37 research outputs found
Nitrogen Nutrition of Some Local Rice Varieties Grown without Fertilizer on Acid Sulphate Soil Area in South Kalimantan
No full textNitrogen Nutrition of Some Local Rice Varieties Grown without Fertilizer on Acid Sulphate Soil Area inSouth Kalimantan (E. Purnomo, T. Hasegawa, Y. Hashidoko, P. J. Saputra and M. Osaki): Banjarese farmers in SouthKalimantan apply a very minimum nitrogen (N) fertilizer in growing local rice. This practice has been adopted for manyyears. Yet, the grain yield level at farmers’ field is not necessary low. Nitrogen sources for the crop are questioned.This study only focuses on measuring net N mineralization in association with N uptake. Three rice varieties at foursites in rice growing area of South Kalimantan are grown. The net N accumulation in soil and water, plant top biomass,N concentration of plant tissue and N uptake were measured on monthly basis. The results showed that all ricevarieties grown in the 4 locations took up more N than from N mineralized from the organic matter. The higher N in thecrop indicates that there are other sources of N for the local rice such as N fixed by microorganisms
Rugosal A and related carotane sesquiterpenes in the glandular trichome exudate of Rosa rugosa
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Extreme High Yield of Tropical Rice Grown Without Fertilizer on Acid Sulfate Soil in South Kalimantan, Indonesia
No full textExtreme High Yield of Tropical Rice Grown Without Fertilizer on Acid Sulfate Soil in South Kalimantan, Indonesia (E Purnomo, Y Hashidoko, T Hasegawa and M Osaki): Local rice arieties are commonly grown by the farmers located in acid sulfate soil area of South Kalimantan. In South Kalimantan, more than 100 local rice varieties can be found. In 1999, a farmer found one hill (with 5 tillers) rice plant near a canal, later called Padi Panjang. The rice had panicle length of 50 cm. The panicle length of common local rice varieties are 25 cm. Since the finding, the farmer multiplied the seed for 3 years to get a reasonable amount of seeds for nearby farmers to use. In 2004, there were 25 farmers grow the Padi Panjang by themselves. Their paddocks are widely spread out in Aluh-Aluh and Gambut districts. We take this opportunity to investigate yield variation of the Padi Panjang that may be affected by soil properties variability. Ten paddocks out of the 25 paddock were selected. At harvest time (in July-August), we measured the rice yield and collected soil sample from the 10 paddocks. We found that the soil condition in the selected paddocks were marginally suitable for growing improved rice. Without fertilizer, however, the rice yield varied from 3.21 to 8.09 Mg ha-1. We also observed that the rice yield variations associated with tillers number. We did not find any correlation between rice yields with some selected soil properties, except it was observed that the tillers number was negatively correlated with soil electrical conductivity (EC). The extreme yield of Padi Panjang might be explained the involvement of N fixing bacteria and P solubilizing bacteria, large rooting system and the ability of Padi Panjang root in modifying the rhizosphere soil
Photosynthetic nitrogen and water use efficiency of acacia and eucalypt seedlings as afforestation species
No full textThe ecophysiological traits of acacia and eucalypt are important in assessing their suitability for afforestation. We measured the gas-exchange rate, the leaf dry mass per area (LMA) and the leaf nitrogen content of two acacia and four eucalypt species. Relative to the eucalypts, the acacias had lower leaf net photosynthetic rate (PN), lower photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE), higher water-use efficiency (WUE), higher LMA and higher leaf nitrogen per unit area (Narea). No clear differences were observed within or between genera in the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) or the maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax), although these parameters tended to be higher in eucalypts. PNUE and LMA were negatively correlated. We conclude that acacias with higher LMA do not allocate nitrogen efficiently to photosynthetic system, explaining why their PN and PNUE were lower than in eucalypts
Dehydrogenation of the NH−NH Bond Triggered by Potassium tert-Butoxide in Liquid Ammonia
No full textA novel strategy for the dehydrogenation of NH-NH bond is disclosed using potassium t-butoxide (tBuOK) in liquid NH3 under air (O2) at room temperature. Its synthetic values are well demonstrated via highly efficient synthesis of aromatic azo compounds (up to 100% yield, 3 min), heterocyclic azo compounds, and dehydrazination of phenylhydrazine. The broad application of this strategy and its benefit to chemical biology is proved by a novel, convenient, one-pot and efficient synthesis of aliphatic diazirines, which are important photoreactive agents for photoaffinity labeling
Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) produced by Paraburkholderia phenazinium CK-PC1 aids postgermination growth of Xyris complanata seedlings with germination induced by Penicillium rolfsii Y-1
No full textSymbiosis of Penicillium rolfsii Y-1 is essential for the seed germination of Hawaii yellow-eyed grass (Xyris complanata). However, the local soil where the plants grow naturally often suppresses the radicle growth of the seedlings. This radicle growth was drastically restored by coinoculation of Paraburkholderia phenazinium isolate CK-PC1, which is a rhizobacterium of X. complanata. It was found that the isolate CK-PC1 produced phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA, 1) as a major metabolite. The biological effects of PCA (1) were investigated using the seeds of X. complanata and Mung bean (Vigna radiata) and it was uncovered that the symbiosis of the isolate CK-PC1was essential for the postgermination growth of X. complanata and the metabolite PCA (1) might partially contribute to promote the growth of the plants
Necessity of particular seed-borne fungi for seed germination and seedling growth of Xyris complanata, a pioneer monocot in top soil-lost tropical peatland in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
No full textHawaii yellow-eyed grass (Xyris complanata: Xyridaceae) inhabits infertile, acidic peat soil in the rainy tropical zone in Southeast Asia, and this monocot plant produces a large number of dormant seeds to make a large deposit to seed bank in the soil. Under laboratory conditions, surface-sterilized X. complanata seeds were rarely able to germinate on sterilized peat moss bed, while they required inoculation with either seed epiphytic or soil fungi to facilitate active seed germination. In the present study, three different genera of seed epiphytic fungi were isolated, and two common fungal genera, Fusarium sp. (strain R-1) and Penicillium sp. (strain Y-1), were found to promote the seed germination of this plant. In the sterile peat moss beds, the germination-stimulating fungi also showed growth-promoting effects on X. complanata seedlings growing. These results suggested that the seed germination-promoting fungi likely function as genuine partners for X. complanata in tropical, open peat lands
The growth of Larix gmelinii seedlings as affected by charcoal produced at two different temperatures
No full textFires burn forest with spatially heterogeneous intensity and charcoals generated at various temperatures during fires exhibit variable physical and chemical characteristics. These variable properties of charcoal may, in turn, influence germination and growth of tree seedlings. To examine the effects of different charcoal properties on the growth of Gmelin larch (Larix gmelinii) seedlings, we conducted an experiment with larch-branch-derived charcoals produced at 400℃ (LOW charcoal) and 800℃ (HIGH charcoal), within charcoal combined with sand in three different rates (5%, 20% and 50%, v/v charcoal in sand). While the LOW charcoal application stimulated growth and the effect increased with the rate of mixture, the HIGH charcoal did not significantly influence at any contents in the pots. The LOW charcoal application resulted in the greater available P content, a lower N:P in needles and the greater growth of seedlings than HIGH charcoal application. In contrast, the growth of seedlings was not affected by the application of the HIGH charcoal at any content probably because the HIGH charcoal inhibited the seedling growth due to its high pH. These results indicate that charcoal produced at different temperatures during forest fires can affect the growth of Gmelin larch seedlings differently in the Russian Far East
Beetroot betalain inhibits peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration and DNA strand cleavage
No full textTwo major betalains, red-purple betacyanins and yellow betaxanthins, were isolated from red beetroots (Beta vulgaris L.), and their peroxynitrite (ONOO-) scavenging capacity was investigated. Apparent colours of the betalains were bleached by the addition of ONOO-, and the absorbance decreases were suppressed in the presence of glutathione, a ONOO- scavenger. After bleaching, a new absorption maximum was observed at 350 nm in the spectrum of the resulting reaction mixture. New peaks were detected from HPLC analysis of the reaction products of betanin, a representative constituent of red beetroot betacyanins, treated with ONOO- monitoring at 350 nm, and the intensity of the major peak was positively correlated with ONOO- concentration. Betanin inhibited the ONOO- (0.5 mM)-dependent nitration of tyrosine (0.1 mM). Additionally, the IC50 value of betanin (19.2 μM) was lower than that of ascorbate (79.6 μM). The presence of betanin (0.05-1.0 μM) also inhibited ONOO- (0.5 mM)-dependent DNA strand cleavage in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that betalains can protect cells from nitrosative stress in addition to protecting them from oxidative stresses
