1,721,058 research outputs found
集水區地文因子與土石流發生相關性之研究-以陳有蘭溪為例
Full text linkAccording to the experience of Japan, after the heavy Kuan-Tong earthquake happend, the debris flow occurred over 40 years. Therefore, a high occurrence probability of the debris flow may last about several dozen years in future, since the 921 heavy Taiwan earthquake happend in 1999.
In this study, we used digital elevation model(DEM) and satellite images as the material to analyze the geomorphologic characteristic, with geographic information system (GIS ) software ArcView and the statistic software SPSS of the Watersheds of Chen-Yu-Lan Stream. The occurrence probability of debris flow is relevant to the geomorphologic characteristic. Therefore, after principal components analysis method was used to analyze and investigate 20 geomorphologic factors, only 12 of them are the primary factors.
The principal components of high debris flow potential creek were up to 85.7% with comparing to those creeks which debris flow didn't occur by discrimination analysis. Moreover, high debris flow potential creeks those SWCB have investigated by the model was varified to be high correlative with their geomorphologic characteristic. And it produces a difference function as the reference for determining the debris flows occurrence potential. The result of this research can be refered for preventing debris flow, determining the potential class of debris flows occurrence and making decision of watersheds management.依據日本之經驗，在關東大地震後，其土石流之發生共持續了40年之久。因此，台灣自1999年發生九二一大地震後，在未來數十年內持續發生土石流之機率將相當高。
本研究以陳有蘭溪集水區為試區，應用地理資訊系統(GIS)之技術，以三維數值高程模型及衛星影像為素材，並以SPSS統計軟體進行分析，探討「集水區的地文特性與土石流發生機率之關係」。由於集水區之地文特性為土石流發生之潛因，故以多變量統計中之主成份分析法將20個地文參數進行分析並萃取其中之12個主要影響因子。
並以試區中之土石流發生高潛勢溪流與未發生之溪流之主成份參數進行區別分析，有效性高達85.7%，且建立一區別函數可供土石流發生潛勢判定之參考。另外，將水保局公佈之潛勢溪流代入函數中加以驗證，得到高度之相關性。本研究之成果將可為土石流防治、發生潛勢判定及為集水區整治優先次序決策之參考。中文摘要…………………………………………………………… I
Abstract…………………………………………………………… II
目錄………………………………………………………………… III
表目錄……………………………………………………………… IV
圖目錄……………………………………………………………… V
壹、 緒論…………………………………………………… 1
1-1. 研究動機……………………………………………… 1
1-2. 研究目的…………………………………………………1
貳、 前人研究……………………………………………… 5
2-1. 土石流(Debris Flow)………………………………… 5
2-2. 數值地形模型(DTM)…………………………………… 6
2-3. 地理資訊系統(GIS)……………………………………10
2-4. 集水區資訊系統……………………………………… 12
2-5. 多變量統計分析(Multivariate Analysis)……… 12
参、 研究材料與方法……………………………………… 15
3-1. 試區材料簡介與研究設備…………………………… 15
3-2. 研究流程與方法……………………………………… 33
肆、 結果分析與討論……………………………………… 55
4-1. 主成份分析…………………………………………… 55
4-2. 區別分析……………………………………………… 63
伍、 結論與建議…………………………………………… 68
5-1. 結論…………………………………………………… 68
5-2. 建議…………………………………………………… 69
參考文獻………………………………………………………… 7
Nitrate Pollution of Groundwater in Recharge Area of Alluvial Fans, Taiwan
No full text沖積扇地層是台灣重要的地下水資源區，其中濁水溪沖積扇及屏東平原沖積扇群，估計 地下水占全台抽用量之80 %。飲水中含硝態氮所造成的危害，於高濃度（>10 mg/l）時可能 造成孕婦流產及新生兒藍嬰症（缺氧致死）；中濃度（1-10 mg/l）時可能會致癌。監測數據顯 示從1991年開始，濁水溪沖積扇扇頂的地下水含有中高濃度的硝態氮，因為扇頂區礫石層透 水性佳且缺乏泥層隔絕，易受農業化肥與生活污水滲入的影響。本研究整理1997－2007年於 濁水溪及屏東平原地下水區的監測數據顯示：濁水溪地區約10 %觀測井的硝態氮濃度偏高， 多位於扇頂補注區，曾超過環保署飲用水限值10 mg/l的井有：東和、坪頂、社寮、古坑、二 水、新光、田中等7口，其中又以新光及古坑井超過限值的次數最多。屏東平原約有32 %的井 硝態氮濃度偏高，其井數較多的原因為屏東平原扇頂礫石層的分布比濁水溪地區更廣。監測 十年間有四口井的濃度曾超過限值：萬巒一、建興一、泰山一及新庄一，又以建興一較嚴重。 本研究也發現：降雨及河川水的補注，因稀釋而使硝酸鹽濃度降低，但在乾季時、因土壤水 份蒸發，造成淺層地下水的硝酸鹽濃度升高。地下水往中下游流動，硝酸鹽因脫硝作用，濃 度降低至檢測下限以下。淺層含水層受硝態氮污染已是全世界所面對的嚴肅課題，台灣亦然， 並且台灣特殊的沖積扇含水層、其扇頂部份缺乏泥層保護，加上人口及農業活動密集，化肥 或生活污水可能進入含水層。目前許多沖積扇地區，其地下水仍是自來水水源之一，當局應 重視此區域性的污染。後續研究應擴大監測的樣本數，例如監測自來水水井及居民自有水井， 以瞭解居民飲用水的硝態氮濃度。
Alluvial fans are the most important aquifers for its abundant reserve of groundwater resource in Taiwan. Groundwater extractions in alluvial fans of Choshui and Pingtung are over 80 % of total yield in Taiwan. Nitrate levels in Choshui alluvial fan aquifers were higher from 1991 because of agricultural N fertilizer application and untreated sewage leakage. High concentration of nitrate (nitrate-N>10mg/l) in drinking water is known to cause methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome) in infants while low concentration of nitrate (nitrate-N 1-10mg/l) is a probable carcinogen. In our monitoring period of 1997-2007, about 10 % of wells in Choshui alluvial fan have elevated nitrate level and a higher value of 32 % were detected in Pingtung alluvial fans because of where with a broader fan head recharge area. There are 7 wells in Choshui with nitrate-N concentrations that once exceed the standard for drinking water of 10 mg/l and 4 wells exceeding the standard in Pingtung. Nitrate concentrations in groundwater show seasonal variation that are lower concentrations in rainy season for the dilution of rainfall and stream water and the nitrate concentrations are higher in dry season with the soil water was evaporated. Denitrification is another important process to control the nitrate concentration under the detection limit in groundwaters of middle-lower fan. Nitrate is one of the world’s most common pollutants in groundwater system. During the last 50 years, human activities have dramatically increased inputs of nitrogen to groundwater. We suggest that new comprehensive monitoring program should be implemented to monitor these localized areas on site where nitrate have been detected in groundwater above regulatory guidelines in public-supply wells, domestic wells of local communities and monitoring wells
A Study of Establishing an Ecological Resource Web-based System
No full text水土資源為開發、規劃與管理的重要資料之一，但水土資源種類繁多且數量龐大，為能妥善保存並有效使用水土資源之資料，利用電腦以資料庫形式，將水土有關之生態資源資料建立成有系統性及整合性的資源資料庫，應是最有效的方法。
然而生態資源具有空間之特性，因此本研究以資料庫管理系統Access2000建立屬性資料，而以地理資訊系統軟體ArcView GIS 3.2處理空間資料，構建新化林場地理環境資料庫。在資料快速更新及資訊一致性方面，本研究另以ASP(Active Server Pages)及IIS(Internet Information Services)伺服器為工具，將之建立在網際網路環境，並完成開發一簡易實用之使用者介面以連結資源資料庫及地理資訊系統，使用者只要透過網際網路查詢系統即可查詢生態資源相關資訊，管理者並可於線上作即時之資訊更新，期能提供作為新化林場地區生態資源管理之參考。將來並可與「國土資訊系統」中之自然資源與生態資料庫相整合。
本研究並針對各種網路所開發之應用程式加以探討，並比較各種技術在開發上的優缺點及應用上的問題。Soil and water resources are important for development, plan, and management of land. However, the sorts of soil and water resources are multifarious. The most effective way to save and economize soil and water data is to build the systematic database for ecological resources which are about soil and water.
Ecological resources have the property of space. Thus, this article discusses the method to build an attributive database by using Access2000, and then to deal with spatial data by applying Arcview GIS 3.2. In this way, Author established the database for the geographic environment in Shin-Hua Forest Recreation Area. To consider the rapidly updated data and the consistence of information in the database, Author built up an information system on internet with ASP (Active Server Pages) and IIS (Internet Information Services). This system is quite simple so that users can search for the information of ecological resources easily and the system managers can update data in time. Author introduced this system to manage the ecological resources in the area of Shin-Hua Forest Recreation Area. In the future, it can be possible that this system be inter-worked with the database of natural resources in National Geographical Information System.
This article discusses a variety of applied formulas, which were set up on internet, measures the strengths and weaknesses of those applied formulas, and finds the possible problems.中文摘要-------------------------------------------------------I
Abstract------------------------------------------------------II
謝誌---------------------------------------------------------III
目錄----------------------------------------------------------IV
表目錄--------------------------------------------------------VI
圖目錄-------------------------------------------------------VII
第一章 緒論----------------------------------------------------1
第一節 研究背景與動機----------------------------------------1
第二節 研究目的----------------------------------------------5
第三節 前人研究----------------------------------------------7
第二章 研究材料------------------------------------------------9
第一節 集水區自然環境----------------------------------------9
第二節 新化林場之現況---------------------------------------13
第三節 屬性資料之搜集---------------------------------------15
第四節 地理圖層資料-----------------------------------------16
第三章 研究方法-----------------------------------------------17
第一節 研究方法與流程---------------------------------------17
第二節 網際網路資訊系統建置技術-----------------------------18
第四章 系統設計與開發-----------------------------------------37
第一節 屬性資料庫-------------------------------------------40
第二節 地理圖層資料庫---------------------------------------58
第三節 意見反映及問卷---------------------------------------74
第五章 結果與討論---------------------------------------------77
第一節 資料建立---------------------------------------------77
第二節 網際網路應用程式-------------------------------------80
第三節 網際網路GIS軟體-------------------------------------85
第六章 結論與未來發展-----------------------------------------91
第一節 結論-------------------------------------------------91
第二節 未來發展---------------------------------------------93
參考文獻------------------------------------------------------94
附錄一 資料庫之欄位說明---------------------------------------98
附錄二 國土資訊系統九大資料庫分組----------------------------102
附錄三 台灣地區之TM 2度分帶坐標系統--------------------------106
附錄四 ASP物件及相關語法-------------------------------------10
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Study on the Land-use Classification of Hillslopeland with SPOT Satellite Image
No full text本研究以鯉魚潭水庫集水區之SPOT衛星影像進行山坡地土地利用分類之之
研究，以鯉魚潭水庫集水區為。取得LEVEL 10之SPOT影像進行分析，以全
集水區之影像、加入坡向因子後分割出九種坡向之影像及依土地利用分佈
狀況而大略分割後之影像三者分別進行「非監督式分類」。另利用GPS現
場測量之結果配合像片基本圖和航空照片以選取當時之訓練樣區進行「監
督式分類」。在不了解試區之情況下進行非監督式與監督式分類時，以同
一年份且時間近之航空照片和像片基本圖作為輔助，能增加對試區的認識
及減少分類判釋之錯誤並可省掉現場踏勘的時間。茲將研究結果摘述如下
：１、以SPOT衛星影像進行土地利用分時，若能依九種坡向將影像切成九
幅影像並進行分類，除可消除因地形因子所造成部份分類之混淆外並可提
高其分類之準確度。２、以SPOT衛星影像，並利用同一年份且時間相近之
航空照片進行判釋以進行土地利用分類時，若先依土地利用分佈之狀況概
略分割，再將衛星影像由較複雜分類之大區域分割成較單純分類之小區域
，則可減少分類混淆之類別數並可提高其分類之準確度。３、利用GPS現
場測量之結果配合像片基本圖和航空照片以選取當時之訓練樣區進行監督
式分類，可提高其分類之準確度。以上３法之分類結果準確度以第３法最
好，第２法次之。但若計較其所花費時間長短言，以第２法最經濟，第１
法次之
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