131 research outputs found
Internal structure and geochemical properties of spheroidal ferromanganese concretions of the Baltic Sea
No full textFerromanganese concretions or nodules are recent biogeochemical sedimentary formations present in abundant amounts at the fringes of deep basins in the area of the Baltic Sea. The concretions have a distinctive concentric structure, consisting of alternating iron and manganese-rich layers. The iron layers typically host phosphorus, and the concretions also work as traps for many other compounds such as heavy metals and REEs. In general, their dissolution occurs in anoxic conditions whereas precipitation in an oxic environment.
Structural and geochemical analyses were performed to understand the growth and evolution of spheroidal ferromanganese concretions from the Gulf of Finland. Porosity, layer structure and the chemical composition of the concretions were assessed using CT-scanning, EDS, XRF, and LOI analyses. Dissolution experiment in anoxic conditions was also implemented by incubating the deoxygenated samples stored in Anaerogen containers.
The analyses showed that Mn layers host a vast pore network. A qualitative identification of the Fe/Mn ratio of layers with different densities was achieved by CT scanning coupled with EDS element mapping. Diffuse structures and the presence of microbial structures in Mn-rich layers could be affiliated with metal oxide susceptibility to redox reactions mediated by microbial processes. On the other hand, Fe-rich layers are more coherent and dense than the Mn-rich layers. Computed tomography analysis also showed that the pore networks extend from the surface of the concretions to the core. The calculated surface area of the pore network is 2 to 5 times greater than the exterior surface area of the concretions. The large surface area is believed to provide a suitable living environment for Fe and Mn reducing and oxidizing microbes. Both of the metals are susceptible to reductive conditions, Fe seemingly being more vulnerable to dissolution with the presence of a carbon source and sulphate. While oxygen is present, Fe (oxyhydr)oxides are effectively formed. In addition, substantial amounts of P was released during the dissolution experiment which may have importance in the Gulf of Finland.Itämeressä syvänteiden reunamilla runsaina esiintyvät rautamangaanikonkreetiot tai nodulit ovat biogeokemiallisten prosessien viimeisen jäätiköitymsen jälkeen synnyttämiä. Konkreetiotioilla on ominainen, vuorottelevista ja konsentrisista mangaani- ja rautarikkaammista kerroksista muodostuva rakenne. Rautapitoisemmissa kerroksissa on yleensä myös runsaasti fosforia. Lisäksi konkreetiot toimivat loukkuina useille muille yhdisteille ja alkuaineille, kuten raskasmetalleille ja REE:lle. Yleisesti ottaen konkreetiot kasvavat hapellisissa ja liukenevat hapettomissa olosuhteissa.
Suomenlahdelta olevien pallomaisten konkreetioiden rakennetta ja geokemiallisia ominaisuuksia tutkittiin niiden kasvun ja kehityksen ominaispiirteiden selvittämiseksi. Myös niiden käyttäytymistä hapettomissa oloissa tutkittiin pelkistyskokeella. Käytettyjä menetelmiä ovat röntgentomografia, EDS elektronimikroanalysaattorilla, XRF ja hehkutus.
Röntgentomografian ja EDS analyysin avulla voitiin osoittaa konreetioiden rakenteiden vallitseva kemiallinen koostumus ja niiden tiheys. Analyysit osoittivat että konkreetiot koostuvat tiheämmistä rautarikkaista kerroksista ja löyhemmistä mangaanirikkaammista kerroksista. Mangaanirikkaissa kerroksissa esiintyy laaja ja epäsäännöllinen huokosverkosto, joka ulottuu konkreetioiden ulkopinnalta niiden ytimeen. Tutkittujen huokosverkostojen pinta-ala on kahdesta viiteen kertaa niin laaja, kuin konkreetioiden ulkopinta-ala. Konreetioilla on siis selvä kasvuvaihe ja epäselvä liukenemisvaihe. Mangaanirikkaissa kerroksissa havaittiin myös mikrobien rakenteita. Pelkistyskokeessa konkreetiot liukenivat, ja näyteastioihin saostui raudan (oksihydr)oksideja sekä raudan (mono)sulfideja. Lisäksi Fe (oksihydr)oksideissa oli sauvamaisia bakteereita. Liuokseen vapautui myös merkittävästi fosforia rautarikkaammista kerroksista.
Tutkimuksen avulla voitiin osoittaa miten tiheämmät ja löyhemmät kerrokset jakaantuvat konkreetioiden sisällä, sekä miten liukenemisrakenteet eli huokoset suhtautuvat niihin. Lisäksi kerrosten vallitseva kemiallinen koostumus määritettiin. Koska bakteerit tarvitsevat läheisen tai suoran kontaktin materiaalin, jota ne prosessoivat, uskotaan suuren huokosverkoston ja mikrobiaalisten rakenteiden esiintymisen mangaanirikkaissa kerroksissa olevan osoitus biogeenisten prosessien läsnäolosta konreetioissa. Saostuminen tapahtuu hapen läsnäollessa. Hapettomattomissa oloissa konkreetioit liukenevat, ja vapauttavat fosforia, jolla on mahdollisia seurauksia Suomenlahdella. Mikrobiologisen sulfaatinpelkistyksen tuottama vetysulfidi reageoi pelkistyneen raudan kanssa muodostaen Fe sulfideita, joka estää fosforin pidättymisen raudan yhdisteisiin
Stratigraphy and paleoclimate patterns in the Late Eocene to Oligocene strata of Ulantatal, Inner Mongolia, China
No full textThis thesis investigates the aridification of Asian continental interiors and the underlying mechanisms affecting aridity during the Eocene-Oligocene Transition and during the Oligocene. The Eocene-Oligocene Transition, at circa 34 Ma, is widely considered to have been the most dramatic climatic shift of the past 50 million years. In the context of Asian continental environments, the Eocene-Oligocene Transition was associated with increased seasonality, dramatic cooling, turnovers in biota, and drying of the environment. The causal mechanism for environmental cooling is likely linked to geographical reorganization of continents and oceanic currents, decline in atmospheric CO2 and permanent glaciation in Antarctica. On the other hand, Oligocene climate was possibly regulated by recurring glacial-interglacial episodes in response to astronomical forcing and changing summer insolation, inducing variations in sea level, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, concentration of CO2, and temperature. However, responses of Asian terrestrial environments to Oligocene climate dynamics have remained poorly constrained.
In this dissertation, lithostratigraphical and sedimentological characteristics, depositional environments as well as paleoprecipitation and weathering regimes were determined in the region of Ulantatal, situated in Inner Mongolia of China. In addition, a high-resolution temporal framework was established for the Ulantatal sediments using magnetostratigraphy in conjunction with biostratigraphical correlation. Ulantatal also hosts profuse micromammalian faunas which had previously lacked a proper temporal framework. It has now proven possible to calibrate these faunas with contemporaneous Mongolian Valley of Lakes mammal paleocommunities, where the ages are constrained by a combination of radiometric dating and magnetostratigraphy. Using the calibrated mammalian faunas in Ulantatal to anchor the magnetostratigraphy, it was possible to infer an age of around 35 to 27 Ma for the Ulantatal deposits. Sedimentological investigations revealed that the sediments have a massive structure with a bimodal grain size distribution which, together with their geochemical and mineralogical compositions, suggests that bulk of the sediments in Ulantatal are eolian in origin. In contrast, the oldest, latest Eocene beds display hydraulic structures typical of floodplain deposits.
Modelling of past rainfall based on bulk sediment geochemistry, mineral magnetic properties and the mammal fossil triple oxygen isotope compositions suggested that the region around Ulantatal was in a stable semi-arid state from the latest Eocene until around 31 Ma in late Oligocene time. In contrast to some other contemporaneous records in the vicinity of the Tibetan Plateau, no dramatic shifts in the proxy records were observed across the Eocene-Oligocene Transition. Instead, the proxy records remained unchanged. However, it is typical for the terrestrial realm to respond in a heterogeneous way to global climatic forcings and may be overprinted by local or regional factors. The Late Oligocene after 31 Ma, on the other hand, is marked by increased shifts in precipitation and weathering intensity. This increased instability may reflect an intensified Asian monsoon system. Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, changes in atmospheric CO2, retreat of the Paratethys Sea and subsequent influences on land-sea thermal contrasts, and/or changes in the Intertropical Convergence Zone have likely affected the onset and intensification of the monsoon system.Tässä väitöskirjassa käsitellään Aasian sisäosien kuivuuden vaihteluita sekä siihen vaikuttaneita mekanismeja eoseeni-oligoseeniepookkien vaihettumisen ja oligoseenin aikana. Eoseeni- oligoseeniepookkien vaihettumisen aikaa, arviolta 34 miljoonaa vuotta sitten, pidetään dramaattisimpana ilmaston ja ympäristön muutoksena viimeisimmän 50 miljoonan vuoden aikana. Aasian sisäosissa muutokseen on liitetty lisääntynyt vuodenaikaisuus, merkittävä viileneminen, eliöyhteisöjen vaihtuma sekä ympäristön kuivuminen. Viilenemisen taustalla on todennäköisesti ollut mannerten ja merivirtojen uudelleenasemoituminen, ilmakehän hiilidioksidipitoisuuden lasku sekä Etelämantereen jäätiköityminen. Oligoseenin aikaista ilmastoa oletettavasti leimasivat astronomisten pakotteiden ohjaamat jääkaudet. Muuttuvan ilmaston vasteet eivät kuitenkaan ole hyvin tunnettuja Aasian oligoseeniepookin aikaisissa mantereisissa ympäristöissä.
Väitöskirjassa selvitettiin Kiinan Sisä-Mongoliassa sijaitsevan Ulantatal muodostuman sedimentologiaa, kerrostumisympäristöjä sekä sadantaa ja rapautumisolosuhteita. Lisäksi muodostuma ajoitettiin magneto- ja biostratigrafian keinoin. Ulantatal on tärkeä piennisäkäsfossiilien löytöalue, jota ei ole aiemmin pystytty tarkasti sitomaan aikaan ja jonka kerrostumisympäristöjä ei tunnettu. Ulantatalin nisäkkäät saatiin tässä työssä kuitenkin kalibroitua samanikäisiin radiometrisesti ja paleomagneettisesti ajoitettuihin Mongolian Valley of Lakes-alueen nisäkäsfossiileihin. Eläinfossiilien avulla geologiseen aikaskaalaan ankkuroidun magnetostratigafian keinoin selvitettiin, että Ulantatalin sedimentit ovat iältään noin 35–27 miljoonaa vuotta. Sedimenttien massiivinen rakenne, tyypillinen kaksihuippuinen raekokojakauma sekä geokemiallinen ja mineraloginen koostumus viittaavat siihen, että Ulantatal on pääasiassa muodostunut tuulen kasaamista mineraalipölykerrostumista. Sen sijaan hydrauliset rakenteet ja vuorottelevat karkeampi- ja hienompirakeiset kerrokset erityisesti eoseenin ikäisessä muodostuman alaosassa viittaavat kerrostumisympäristön olleen tulvatasankoa.
Sedimenttien geokemialliseen koostumukseen perustuvan sadannan mallinnus, mineraalimagneettiset mittaukset sekä Ulantatalin alueen nisäkäsfossiilien kolmoishappi-isotooppikoostumus paljastivat, että alue on ollut myöhäiseoseenista oligoseenin loppupuolelle puolikuivaa avointa ympäristöä. Monista Tiibetin ylängön lähialueen mantereisista aikasarjoista poiketen, Ulantatalissa ei havaita merkittäviä muutoksia eoseenin-oligoseenin vaihettumisen aikana, vaan ympäristöproksit ovat stabiileita. Globaalissa mittakaavassa on kuitenkin tyypillistä, että paikalliset vasteet muuttuvan ilmaston alla ovat monisyisiä. Onkin todennäköistä, että nisäkäsyhteisöt, sadanta ja rapautumisintensiteetti Ulantatalissa pysyivät lähes muuttumattomina, koska ympäristö oli jo puolikuiva ja avoin ennen eoseenin-oligoseenin vaihettumista. Oligoseenin loppupuolta puolestaan leimasivat voimakkaammat vaihtelut sadannassa ja rapautumisintensiteetissä. Nämä muutokset saattavat olla seurausta Aasian monsuunisysteemin voimistumisesta. Tiibetin ylängön kohoaminen, Paratethys meren vetäytyminen, vaihtelut ilmakehän hiilidioksidipitoisuudessa ja/tai muutokset pasaatituulten kohtaamisvyöhykkeessä ovat todennäköisesti vaikuttaneet Aasian monsuunisysteemin syntyyn ja voimistumiseen, mahdollisesti jo oligoseenin loppupuolella.ei saavutettav
Integral Perspective on Happiness
No full textJoonas Uotinen, University of Turku
The author is a PhD student in Economics in the University of Turku. He has a BSc in theoretical physics with a dissertation on ‘The End of the Universe'’, and is a Master in Specialized Economic Analysis from Barcelona Graduate School of Economics with a specialization in economic development. His recent interests are the aim of it all, namely, well-being and happiness, both societally and individually, and the validity of economic theory. The author has given talks and presentations on related issues. Initial postgraduate publications are forthcoming.A happiness science has emerged amidst, and spans, the social sciences. This research, despite the long philosophical tradition on happiness, is in its infancy and a robust theory of happiness is called for. I will review parts of the literature and some of the main happiness theories using Ken Wilber’s Integral approach. I will concentrate largely on Aristotle’s eudaimonia, as that has re-emerged into the centre of happiness discussions as a possible contender for the prevailing subjective happiness theories. The Integral approach seems to provide valuable insights into many happiness theories, juxtapose them in a comprehensible way, pinpoint deficiencies, and propose enhancements. Amongst other things, I will propose a new happiness theory combining John Kekes’ happiness theory with ecological ethics and I will conclude that enlightenment proves to be a good candidate for the ultimate good, or summum bonum, I will enlarge on Aristotle’s theory and propose that Wilber’s theory provides an ‘Integral road map towards eudaimonia enhanced – the enlightenment’. I will argue that eudaimonia and enlightenment, though superficially dissimilar, accord in surprising ways, to a great extent. I will discuss whether the discussion of happiness and morality is critically biased, and I will discuss the societal implications that Wilber’s conception of the human might have through its implications for happiness theories
3D-mallintamisen ja määrälaskennan hyödyntäminen moduulirakentamisen sähkösuunnittelussa
No full textOulun ammattikorkeakoulu
Sähkö- ja automaatiotekniikan tutkinto-ohjelma, sähkövoimatekniikka
Tekijä: Joonas Kiuru
Opinnäytetyön nimi: 3D-mallintamisen ja määrälaskennan hyödyntäminen moduulira-kentamisen sähkösuunnittelussa
Työn ohjaaja: Heikki Kurki
Työn valmistumislukukausi ja -vuosi: 5/2018
Sivumäärä: 36
Moduulirakentaminen on kasvattanut suosiotaan yhtenä rakentamistapana Suomessa. Tämä rakentamistapa muuttaa rakennustuotantotekniikkaa niin oleellisesti, että se täytyy ottaa huomioon myös taloteknisten järjestelmien suunnittelussa mahdollisimman tarkasti.
Tässä opinnäytetyössä selvitettiin määrälaskennan ja 3D-mallintamisen konkreettisia hyötyjä moduulirakentamisen sähkösuunnittelussa. 3D-mallintaminen ja määrälaskenta lisäävät suunnittelutyössä kustannuksia sekä merkittävästi työn määrää, joten eri tahojen on tarpeellista ymmärtää näiden asioiden konkreettinen merkitys kokonaisuuden kannalta.
Opinnäytetyön tulokset perustuvat ennen suunnittelutyötä sekä suunnittelutyön aikana ja jälkeen tehtyihin havaintoihin, keskusteluihin ja konkreettisiin kokemuksiin. Työssä käytettiin työvälineinä CADS Electric Pro 17 -suunnitteluohjelmistoa, Tekla BIMsight -3D-mallien katseluohjelmisto, sekä Microsoft Office 2016 -paketin ohjelmisto-ja.
Havaintojen perusteella todettiin, että 3D-mallintaminen vaikuttaa positiivisesti suunniteltujen asioiden sekä suunnitelmien ymmärrettävyyteen sekä tulkintavirheiden mahdollisuus suunnitelmia tarkasteltaessa pienenee. Määrälaskennan toteutuksesta saatujen havaintojen perusteella todettiin, että määrälaskenta helpottaa sekä nopeuttaa tarvikkeiden hankkimista ja pienentää suunnittelun jälkeistä työmäärää.
Asiasanat: 3D-mallinnus, IFC, määrälaskenta, tuotemalliOulu University of Applied Sciences
Electrical and Automation Technology Degree program, electric power engineering
Author: Joonas Kiuru
Title of thesis: Utilizing 3D Modeling and Quantity Calculation in Electrical Planning of Modular Building
Supervisor: Heikki Kurki
Term and year when the thesis was submitted: May 2018
Pages: 36
Modular construction has more common as one of the building methods in Finland. Modular construction transforms the methods of building so substantially that it must be taken into account in the planning process as accurately as possible.
This thesis studies the concrete benefits of 3D modeling in quantity calculation of in-stallation materials and in the electrical planning of modular building. 3D modeling and quantity calculation will increase slightly the cost of the planning work and significant-ly the amount of planning work. It is necessary for the different parties to understand the concrete significance of these things when thinking about the whole process.
The results of this study are based on the discussions and the concrete experiences of the different planning parties and the findings before, after and at the end of the plan-ning work. Tools used were Cads Electric Pro 17 planning software, Tekla BIMsight -3D model viewing software, and Microsoft Office 2016 software packages.
Based on the findings of this thesis work, 3D modeling has a positive impact on the comprehensiveness of the planned issues and plans. It also decreases the possibility of interpretation errors when considering the plans. It was also found that quantity cal-culation facilitates and accelerates the acquisition of supplies and reduces the work-load after the planning.
Keywords: Three-dimensional imaging, Quantity calculation, IFC, product model
Magnetostratigraphic constraints on the fossiliferous Ulantatal sequence in Inner Mongolia, China : Implications for Asian aridification and faunal turnover before the Eocene-Oligocene boundary
No full textThe transition from Eocene to Oligocene and its implications in the terrestrial realm has been a focal target for Cenozoic climate and environment research as it is widely considered the most dramatic climatic shift of the past 50 million years. Tibetan Plateau and proximal areas have been of utmost interest since the biogeographic relationships and understanding of the depositional environments in the region have remained unsettled during and after the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT). This study derives a first chronostratigraphic framework for Ulantatal, a fossiliferous area in Inner Mongolia, China. Based on paleomagnetic reversal stratigraphy and the constraints of faunal correlations, the time spanned in the strata is between ca. 35 and 27 Ma, thus exposing a long sedimentary succession ranging from the latest Eocene to late Oligocene. The lithological characteristics reveal these extensive fine-grained sediments mainly originate from eolian dust deposition, the onset of which is constrained at the latest Eocene (ca. 34.8 Ma). The presence of post "Mongolian Remodeling" fauna already in the late Eocene of Ulantatal demonstrates unequivocally that the major faunal turnover preceded the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, earlier to what has been recorded from other East Asian localities. The faunal composition predominated by rodents and lagomorphs remains strikingly stable across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, suggesting the EOT related change in the animal communities was gradual or stepwise rather than abrupt. Moreover, the turnover into this environment dominated by small mammals can be linked with Eocene acidification of Asia, highlighting the dynamic responses of terrestrial systems to changing environment and climate associated with the EOT. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe
Luentoja suomalaisesta mytologiasta
No full text"Matthias Alexander Castrén’s (1813–1852) Luentoja suomalaisesta mytologiasta (’Lectures on Finnish Mythology’, originally Swedish ’Föreläsningar i finsk mytologi’) is a key work in the research history of Finnish mythology. This is the first Finnish translation of it. Despite ’Lectures’ in the label, the work is a coherent book. It makes a systematic approach to ancient Finnish religion on the basis of earlier mythographers, Castrén’s fieldwork among Finnic peoples and the latest European research trends of the first half of the 19th century. Even though Castrén’s Lectures significantly developed Finnish mythography and it served as a standard work for half a century, its significance was largely forgotten when new research paradigms were introduced in the course of the 20th century. The work is an important part of the history of Finnish research in religions, linguistics and ethnography and it also reflects the state of the study of mythology in Europe in the middle of the 19th century. The book is lively written and therefore, it meets the taste of the general public in addition to researchers. This edition includes a concise introduction to Lectures’ historical context, a scientific commentary and exhaustive indexes.
M. A. Castrén is renown especially as a linguist and explorer who worked among Siberian peoples but his work was marked also by interest in Finnishness at a time when the idea of a Finnish nation was developing. Lectures was Castrén’s last work. He finished the book in his deathbed, and it was published posthumously in 1853.
The translator and editor of the Lectures, Joonas Ahola, PhD, is an expert in Old Norse language and mythology as well as kalevala-meter poetry. The other author of the introduction, Karina Lukin, PhD, is an expert of North Siberian cultures and 19th century expeditions among them.
Luentoja suomalaisesta mytologiasta
No full text"Matthias Alexander Castrén’s (1813–1852) Luentoja suomalaisesta mytologiasta (’Lectures on Finnish Mythology’, originally Swedish ’Föreläsningar i finsk mytologi’) is a key work in the research history of Finnish mythology. This is the first Finnish translation of it. Despite ’Lectures’ in the label, the work is a coherent book. It makes a systematic approach to ancient Finnish religion on the basis of earlier mythographers, Castrén’s fieldwork among Finnic peoples and the latest European research trends of the first half of the 19th century. Even though Castrén’s Lectures significantly developed Finnish mythography and it served as a standard work for half a century, its significance was largely forgotten when new research paradigms were introduced in the course of the 20th century. The work is an important part of the history of Finnish research in religions, linguistics and ethnography and it also reflects the state of the study of mythology in Europe in the middle of the 19th century. The book is lively written and therefore, it meets the taste of the general public in addition to researchers. This edition includes a concise introduction to Lectures’ historical context, a scientific commentary and exhaustive indexes.
M. A. Castrén is renown especially as a linguist and explorer who worked among Siberian peoples but his work was marked also by interest in Finnishness at a time when the idea of a Finnish nation was developing. Lectures was Castrén’s last work. He finished the book in his deathbed, and it was published posthumously in 1853.
The translator and editor of the Lectures, Joonas Ahola, PhD, is an expert in Old Norse language and mythology as well as kalevala-meter poetry. The other author of the introduction, Karina Lukin, PhD, is an expert of North Siberian cultures and 19th century expeditions among them.
Oligocene moisture variations as evidenced by an aeolian dust sequence in Inner Mongolia, China
No full textThe aridification of Central Asia since the Eocene has widespread evidence, but climate-controlled environmental reorganizations during the Oligocene remain ambiguous. We employed environmental magnetic, mineralogical and geochemical methods on a latest Eocene to late Oligocene terrestrial sequence in Inner Mongolia, China, to examine how global climatic trends and regional factors influenced the evolution of moisture and weathering in the region. Highlighting the climatic influence, our weathering and rainfall proxy data document the drawdown of atmospheric CO2 and global cooling during the early Oligocene semi-arid phase, which culminated in the Early Oligocene Aridification Event at 31 Ma. Moreover, for the first time in the terrestrial eastern Central Asian setting, we provide geochemical and geophysical evidence for a second major Oligocene aridification event nearly synchronous to the mid-Oligocene Glacial Maximum at around 28 Ma. These aridification events were interrupted by periods of increased rainfall and weathering and can be associated with the terminations of glacial events seen in marine oxygen isotope records.Peer reviewe
- …
