers to anticipate the arrival of Japanese occupation forces in 1941–42. From this study it is clear that Soeara ‘Aisjijah did not only contain progressive religious advice for Muslim women, as has been thought so far. The magazine also displayed an awareness of the global political map that changed quickly between 1940 and 1942. This magazine gave its Indonesian Muslim women readers information about the latest events in the international world so that they were aware of what was happening outside Indonesia. In addition, the magazine’s hatred of ruthless Japanese troops led it to prepare readers with various strategies for dealing with the possible arrival of Japanese forces, including calls such as the following: (1) women must be able to keep their safety and honor during wartime; (2) women must participate in defending the nation and the motherland; (3) women must teach their children how to protect themselves from the enemy; (4) men must protect their wives and sisters; and (5) Muslims must always have faith in Allah in the midst of war. This study shows that Indonesian Muslim women had an attitude of resistance against the Japanese even before the Japanese reached Java and that Soeara ‘Aisjijah magazine was dedicated to calling upon Indonesian women to take part in efforts to defend themselves, their families, their nation, and their homeland from foreign enemies in the Southeast Asian theater of World War II
Islamic Patriotism in General Sudirman Comic Strips of Suara Muhammadijah Magazine (1966-1967)
No full textThis paper examines 29 editions of comic serials portraying the struggle of one of the most influential military commanders in modern Indonesian history, General Sudirman, published from 1966-67 by the official magazine of Muhammadiyah, Suara Muhammadijah. By using a historical and comic studies approach, this research reveals that the comic aimed to arouse a feeling of Islamic patriotism among readers of the magazine. The still-ill Sudirman was visually depicted as a devout Muslim, whose patriotism and survival ability in guerrilla operations deep in Java’s forests during the Dutch-Indonesian war were illustrated as being rooted in his Islamic faith and his experience as a young member of Hizbul Wathan, Muhammadiyah’s boy scout group. This study sheds light on comics, a neglected product of Indonesian Islamic cultural history, which sought to renegotiate the important place of Islam during the Dutch-Indonesian war (1945-1949), amid the new opportunities presented by the political turmoil that occurred during the final phase of President Sukarno’s rule, when this comic was published
Syuhada Mosque and Its Community in Changing Yogyakarta, 1950s-1980s
No full textOne of Yogyakarta city’s symbols of colonialism is the Kotabaru region, which during the colonial period was a housing complex for Dutch officials and a handful of Indonesian elite. The Japanese took over the area during their Occupation. Following Indonesian independence, Indonesians seized the area for the interests of the newly born Republic of Indonesia. Syuhada Mosque, the first modern mosque in post-independence Indonesia, was then built there, representing both Islam and Indonesian nationalism, as the mosque’s name and location suggest. Unlike most Indonesian mosques at the time, which were established primarily as a place for worship, Syuhada brought social and political missions. The activities of its community encompassed religious practices (such as five obligatory daily prayers and recital of Koranic verses), handling social matters (education for children, youth and women, debate on Islam and modernity, and counter-Christianization activities), as well as responding to national politics (such as the anti-Communist movement in 1960s). Its community mostly lived outside the immediate environment of the mosque, yet Syuhada managed to present itself not just as a mosque for a small community, but for a city, even for the Indonesian nation-state. Given its four decades of overarching religious and sociopolitical functions, the mosque is deliberately aimed at a new generation of Indonesian Muslims: middle class, urban, educated, and open-minded Muslims, and serves as a role model for later mosques and religious institutions
Sejarah kepulauan Nusantara : kajian budaya, agama, politik, hukum, dan ekonomi (volume 3)
No full textSejarah kepulauan Nusantara : kajian budaya, agama, politik, hukum, dan ekonomi (volume 1)
No full textAttracting and Educating ‘New Citizens’: Indonesian Public Discourse on the Integration of Indo-Europeans Into Indonesian Society During the Dutch-Indonesian War (1945-1947)
Full text linkSo far, the study of indigenous people’s attitudes towards Indo-Europeans in the era of decolonization, especially in Indonesia, has focused on native militia violence against Indo-Europeans. Serious studies on the desire of the indigenous people to persuade Indo-Europeans to become part of Indonesian society have been neglected. By employing the historical method, this study examines how Indonesian nationalists publicly imagined, framed, and convinced Indo-Europeans of their place as the most recent members of the nation during the Dutch-Indonesian war (1945-1947). The newly-born nation essentially consisted of indigenous ethnic groups, which in colonial times were socially inferior to Indo-Europeans. This study shows that there was a systematic attempt from the Indonesian side to define Indo-Europeans as ‘new citizens’ of Indonesia and as siblings of native Indonesians rather than a threat to Indonesian nationalism. Indonesian nationalists took various approaches to attract and educate Indo-Europeans. This article demonstrates that the relationship between the birth of the Indonesian nation-state and ethnic minorities is not only marked by violence, as it has been understood so far, but also by Indonesian public discussions about what mixed-race people mean for a multicultural Indonesian society, on how Indo-Europeans influenced the perspective of Indonesian nationalists on the new racial landscape in Indonesia, and on discourse about identity, nation, state and citizenship in the context of the end of European colonialism and the birth of an indigenous state in Southeast Asia
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