1,721,011 research outputs found
Multiple sclerosis and the intestine: Chasing the microbial offender
Get PDFMultiple sclerosis (MS) affects more than 2.8 million people worldwide but the distribution is not even. Although over 200 gene variants have been associated with susceptibility, studies of genetically identical monozygotic twin pairs suggest that the genetic make-up is responsible for only about 20%-30% of the risk to develop disease, while the rest is contributed by milieu factors. Recently, a new, unexpected player has entered the ranks of MS-triggering or facilitating elements: the human gut microbiota. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge of microbial effects on formation of a pathogenic autoreactive immune response targeting the distant central nervous system and delineate the approaches, both in people with MS and in MS animal models, which have led to this concept. Finally, we propose that a tight combination of investigations of human patients with studies of suitable animal models is the best strategy to functionally characterize disease-associated microbiota and thereby contribute to deciphering pathogenesis of a complex human disease
Neurotrophic cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems: Implications for neurological diseases
No full textInflammatory reactions in the central nervous system usually are considered detrimental, but recent evidence suggests that they also can be beneficial and even have neuroprotective effects. Intriguingly, immune cells can produce various neurotrophic factors of various molecular families. The concept of "neuroprotective immunity" will have profound consequences for the pathogenesis and treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. It also will prove important for neurodegenerative disorders, in which inflammatory reactions often occur. This review focuses on recent findings that immune cells produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor in multiple sclerosis lesions, whereas neurons and astrocytes express the appropriate tyrosine kinase receptor TrkB. Together with functional evidence for the neuroprotective effects of immune cells, these observations support the concept of "neuroprotective immunity." We next examine current and future therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in light of neuroprotective immunity and finally address the broader implications of this new concept for other neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases
The neuroprotective effect of inflammation: implications for the therapy of multiple sclerosis
No full textLive imaging of effector cell trafficking and autoantigen recognition within the unfolding autoimmune encephalomyelitis lesion
Get PDFWe tracked pathogenic myelin basic protein-specific CD4+ effector T cells in early central nervous system (CNS) lesions of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by combining two-photon imaging and fluorescence video microscopy. We made two key observations: (a) the majority of the cells (65%) moved fast (maximal speed 25 microm/min) and apparently nondirected through the compact tissue; and (b) a second group of effector T cells (35%) appeared tethered to a fixed point. Polarization of T cell receptor and adhesion molecules (lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1) towards this fixed point suggests the formation of immune synapses. Nonpathogenic, ovalbumin-specific T cells were not tethered in the CNS and did not form synapse-like contacts, but moved through the tissue. After intrathecal injection of antigen, 40% of ovalbumin-specific T cells became tethered. Conversely, injection of anti-major histocompatibility complex class II antibodies profoundly reduced the number of stationary pathogenic T cells within the CNS (to 15%). We propose that rapid penetration of the CNS parenchyma by numerous autoimmune effector T cells along with multiple autoantigen-presentation events are responsible for the fulminate development of clinical EAE
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Induktion von Autoimmunität durch Kreuzreaktivität und "Bystander-Aktivierung" in transgenen Mäusen
Get PDFIn der Arbeit wurde die Rolle von Bakterien für das Entstehen von Autoimmunität untersucht. Insbesondere wurde untersucht, inwieweit Bakterien entweder spezifisch (über "Kreuzreaktivität") oder antigenunabhängig (über "Bystander-Aktivierung") eine Aktivierung von autoreaktiven CD4+- T-Zellen induzieren können. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass es bei dem untersuchten, MBP-spezifischen T-Zellrezeptor multiple, natürlich vorkommende, kreuzreaktive Peptide mikrobiellen Ursprungs gibt, die eine Aktivierung der T-Zellen hervorrufen und in vivo experimentelle autoimmune Enzephalomyelitis (EAE) induzieren können. Weiterhin wurde untersucht, inwieweit Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) als unspezifischer Aktivator des Immunsystems eine Aktivierung der autoreaktiven T-Zellen in vitro hervorrufen kann und inwieweit in vivo EAE durch LPS hervorgerufen werden kann. Es wurde gezeigt, dass LPS in vitro einen kleinen Anteil der CD4+ - T-Zellen aktiviert. Wurden den transgenen T+alpha- -Mäusen LPS appliziert, erkrankten diese an EAE. Somit gibt es sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo in den T+alpha- -Mäusen Hinweise für eine Relevanz von "Bystander-Aktivierung". Abschließend wurde diskutiert, inwieweit entweder "Kreuzreaktivität" oder "Bystander-Aktivierung" als Auslöser für Autoimmunität unter physiologischen Bedingungen in Frage kommt. Aufgrund der in dieser Arbeit gezeigten Ergebnisse wurde postuliert, dass keine der beiden Mechanismen alleiniger Auslöser sei, da es aufgrund der Häufigkeit von Infektionen, kreuzreaktiven Peptiden und des Vorkommens von autoreaktiven T-Zellen auch in gesunden Individuen ansonsten sehr viel häufiger zu Autoimmunität kommen müsste. Unter bestimmten Bedingungen könnte die Aktivierung von T-Zellen über Kreuzreaktivität oder über "Bystander-Aktivierung" Autoimmunität auslösen oder verstärken, wenn bereits andere Mechanismen des Immubnsystems, die Autoimmunität verhindern, versagt haben.In this thesis the role of bacteria for the induction of autoimmunity was investigated. In detail, it was examined whether bacteria are able to activate autoreactive CD4+-T-cells antigen-specific ("cross-reactivity") or antigen-unspecific ("bystander-activation"). It was shown that the examined transgenic MBP-peptide specific T-cell-receptor recognized many natural occurring cross-reactive peptides of microbial origin, which induced an activation of the T-cells in vitro and which could induce autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the T-cell-receptor transgenic mice in vivo. Furthermore, it was examined, whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as activator of the innate immune system could induce an unspecific activation of the autoreactive T-cells in vitro and whether administration of LPS in the transgenic mice could induce EAE in vivo. It was shown that LPS activates a small percentage of CD4+ - T-cells. Application of LPS to the transgenic T+alpha- mice induced EAE. Therefore, the role of bystander-activation was indicated in vitro and in vivo. Finally, it was discussed, whether either cross-reactivity or bystander-activation could be sufficient for inducing autoimmunity under physiologic conditions. Due to the results presented in this work, it is postulated that none of the both mechanisms could be inductor of autoimmunity alone. If one of these mechanisms was sufficient, autoimmunity in humans should be a frequent event, because infections and autoreactive T cells are both findings which occur in healthy humans very often. However, under certain conditions either cross-reactivity or bystander-activation could trigger or exacerbate autoimmunity, when other mechanisms which inhibit autoimmunity have failed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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