11,484 research outputs found
Unlocking Business Opportunities: assessing the market potential for Pakistani products in Finnish market
No full textThe ongoing process of globalization is significantly altering the dynamics of international trade. There is a potential for increasing trade between Finland and Pakistan. In the year 2020, Pakistan's total export value to European Union was 5.5 billion euros, and the proportion of those exports that went to Finland was a meagre 0.43% (Pakistan Business Council, 2021). The potential increase in Pakistani exports to Finland may be attributed to two main factors. Firstly, Pakistan's low production costs and huge population offer a competitive advantage in terms of manufacturing and supply. Secondly, Finland's high level of technological innovation and one of the highest GDP per capita create a favorable market for Pakistani exports. This is an attempt to examine a range of elements that impact market entry and expansion methods, including cultural disparities, trade regulations, and consumer inclinations. The main purpose is to offer a path for Pakistani organizations aiming to build a presence in the Finnish market by doing a thorough market analysis and providing strategic insights. Pakistan has signed trade agreements with many countries and international organisations.
Pakistan is a member of the World Trade Organisation in addition to being a member of the China-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement and the South Asian Free Trade Area. Rice, citrus, mangoes, furniture, cotton fibre, cement, tiles, marble, textiles, apparel, leather goods, veterinary surgical supplies, sports goods, silverware, surgical instruments, equipment, software, carpets, rugs, ice cream, livestock meat, chicken, powdered milk, wheat, seafood, vegetables, processed foods, defence equipment, salt and onyx are the main exports of Pakistan. Additionally, Pakistan produces cement and exports it to a number of Middle Eastern and Asian countries.
On the other hand, Finland exhibits a robust and stable economic condition, characterized by a government that prioritizes the elimination of trade obstacles and the reinforcement of the multilateral trading system. Finland, as a Member State of the European Union, presents an advantageous opportunity for ambitious exporters seeking access to the broader European markets due to its comparatively modest size. The regulations and practices of Finland and the European Union exhibit a significant degree of harmonization. Finland possesses a highly industrialized economy that predominantly operates under a free-market system, exhibiting one of the highest levels of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in the European region. Finland's geographical positioning in the northern region necessitates a significant reliance on the importation and exportation of many commodities
Tunable Microwave Components based on Few Layer Graphene
No full textThis doctoral thesis is about the use of graphene for microwave tunable passive components. It opens a new paradigm in the use of innovative and cost-effective methods for producing tunable microwave components based on graphene. Specifically, it paves the way for future key components of microwave and wireless communication systems such as attenuators, phase shifters and antennas. A review of the state-of-the-art microwave passive components based on graphene in terahertz and microwaves is also provided.
The integration of a number of components on a transmitter receiver system requires functional materials of nanometric scale. The use of innovative nanomaterials for designing state of the art microwave components is not new. The signature property of monolayer graphene that can be exploited for tunable microwave components is its electronically tunable resistance. This property is valid for dimensions as large as mm/cm to as small as micro and nanometers keeping a constant aspect ratio. The big challenge in research on future communication systems is to cost effectively design, implement and measure such proposed components. To this aim, in this thesis few layer graphene is deployed in the design of tunable attenuators, phase shifter and antenna. The advantage of using FLG is its cost effectiveness, technological simplicity and eco friendliness unlike most nanomaterials.
A new design of tunable graphene attenuator was proposed based on shunt grounded vias connected to FLG flakes and a microstrip line. The grounded vias were symmetrically placed on each side of the microstrip line with two ports. The design, even though of not very high structural complexity resulted in superior functionality both in terms of dynamic range of insertion loss and the reflective insertion loss. The number of vias were then increased for improved functionality. With the increase in the number of vias, emerging structural parameters were optimized for higher insertion loss and improved mismatch. Simulations were performed for the optimization while fabrication of prototype and measurements were performed which were in good agreement to the simulated results. For the final case of eight vias connected to FLG, a total of more than 65 dB insertion loss was measured with reflective insertion loss as low as 2dB.
Phase Shifter being a vital component of a communication system was also made incorporating FLG flakes. The tunable FLG resistance was converted to tunable reactance by the help of a stub composed of tapered line connected to FLG and a shorted stub. The various lengths and widths of the line were optimized so as to provide maximum shift in reactance when the change in FLG resistance would occur by an applied DC bias voltage. Subsequently, the optimized stub with variable reactance was connected to a two-port 50 Ω transmission line, the transmission on which would cause a phase shift by an applied DC voltage across the FLG. The maximum phase shift obtained was 43 degree with an additional insertion loss of 3 dB. The concept can be applied to a number of such units connected in cascade since the insertion loss is not very high. A combination of the phase shifter and attenuator can be used in the design of a tunable modulator based on a combination of amplitude and phase variation.
The concept of the phase shifter was applied to a frequency reconfigurable patch antenna. FLG accompanied by a shorted stub optimized for maximum reactance change were deployed in a microstrip antenna. A total shift in the radiating frequency of 450 MHz was measured at an applied DC bias voltage of 5V with limited gain degradation.This doctoral thesis is about the use of graphene for microwave tunable passive components. It opens a new paradigm in the use of innovative and cost-effective methods for producing tunable microwave components based on graphene. Specifically, it paves the way for future key components of microwave and wireless communication systems such as attenuators, phase shifters and antennas. A review of the state-of-the-art microwave passive components based on graphene in terahertz and microwaves is also provided.
The integration of a number of components on a transmitter receiver system requires functional materials of nanometric scale. The use of innovative nanomaterials for designing state of the art microwave components is not new. The signature property of monolayer graphene that can be exploited for tunable microwave components is its electronically tunable resistance. This property is valid for dimensions as large as mm/cm to as small as micro and nanometers keeping a constant aspect ratio. The big challenge in research on future communication systems is to cost effectively design, implement and measure such proposed components. To this aim, in this thesis few layer graphene is deployed in the design of tunable attenuators, phase shifter and antenna. The advantage of using FLG is its cost effectiveness, technological simplicity and eco friendliness unlike most nanomaterials.
A new design of tunable graphene attenuator was proposed based on shunt grounded vias connected to FLG flakes and a microstrip line. The grounded vias were symmetrically placed on each side of the microstrip line with two ports. The design, even though of not very high structural complexity resulted in superior functionality both in terms of dynamic range of insertion loss and the reflective insertion loss. The number of vias were then increased for improved functionality. With the increase in the number of vias, emerging structural parameters were optimized for higher insertion loss and improved mismatch. Simulations were performed for the optimization while fabrication of prototype and measurements were performed which were in good agreement to the simulated results. For the final case of eight vias connected to FLG, a total of more than 65 dB insertion loss was measured with reflective insertion loss as low as 2dB.
Phase Shifter being a vital component of a communication system was also made incorporating FLG flakes. The tunable FLG resistance was converted to tunable reactance by the help of a stub composed of tapered line connected to FLG and a shorted stub. The various lengths and widths of the line were optimized so as to provide maximum shift in reactance when the change in FLG resistance would occur by an applied DC bias voltage. Subsequently, the optimized stub with variable reactance was connected to a two-port 50 Ω transmission line, the transmission on which would cause a phase shift by an applied DC voltage across the FLG. The maximum phase shift obtained was 43 degree with an additional insertion loss of 3 dB. The concept can be applied to a number of such units connected in cascade since the insertion loss is not very high. A combination of the phase shifter and attenuator can be used in the design of a tunable modulator based on a combination of amplitude and phase variation.
The concept of the phase shifter was applied to a frequency reconfigurable patch antenna. FLG accompanied by a shorted stub optimized for maximum reactance change were deployed in a microstrip antenna. A total shift in the radiating frequency of 450 MHz was measured at an applied DC bias voltage of 5V with limited gain degradation
E-examination system for answering objective and subjective questions / Muhammad Yasir Zulfikri and Nurzaid Muhammad Yasir
No full textAnalysis of Transmission Properties of Sludge Biochar Composites in the C-Band
No full textIn order to pave the way for the
widespread use of eco-friendly materials for novel
applications, there is a growing need for morphological,
mechanical and electrical, and microwave characterization
techniques. The measurement of scattering parameters
is an accurate technique for the microwave
characterization of novel materials, but it requires a
number of components, including waveguides, adapters,
and so on. The band of measurements is also limited to
the working band of the waveguide used. A method of
retrieving waveguide scattering parameters from permittivity
values is devised. The method is validated
with measurements of the scattering parameters in a
waveguide. The method is tested with composites based
on biochar derived from sewage sludge and a standard
epoxy sample. The addition of biochar considerably
reduces transmission scattering and is found to be a
suitable candidate for filling composite materials
Graphene-based Radiofrequency resonator for non-invasive glucose detection
No full textThis paper presents a radio-frequency (RF) sensor to detect glucose oxidase. At the core of the proposed approach is a graphene film deposited on a gap connected to a split ring resonator. The graphene film is doctor bladed on the gap. The film is then properly chemically functionalized in order to detect the presence of glucose. In this paper, we validate the proof-of-concept operation of glucose concentration detection by measuring the frequency shift of the transmission coefficient of the sensor
Enhancing the phase shift of tunable phase shifters based on graphene nanoplatelets
No full textGraphene exhibits tunable conductivity in a wide frequency band ranging from DC to microwaves [1]. The tunable conductivity of graphene opens a new paradigm of innovative microwave components that can be dynamically tuned by a DC voltage. The tunable conductive behavior of graphene exists not only in monolayer graphene but also in few layer graphene nanoplatelets [2]. Few layer graphene nanoplatelets are easier to fabricate and deposit as compared to monolayer graphene. The availability of commercial graphene nanoplatelets paves the way for mass scale usage.
Graphene nanoplatelets were used in designing tunable attenuators [3] and phase shifters. By applying a DC bias voltage across graphene nanoplatelets, their sheet resistance drastically reduces. This variation of resistance can be converted to a variation of reactance by the help of stubs and tapered transmission line sections. The introduction of a variable reactance in the middle of a two-port transmission line causes a shift in the phase of the signal passing through the line. The lengths of the tapered lines are optimized to maximize the phase shift variation and minimize the additional insertion loss caused by the variation of the resistance of graphene. By adopting such structure, a phase shift of 40 degrees was demonstrated with an additional insertion loss of 3 dB [4]
Pioneers of Library Movement in Pakistan
No full textThe paper aims to describe in brief the contribution of seven leaders of Pakistan librarianship, viz. K.B. Khalifa M. Asadullah, Prof. Dr. Abdul Moid, Dr. Abdus Subuh Qasimi, Muhammad Shafi, Fazal Elahi, Khawaja Nur Elahi and S. V. Hussain. The early library developments are given for better understanding of the role of these leaders
Giunzione di compositi a matrice ceramica a base ossidica
No full textL'abstract è presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen
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