178,535 research outputs found
American unions and the future of worker representation
Get PDF"November 1990."Includes bibliographical references.Thomas A. Kochan and Kirsten R. Wever
X-ray structures of the native and peroxide form of the vanadium-containing enzyme chloroperoxidase from the fungus Curvularia inaequalis
No full textAppropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
Get PDFBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Product Innovation in Sustainability-Oriented New Ventures: A Process Perspective
No full textDespite the recognition that new ventures are potential candidates of creating innovations necessary for sustainability, little is know on how they actually engage in this journey. Sustainability-oriented new ventures are confronted with high levels of uncertainty that stem from the liabilities of being new and small, as well as demonstrating and justifying sustainability benefits of new products to customers and stakeholders. Consequently, they are often not able to identify a promising product-market combination at the outset of the product innovation process, and instead progressively define their business idea. The objective of this exploratory study is to gain a profound understanding of this process: (1) How can the product innovation process in new ventures be described? (2) What explains the similarities and differences among the product innovation processes of new ventures? (3) How does the sustainability motivation of the entrepreneurs influence the product innovation process? To fully understand how new ventures translate sustainable product ideas into new businesses, a process-oriented case study research approach is adopted with a focus on the relationships between key concepts identified in innovation and entrepreneurship literature. The main contributions of this study include: (1) a descriptive model to describe the product innovation process in new ventures, (2) a conceptual model to explain the similarities and differences among the product innovation process in new ventures, and (3) insights into how sustainability motivation of entrepreneurs influences the product innovation process. This study provides entrepreneurs, particularly novices, design practitioners and students who are considering starting a new venture based on a sustainable product idea with relevant new insights. In particular, they concern understanding the different type of decision-making logics and their implications for the product development process. Insights into this process can support firms in using different approaches simultaneously and interchangeably, both during the innovation process over time and under different conditions of uncertainty. This enables them to engage in different actions, such as design experiments and stakeholder interactions, with different purposes more effectively. Finally, this study recommends new ventures to combine their strong vision for sustainability with affordable small steps in order to create room for experimentation and increase learning effects in relation to sustainability.Design EngineeringIndustrial Design Engineerin
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