50 research outputs found
Characteristics of superior soybean breeding lines tolerance to rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.)
Full text linkSoybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi is one of the most important diseases which limits soybean production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance of 28 superior soybean lines and their tolerance to rust. The study was conducted at a screen house and arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD); three replications. All genotypes tested were artificially inoculated with P. pachyrhizi, and a set of un-inoculated genotypes was planted as a comparison. Number of pustules was recorded weekly, and resistant criteria was rated based on the International working group on soybean rust IWGSR method. Lesion color (LC), sporulation level (SL), number of uredia (NoU), frequency of pustule which had uredia, and yield were also recorded. Among 28 genotypes tested, only one was categorized as resistant and 2 genotypes were susceptible. Resistant genotypes had few pustules, lower AUDPC values, low disease severity, and Reddish Brown lesion type. Soybean rust affected yield components, i.e. number of intact pods and yield per plant. Yield loses due to rust in this study varied from 5-89%, and the average was 51%. The set of lines from Tanggamus pedigree showed more resistant to rust but less tolerant compared to Sinabung pedigree.How to CiteInayati, A., & Yusnawan, E. (2016). Characteristics of superior soybean breeding lines tolerancet to rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.). Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(1), 47-55.</p
The Effectiveness of Polar and Non Polar Fractions of Ageratum Conyzoides L. to Control Peanut Rust Disease and Phytochemical Screenings of Secondary Metabolites
Full text linkThe effectiveness of polar and non-polar fractions of Ageratum conyzoides L. to control peanut rust disease and phytochemical screenings of secondary metabolites. Peanut rust disease caused by Puccinia arachidis is one of the important diseases which causes yield loss more than 50%. An alternative control which is more environmentally friendly can be conducted by applying botanical fungicides extracted from weeds. This study aimed to obtain effective concentrations of polar and non-polar fractions of roots, leaves, and flowers of Ageratum conyzoides as well as to investigate secondary metabolites in each extract. A spore germination test was conducted to determine the effectiveness of each extract. An application of 5% polar fraction of the leaves resulted 98±2% ungerminate spores which was not different with the application of 5% polar fraction of the roots which resulted 95±2% ungerminate spores. The use of a polar solvent extracted more diverse secondary metabolites compared with that of a non-polar solvent. Phytochemical screening tests on the three extracts showed that the leaf polar fraction contained more diverse secondary metabolites as compared with the others. The polar fraction of the leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. A further test to confirm the existence as well as to separate these compounds with thin layer chromatography showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids separated into 7, 9, 6, and 8 spots, respectively. These secondary metabolites may be responsible to inhibit the spore germination of P. arachidis
Inhibition of Spore Germination of Phakopsora Pachyrhizi Using Crude Extracts of Amaranthus Spinosus
No full textAbstractThe effectiveness of methanolic and n-hexane crude extracts of Amaranthus spinosus to inhibit the spore germination of Phakopsora pachyrhizi, a causal agent of soybean rust disease was studied. Both methanolic and n-hexane crude extracts inhibited spore germination at concentrations of 0.1% to 5.0%. Methanolic extract of the roots at a concentration of 2.5% inhibited 55% of spore germination, and this result was similar when higher concentration at 5% of methanolic and n-hexane extracts of the flowers was used. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids in the extract may be responsible for the inhibition. The extract was potential to be utilized as a botanical fungicide
Study of variation in Ara h1 and Ara h3 expression in Australian and Indonesian peanut genotypes, based on the antibody-based phenotyping assays
Full text linkTrace amounts of peanut protein trigger allergenic reactions in hypersensitive individuals. Many peanut cultivars are grown across the world; however, the information about allergen contents which is potentially valuable for peanut breeding programs is limited. The aim of this study is to investigate the variability of allergenic contents of 157 peanut genotypes from Australia and Indonesia, analysed by the developed antibody-based phenotypying assays specific to Ara h1 and Ara h3, and semi-qualitatively verified by SDS-PAGE.
An ELISA specific to total peanut protein has been developed to investigate trace amounts of peanut protein in food and food products. The limit of detection of this assay was 1.4 μg L-1. This assay was highly specific to peanut, only showing very low cross reactivity for pine nuts, cashew, Lupinus angustifolius, and green bean. The recovery from the twelve food products spiked with peanut protein was within the accepted range of 79.7% - 122.3%.
Ara h1 and Ara h3 from four peanut genotypes of different market types were successfully purified by employing two sequential steps of purification involving anion exchange chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. Polyclonal antibodies were successfully raised against the purified Ara h proteins. A phenotyping assay specific to Ara h1 utilized an indirect double antibody sandwich format using sheep and rabbit antibodies as capture and detection antibodies. This assay could detect as little as 12.3 μg L-1 of Ara h1. A direct sandwich ELISA specific to Ara h3 was developed based on the rabbit-rabbit antibodies as capture and detection antibodies. The limit of detection of this assay was 1.4 μg L-1.
Quantification of the 157 Australian and Indonesian peanuts genotypes using ELISA and SDS-PAGE showed that Jepara and MLG 7721(Tegal) genotypes consisted of low Ara h1, Ara h2, Ara h3 and Ara h6. This finding is valuable for impending peanut breeding programs to develop hypoallergenic cultivars
Pengaruh Jenis dan Konsentrasi Bahan Nabati terhadap Perkembangan Aspergillus flavus pada Medium PDA dan Biji Kacang Tanah
Full text linkAn experiment aimed to obtain botanical fungicide and its concentration to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus was done in the mycology laboratory, Indonesia Legume and Tuber Crops Research Institute, Malang on June–August 2003. Kancil and Mahesa varieties of groundnut, A. flavus fungus, garlic, onion and ginger were used in this experiment. The effectiveness of botanical fungicide extracts to inhibit A. flavus on PDA was done by culturing A. flavus (5 mm diameter) in the petridish ( θ = 9 cm). This experiment was arranged in a factorial completely randomized design with 5 replications. Factor A was botanical fungicide extracts (garlic, onion, ginger, and sterile water) and factor B was botanical fungicide concentrations (10%, 15%, 20%, dan 25%). The level concentration of botanical fungicide extracts were poured into Petridish containing PDA medium before culturing A. flavus. The growth diameter of A. flavus was measured as a parameter. A similar experiment for testing the effectiveness of botanical fungicide extracts to inhibit A. flavus was also done on groundnut kernel. It was arranged in completely randomized design factorial, 3 replications. Fifty groundnut kernels were dipped on botanical fungicide extract for 3 minutes, placed on plastic tray (30 x 24 x 5 cm3) and layered with wet tissue sterile before used. After botanical fungicide extracts on kernels were air dried, the kernels were inoculated with spore suspension (approximately 104 spore/ml). Disease intensity of A. flavus was measured as a parameter. The result showed that the garlic extract treatment was more effective than those of onion extract, ginger extract and without botanical fungicide. The growth rate of colony diameter of A. flavus on PDA medium were 0.15 cm, 3.88 cm, 2.59 cm, and 4.30 cm respectively. The used of garlic extract at a concentration 10% on PDA could inhibit colony diameter growth of A. flavus by 97% as compared to without botanical fungicide extract. The garlic extract treatment, onion extract, ginger extract and without botanical fungicide extract showed that disease intensity A. flavus on groundnut kernels were 13.21%, 22.00%, 20.74%, and 25.18% respectively. An effective concentration to inhibit A. flavus infection on groundnut kernels was achieved by using garlic extract 20%. The use of its extract could reduce 73% of disease intensity. This result was different from the treatment on PDA. This was due to the ability of A. flavus to degrade cell walls. This process takes time meanwhile much of botanical fungicides extract have evapoured
Tanggap Genotipe Kacang Tanah Terhadap Penyakit Bercak Daun Cercospora dan Karat Daun Puccinia
Full text linkLeaf spot and rust are two important diseases on groundnut. Both diseases are frequently found at the same time that influence the growth and reduce the yield of groundnut. This study was conducted to evaluate thirteen groundnut genotypes resistance to leaf spot and rust disease. The experiment was conducted using a split plot design and three replications, with inoculated and uninoculated treatment as main plot, and groundnut genotypes as the sub plot. Disease assessment was conducted by counting number of pustules per leaf, the number of spots per leaf, rust disease intensity, the intensity of leaf spot disease, and leaf area index. Yield components including stover weight, number of pods per plant, number of empty pods, number of chipo pods, and weight of pods per plant were recorded for both inoculated and uninoculated plants. The result showed that leaf spot disease developed earlier than rust disease. Only one genotype was susceptible to rust and the other 12 genotypes were very susceptible, whereas all genotypes tested were very susceptible to leaf spot. The intensity of rust and leaf spot diseases was negatively correlated with yield (r = - 0.1 – (0.4)). Rust and leaf spot diseases reduced the yield components including stover weight (73.2%), number of pods (68%), and weight of pods (72.5%). The number of empty pods and chipo pods were increase to 81% and 56.4% respectively.
Effect of Manure and Inorganic Fertilizers on Vegetative, Generative Characteristics, Nutrient, and Secondary Metabolite Contents of Mungbean
Full text linkA field experiment was conducted in the upland of Muneng Probolinggo during early dry season (April – June 2015) to study the effect of manure and inorganic fertilizers on vegetative, generative growth, nutrient, and secondary metabolite contents of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). The treatments consisted of (1) no fertilizer, (2) 10.4, 18, 60 kg of N, P, K ha-1, (3) 22.5: 22.5: 22.5 kg of NPK ha-1, (4) 5000 kg ha-1 manure, and (5) 11.25:11.25:11.25 kg of NPK ha-1 + 2500 kg ha-1 manure. These treatments were arranged in a randomized completely block design with three replications. Application of manure, inorganic fertilizer, and its combination significantly stimulated several vegetative characters especially number of nodes, number of clusters, fresh weight of biomass, and number of nodules. At the generative characters, application of manure and inorganic fertilizers also significantly increased pod dry weight and grain dry weight. Among all treatments, NPK inorganic fertilizer (T2) gave the highest vegetative and generative growth which was shown on biomass fresh weight, pod dry weight and grain dry weight per plant. NPK fertilizer and manure applications increased total flavonoid and phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activity. This combination treatment therefore, could be suggested in mungbean cultivation to increase seed quality.</jats:p
Antifungal Activity of Crude Extracts of Ageratum conyzoides, Cyperus rotundus, and Amaranthus spinosus Against Rust Disease
No full textPuccinia arachidis is an obligate pathogen which infects peanut leaves and causes rust disease. Alternative controls of this disease, particularly to limit the frequent use of synthetic fungicide, have been conducted. One of which is by applying botanical fungicides. Crude extracts of Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus spinosus, and Cyperus rotundus were used to suppress the rust disease intensity on Bima peanut cultivar. A. conyzoides extracts at 2.5% and 5.0% concentrations were the most effective biofungicide to reduce the disease. The disease intensity (29.8 % and 30.2 %) recorded at 10 weeks after planting (WAP) was significantly lower than the untreated crops (41.4 %). Both weed extract applications reduced about 50 % of pustule number compared to untreated crops at 10 WAP. Applications of 2.5 % and 5.0 % of ageratum extracts saved yield loss of 67.5 % and 63.5 %. Caryophyllene was observed in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of ageratum extracts in considerable amounts based on GC-MS analysis and may attribute to its significant antifungal activity. Higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in ageratum extracts than in amaranthus and cyperus extracts. Ageratum extracts at concentrations of 2.5 % to 5 % could be used to control peanut rust disease
Mikroanalisis Kandungan Senyawa Fenolik Total Ekstrak Biji Kedelai dengan Reagen Folin-Ciocalteu
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