1,720,965 research outputs found
Król i pieniądze. Zastawy dóbr i dochodów królewskich do 1504 roku
Full text linkThe article discusses the ways in which the king fulfilled his financial obligations in the context of high debt levels. As a result, a significant portion of revenues, from virtually all sources, was pledged as living or dead gage. This applied not only to land, but also to revenues from customs duties, taxes, and the salt economy. The author attempts to indicate the possibilities of estimating the material costs of credit and describes the mechanisms of debt optimization, which made it possible to reduce them and thus obtain further funds in the same way.W artykule podjęto kwestię sposobów realizacji przez króla zobowiązań finansowych w perspektywie wysokiego poziomu zadłużenia. W jego następstwie znaczna część przychodów, właściwie ze wszystkich źródeł, znajdowała się w zastawie, do wydzierżenia lub w użytkowym. Dotyczyło to nie tylko dóbr ziemskich, ale również dochodów z ceł, podatków i gospodarki solnej. Autor stara się wskazać możliwości oszacowania materialnych kosztów kredytu oraz opisuje mechanizmy optymalizacji długu, która umożliwiała ich obniżenie, a przez to pozyskanie kolejnych środków na tej samej drodze
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
"Studya heraldyczne" Antoniego Małeckiego a polskie badania nad heraldyką rycerską
No full textStudya Heraldyczne (Heraldic Studies), a book published in 1890 by the scholar from Lvov Antoni Małecki may be the most important work in the accomplishments of the study into heraldry of the Polish lands. Obviously, not all his establishments and theses were proved by later research, yet the book offered a new and different look at the adaptation of heraldry in Poland. At the same time, it cleared the research area by successfully questioning the validity of a theory about runic genesis of Polish coat of arms in consequence of an invasion by the Scandinavians who established the Polish state and imposed its ruling class (the nobility). Małecki correctly separated proprietary marks, with their different functions, of Polish noblemen found on their seals to the turn of the fourteenth century from their later coats of arms. Małecki’s Studya Heraldyczne provoked an animated discussion on the origins of heraldry in Poland and the function of coat of arms. The present article emphasizes its most important elements and theses, touching also upon some social questions, especially the beginnings of kinship organization of the medieval Polish nobility. The discussion, bringing about many valuable observations, did not, however, lead to any decisive conclusions. An explanation of the emergence of coats of arms and names was given by the research of Janusz Bieniak in the last quarter of the twentieth century, who starting from a synthetic image drawn by A. Małecki, demonstrated a process of development of family coats of arms and names at the turn of the fourteenth century.Studya Heraldyczne (Heraldic Studies), a book published in 1890 by the scholar from Lvov Antoni Małecki may be the most important work in the accomplishments of the study into heraldry of the Polish lands. Obviously, not all his establishments and theses were proved by later research, yet the book offered a new and different look at the adaptation of heraldry in Poland. At the same time, it cleared the research area by successfully questioning the validity of a theory about runic genesis of Polish coat of arms in consequence of an invasion by the Scandinavians who established the Polish state and imposed its ruling class (the nobility). Małecki correctly separated proprietary marks, with their different functions, of Polish noblemen found on their seals to the turn of the fourteenth century from their later coats of arms. Małecki’s Studya Heraldyczne provoked an animated discussion on the origins of heraldry in Poland and the function of coat of arms. The present article emphasizes its most important elements and theses, touching also upon some social questions, especially the beginnings of kinship organization of the medieval Polish nobility. The discussion, bringing about many valuable observations, did not, however, lead to any decisive conclusions. An explanation of the emergence of coats of arms and names was given by the research of Janusz Bieniak in the last quarter of the twentieth century, who starting from a synthetic image drawn by A. Małecki, demonstrated a process of development of family coats of arms and names at the turn of the fourteenth century
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Pieczęć sądu wyższego prawa niemieckiego na zamku sandomierskim.
Full text linkW 1336 r. został założony przez króla Kazimierza Wielkiego sąd wyższy prawa niemieckiego na zamku w Sandomierzu. W 1475 r. król Kazimierz Jagiellończyk wystawił dokument ustanowienia pieczęci dla tego sądu. Dokument ten prowokuje do refleksji nad wieloma zagadnieniami. Po pierwsze, jest jedynym polskim źródłem pisanym z czasów średniowiecza wyjaśniającym powód wprowadzenia i określenie zakresu kompetencji pieczęci rangi sigillum authenticum. Wyjątkowa jest również treść obrazowa pieczęci zawierającej (obok postaci Chrystusa) herb ziemi sandomierskiej, co stanowi ewenement, jeżeli idzie o używanie tego rodzaju herbów na pieczęciach urzędowych. Opis pieczęci, inaczej niż zaobserwowano w ówczesnej praktyce kancelaryjnej, zawiera deskrypcję herbu ziemskiego, włącznie z podaniem barw heraldycznych. Jest to jednocześnie jedyne świadectwo nieznanego dotąd wariantu herbu ziemi sandomierskiej. Stylistyka blazonowania stanowi przesłankę pozwalającą dopatrywać się udziału Jana Długosza, wybitnego polskiego historiografa, w redakcji dokumentu z 1475 r. Wspierają to również fakty z życia Długosza, zwłaszcza relacje z kolegium mansjonarzy sandomierskich oraz ślad jego udziału w redakcji dokumentu królewskiego z 1476 r. powiązanego z majątkowymi sprawami tego kolegium
"Heraldic Studies" by Antoni Małecki and Polish Research into the Knightly Heraldry
No full textStudya Heraldyczne (Heraldic Studies), a book published in 1890 by the scholar from Lvov Antoni Małecki may be the most important work in the accomplishments of the study into heraldry of the Polish lands. Obviously, not all his establishments and theses were proved by later research, yet the book offered a new and different look at the adaptation of heraldry in Poland. At the same time, it cleared the research area by successfully questioning the validity of a theory about runic genesis of Polish coat of arms in consequence of an invasion by the Scandinavians who established the Polish state and imposed its ruling class (the nobility). Małecki correctly separated proprietary marks, with their different functions, of Polish noblemen found on their seals to the turn of the fourteenth century from their later coats of arms. Małecki’s Studya Heraldyczne provoked an animated discussion on the origins of heraldry in Poland and the function of coat of arms. The present article emphasizes its most important elements and theses, touching also upon some social questions, especially the beginnings of kinship organization of the medieval Polish nobility. The discussion, bringing about many valuable observations, did not, however, lead to any decisive conclusions. An explanation of the emergence of coats of arms and names was given by the research of Janusz Bieniak in the last quarter of the twentieth century, who starting from a synthetic image drawn by A. Małecki, demonstrated a process of development of family coats of arms and names at the turn of the fourteenth century
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