126 research outputs found
A case of male pseudohermaphroditism with structural abnormalities of Y chromosome (ring Y)
No full textA case of male pseudohermaphroditism with ring Y chromosome is reported. The patient was a 3-year-old boy with hypospadias and right cryptorchidism. Culture of peripheral lymphocytes demonstrated a chromosomal mosaicism of 45 X/46 X, r (Y). Moreover, the chromosomal study with high resolution Q-band method revealed the presence of double ring Y (ring Y and double ring Y with the ratio of 25: 5). A well-developed vagina was discovered by retrograde cystourethrography. Uterus and fallopian tubes were absent at exploratory laparotomy. The gonads existed in the scrotum on the left side and in the inguinal pouch on the right. Both gonads were proved to be testes histologically, but bilateral was deferens were absent and its remnant was found in the retroperitoneal cavity. Plastic surgery for the genital abnormalities was performed. Only 30 cases of ring Y chromosome have been reported in the world including our case and we briefly reviewed these cases
Mapping The Scientific Landscape of Follow the Money Approach in Fraud Detection: Bibliometric Analysis Using Watase Uake
No full textThis study aims to map the scientific landscape of the "Follow the Money" approach in fraud detection and forensic auditing through a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis using the Watase Uake software. As financial crimes become increasingly complex in the digital era, the "Follow the Money" method serves as a critical tool for tracing illicit financial flows and uncovering fraudulent schemes. However, despite its practical application, academic literature related to this approach remains fragmented across various disciplines. By analyzing 10 selected articles from Scopus-indexed journals (Q1–Q4) between 2015 and 2025, this research identifies trends in keyword usage, author and journal impact, publication years, and thematic focuses. The findings reveal that while interest in this topic has grown, particularly in relation to anti-money laundering and governance, there is still a lack of methodological standardization and integration with digital audit tools. Moreover, the study highlights key research gaps, including limited empirical data, underdeveloped cross-jurisdictional frameworks, and insufficient attention to digital fraud and e-commerce contexts. Ultimately, this research contributes to advancing theoretical discourse and provides practical guidance for developing data-driven, transparent, and accountable forensic audit strategies in both public and private sectors
Introduction to Diophantine Approximation. Part II
No full textSummary
In the article we present in the Mizar system [1], [2] the formalized proofs for Hurwitz’ theorem [4, 1891] and Minkowski’s theorem [5]. Both theorems are well explained as a basic result of the theory of Diophantine approximations appeared in [3], [6]. A formal proof of Dirichlet’s theorem, namely an inequation |θ−y/x| ≤ 1/x2 has infinitely many integer solutions (x, y) where θ is an irrational number, was given in [8]. A finer approximation is given by Hurwitz’ theorem: |θ− y/x|≤ 1/√5x2. Minkowski’s theorem concerns an inequation of a product of non-homogeneous binary linear forms such that |a1x + b1y + c1| · |a2x + b2y + c2| ≤ ∆/4 where ∆ = |a1b2 − a2b1| ≠ 0, has at least one integer solution. </jats:p
Observation of 7 TeV gamma rays from the Crab using the large zenith angle air Cerenkov imaging technique
No full textWe have observed the Crab pulsar/nebula from 1992 December to 1993 January to search for very high energy gamma rays, using an imaging air Cerenkov telescope of 3.8 m diameter, located at Woomera, Australia. Since the observation was carried out in the southern hemisphere, the zenith angle of the object is large, which results in a maximum sensitivity of approximately 10-13/cm2/sec with approximately 7 TeV threshold energy for detected gamma rays. With high angular resolution, the Cerenkov imaging technique is found to be useful at zenith angles 53 to 56 deg. We report here possible evidence of detection with 4 sigma significance of very high energy gamma-rays above approximately 7 TeV from the Crab pulsar/nebula. The integral flux is estimated to be (7.6 plus or minus 1.9) x 10-13/cm2/sec. The result is consistent with the revised spectrum of the Crab recently reported by the Whipple group (Lewis et al. 1993).T. Tanimori, T. Tsukagoshi, T. Kifune, P. G. Edwards, M. Fujimoto, T. Hara, N. Hayashida, Y. Matsubara, Y. Mizumoto, Y. Muraki, S. Ogio, J. R. Patterson, M. D. Roberts, G. Rowell, T. Suda, T. Tamura, M. Teshima, G. J. Thornton, Y. Watase and T. Yoshikosh
Design of the Advanced Metadata Service System with AMGA
No full textThe Belle II experiment is expected to produce 50 times more data than the existing Belle experiment. Such huge data production requires not only scalability with respect to the storage service but also scalability regarding the metadata service. There has already been a metadata service at the Belle experiment, but it is not proper for the Belle II experiment because it has scalability problems and it is not intended to be used in a distributed grid environment. To deal with these issues, we designed an advanced metadata service system based on AMGA, which provides efficient and scalable metadata searching. We have built testbed sites to test the correctness, performance and scalability of the advanced metadata service system, and it has been proved to be able to provide efficient metadata searching for the Belle II experimen
A case of mixed gonadal dysgenesis with structural abnormalities of X chromosome (Xp+)
No full textAn abnormal extra band on the short arm of the X chromosome was found in a 7-year-old reared as a female, of mixed gonadal dysgenesis. She had ambiguous external genitalia, scoliosis, short stature, mental retardation and motor paralysis of the limbs. Chromosomal analysis revealed the karyotype of 46, Xp+ Y. An uterus with fallopian tube, a streak gonad on the left side and a testicle on the right side were discovered at exploratory laparotomy. Bilateral gonads and fallopian tube were removed. The chromosomal analysis of her normal mother showed the presence of the same abnormal X chromosome (46, X Xp+). In the literature, we found some cases of intersexuality with Xp+ in karyotype. The relationship between our own case and these Xp+ cases was discussed briefly. Thirty-five cases of mixed gonadal dysgenesis have been reported in Japanese literature, our own case being the 36th case
SAGA-based user environment for distributed computing resources: A universal Grid solution over multi-middleware infrastructures
No full textAbstractThis paper demonstrates practical applications based on SAGA–A Simple API for Grid Applications–for distributed computing resources over multi-middleware infrastructures. SAGA provides a high-level programming interface that bridges between applications and Grids as well as local schedulers such as PBS.At the Computing Research Center of KEK, we are playing a role to support not only on-site users, but also domestic university groups in the High Energy and Nuclear Physics (HENP) community. In order to provide a more effective and practical client environment to users, we have developed Grid-adaptive applications based on SAGA as a part of activity in the REsources liNKage for E-scIence (RENKEI) for the general purpose e-Infrastructure using National Research Grid Initiative (NAREGI) middleware. We present the technical details for the user environment demonstrator and discuss the usability by real HENP applications
Derivation of Commutative Rings and the Leibniz Formula for Power of Derivation
No full textIn this article we formalize in Mizar [1], [2] a derivation of commutative rings, its definition and some properties. The details are to be referred to [5], [7]. A derivation of a ring, say D, is defined generally as a map from a commutative ring A to A-Module M with specific conditions. However we start with simpler case, namely dom D = rng D. This allows to define a derivation in other rings such as a polynomial ring.
A derivation is a map D : A → A satisfying the following conditions:
(i) D(x + y) = Dx + Dy,
(ii) D(xy) = xDy + yDx, ∀x, y ∈ A.
Typical properties are formalized such as:
D(∑i=1nxi)=∑i=1nDxi
and
D(∏i=1nxi)=∑i=1nx1x2⋯Dxi⋯xn(∀xi∈A).
We also formalized the Leibniz Formula for power of derivation D :
Dn(xy)=∑i=0n(in)DixDn-iy.
Lastly applying the definition to the polynomial ring of A and a derivation of polynomial ring was formalized. We mentioned a justification about compatibility of the derivation in this article to the same object that has treated as differentiations of polynomial functions [3].Suginami-ku Matsunoki, 3-21-6 Tokyo, JapanGrzegorz Bancerek, Czesław Bylinski, Adam Grabowski, Artur Korniłowicz, Roman Matuszewski, Adam Naumowicz, Karol Pak, and Josef Urban. Mizar: State-of-the-art and beyond. In Manfred Kerber, Jacques Carette, Cezary Kaliszyk, Florian Rabe, and Volker Sorge, editors, Intelligent Computer Mathematics, volume 9150 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 261–279. Springer International Publishing, 2015. ISBN 978-3-319-20614-1. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20615-8 17.Grzegorz Bancerek, Czesław Bylinski, Adam Grabowski, Artur Korniłowicz, Roman Matuszewski, Adam Naumowicz, and Karol Pak. The role of the Mizar Mathematical Library for interactive proof development in Mizar. Journal of Automated Reasoning, 61(1):9–32, 2018. doi:10.1007/s10817-017-9440-6.Artur Korniłowicz. Differentiability of polynomials over reals. Formalized Mathematics, 25(1):31–37, 2017. doi:10.1515/forma-2017-0002.Artur Korniłowicz and Christoph Schwarzweller. The first isomorphism theorem and other properties of rings. Formalized Mathematics, 22(4):291–301, 2014. doi:10.2478/forma-2014-0029.Hideyuki Matsumura. Commutative Ring Theory. Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition, 1989.Robert Milewski. Fundamental theorem of algebra. Formalized Mathematics, 9(3):461–470, 2001.Masayoshi Nagata. Theory of Commutative Fields, volume 125 of Translations of Mathematical Monographs. American Mathematical Society, 1985.Christoph Schwarzweller. On roots of polynomials and algebraically closed fields. Formalized Mathematics, 25(3):185–195, 2017. doi:10.1515/forma-2017-0018.2911
Introduction to Diophantine Approximation
No full textAbstractIn this article we formalize some results of Diophantine approximation, i.e. the approximation of an irrational number by rationals. A typical example is finding an integer solution (x, y) of the inequality |xθ − y| ≤ 1/x, where 0 is a real number. First, we formalize some lemmas about continued fractions. Then we prove that the inequality has infinitely many solutions by continued fractions. Finally, we formalize Dirichlet’s proof (1842) of existence of the solution [12], [1].Suginami-ku Matsunoki 6, 3-21 Tokyo, JapanAlan Baker. A Concise Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. Cambridge University Press, 1984.Grzegorz Bancerek. Cardinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):377-382, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. The fundamental properties of natural numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):41-46, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. The ordinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):91-96, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek and Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Segments of natural numbers and finite sequences. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):107-114, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. The complex numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):507-513, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Functions and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1): 55-65, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Functions from a set to a set. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):153-164, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Partial functions. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):357-367, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Some basic properties of sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):47-53, 1990.Agata Darmochwał. Finite sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):165-167, 1990.G.H. Hardy and E.M. Wright. An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. Oxford University Press, 1980.Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Basic properties of real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1): 35-40, 1990.Peter Jaeger. Elementary introduction to stochastic finance in discrete time. Formalized Mathematics, 20(1):1-5, 2012. doi:10.2478/v10037-012-0001-5. [Crossref]Andrzej Kondracki. Basic properties of rational numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5): 841-845, 1990.Andrzej Kondracki. The Chinese Remainder Theorem. Formalized Mathematics, 6(4): 573-577, 1997.Jarosław Kotowicz. Real sequences and basic operations on them. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):269-272, 1990.Jarosław Kotowicz. Convergent sequences and the limit of sequences. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):273-275, 1990.Rafał Kwiatek. Factorial and Newton coefficients. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):887-890, 1990.Rafał Kwiatek and Grzegorz Zwara. The divisibility of integers and integer relatively primes. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):829-832, 1990.Bo Li, Yan Zhang, and Artur Korniłowicz. Simple continued fractions and their convergents. Formalized Mathematics, 14(3):71-78, 2006. doi:10.2478/v10037-006-0009-9. [Crossref]Adam Naumowicz. Conjugate sequences, bounded complex sequences and convergent complex sequences. Formalized Mathematics, 6(2):265-268, 1997.Beata Padlewska. Families of sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):147-152, 1990.Piotr Rudnicki and Andrzej Trybulec. Abian’s fixed point theorem. Formalized Mathematics, 6(3):335-338, 1997.Christoph Schwarzweller. Proth numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 22(2):111-118, 2014. doi:10.2478/forma-2014-0013. [Crossref]Andrzej Trybulec. On the sets inhabited by numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 11(4): 341-347, 2003.Andrzej Trybulec and Czesław Bylinski. Some properties of real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):445-449, 1990.Michał J. Trybulec. Integers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):501-505, 1990.Zinaida Trybulec. Properties of subsets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):67-71, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1 (1):73-83, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations defined on sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):181-186, 1990.Bo Zhang, Hiroshi Yamazaki, and Yatsuka Nakamura. Set sequences and monotone class. Formalized Mathematics, 13(4):435-441, 2005
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