262,433 research outputs found
Wachstum und Naehrstoffversorgung von Feinwurzeln unterschiedlich geschaedigter Fichten auf Boeden aus Kalkgestein (Wank-Massiv) Abschlussbericht
No full textAm Wank-Massiv bei Garmisch-Partenkirchen werden seit 1986 Untersuchungen zur Aufklaerung der Ursachen der dort auftretenden Waldschaeden und 1990 - 1992 intensive Studien ueber Verteilung und Dynamik sowie Naehrelementausstattung von Feinwurzeln durchgefuehrt. Die Fichten der Flaeche 1 in 1720 m ueber NN weisen mit 51% (1992) staerkere Nadelverluste auf als die der Flaeche 7 mit 39% (1992) in 780 m ueber NN. Die Feinwurzeln und ihre Wurzelspitzen konzentrieren sich auf beiden Flaechen auf die Auflage und die oberen maximal 10 cm des Mineralbodens. Mit der Bodentiefe nehmen die Konzentrationen lebender Feinwurzeln und die Anzahl von Wurzelspitzen schnell ab. Die Feinwurzelkonzentrationen unterliegen im Jahresverlauf grossen Veraenderungen. Deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Flaechen ergeben sich bei Berechnung der Feinwurzel-Vorraete (kg ha"-"1). Die Feinwurzelbiomassen nahmen auf beiden Flaechen innerhalb der drei Beobachtungsjahre deutlich ab. Die vertikale Feinwurzelverteilung am Wank wird von den Naehrstoffgehalten bzw. der -verfuegbarkeit bestimmt. Die Fichten am Wank leiden unter unzureichender P- und N-Versorgung. Dies wird durch die chemischen Analysen lebender Feinwurzeln bestaetigt. Die Feinwurzeln und die einjaehrigen Nadeln sind ausreichend mit Kalium versorgt, bei zunehmender Saeurebelastung steigt aber die Gefahr einer Kalium-Unterversorgung. Mit Ca, Mg und den meisten Mikronaehrelementen sind die Fichtenfeinwurzeln gut versorgt. Grosse Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Flaechen bestehen hier nicht. Die Fichtenfeinwurzeln der staerker geschaedigten Flaeche 1 enthalten signifikant weniger Kohlenhydrate als die der vitaleren Flaeche 7. Veraenderungen in den Kohlenhydrat-Gehalten und den Schwankungen der Feinwurzelkonzentrationen waehrend der Vegetationsperiode zeigen enge Zusammenhaenge. Innerhalb der drei Untersuchungsjahre nehmen die Kohlenhydrat-Gehalte in den lebenden Feinwurzeln auf beiden Flaechen ab. (orig./UWA)The Wank mountain near Garmisch-Partenkirchen has been the site since 1986 of investigations with a view to elucidating the causes of forest damage observed there, and from 1990 to 1992 of intense studies concerning the distribution and dynamics as well as the nutritive element provision of fine roots. The spruces in area 1 at altitude 1720 metres above mean sea level suffer heavier needle loss (51% in 1992) than the ones in area 7 at altitude 780 metres above m.s.l. (39% in 1992). In both areas the fine roots and root tips are concentrated in the humus layer and, at most, the upper 10 cm of the mineral soil. With increasing depth the concentrations of living fine roots and number of root tips decrease rapidly. The concentrations of fine roots vary greatly in the course of a year. Comparing the stock of fine roots of both areas (kg ha"-"1) yielded a striking difference. In both areas the biomass of fine roots decreased clearly within the three-year period of observation. Vertical fine root distribution in the Wank is a function of nutrient concentrations or nutrient availability. Spruces in the Wank are inadequately supplied with P and N. This is confirmed by chemical analyses of living fine roots. The fine roots and one-year-old needles receive sufficient K, but with increasing acidification the risk of inadequate K supply increases. Ca, Mg and most micronutritive elements are adequately supplied to the fine roots of spruces. There are no major differences here between the two areas. The fine spruce roots in area 1, exhibiting heavier damage, contain significantly less carbohydrates than those of the more vigorous area 7. Changes in carbohydrate content and variations of fine root concentrations during the vegetation period are closely correlated. Within the three-year period of investigation the carbohydrate concentrations in the living fine roots of both areas decrease. (orig./UWA)SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F94B0424+a / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman
Samozatrudnienie w świetle prawa niemieckiego i austriackiego
No full textThe objective of the chapter is to analyse legal regulations concerning selfemployed activity in force in Germany and Austria. First and foremost, the author presents the scale of self-employment in the relevant countries and the sources of its legal regulation. He goes on to characterize the definition of a self-employed person and the categories of workers that fall within its scope. Furthermore, the author analyses the scope of protection guaranteed by German and Austrian legislation to the gainfully self-employed under individual and collective labour law. The last part of the chapter is devoted to the phenomenon of “bogus self-employment” and the legal mechanisms designed to combat it.Celem rozdziału jest analiza regulacji prawnych dotyczących samozatrudnienia w Niemczech i Austrii. Na wstępie autor prezentuje skalę wykorzystania tej formy aktywności zarobkowej we wskazanych krajach oraz źródła jej regulacji prawnej. W dalszej części charakteryzuje definicję osoby samozatrudnionej oraz kategorie wykonawców, które mieszczą się w zakresie tego pojęcia. Autor analizuje również zakres ochrony gwarantowanej przez ustawodawcę niemieckiego i austriackiego osobom pracującym zarobkowo na własny rachunek na gruncie indywidualnego i zbiorowego prawa pracy. W końcowej części rozdziału przedstawione zostało zjawisko „fikcyjnego samozatrudnienia” oraz mechanizmy prawne służące do jego zwalczania
Einfluss von Hoehenlage, Witterung und Jahreszeit auf das Pigmentmuster von Nadeln ausgewaehlter Fichten am Wank Abschlussbericht
No full textIn a three-year project, the photosynthetic pigments of spruce needles were followed up for up to three needle years at seven altitude levels between 800 m and 1700 m in the Wank mountain, an area of intense research. The aim was to find out whether pigment content is notably influenced by air pollutants and other stress factors, giving rise to late effects on the plants' metabolism. The work investigated the seasonal pattern and altitude dependence of pigment concentration as well as the suitability of pigment concentrations and pigment ratios as stress indicators and made inferences from the stress analyses to the involved stressors. The poor condition of the mountain forest results from a combination of soil deterioration and climate stress, very probly with added permanent stress due to ozone. (orig./UWA)In einem dreijaehrigen Projekt wurden am Schwerpunktstandort 'Wank' in sieben Hoehenstufen zwischen 800 m und 1700 m die photosynthetischen Pigmente von Fichtennadeln in bis zu drei Nadeljahrgaengen verfolgt. Es sollte herausgearbeitet werden, ob Luftschadstoffe oder andere Stressfaktoren die Pigmentausstattung deutlich veraendern, so dass mit Nachwirkungen auf den Stoffgewinn der Pflanzen gerechnet werden muss. Dabei wurden die jahreszeitliche Rhythmik, die Hoehenabhaengigkeit, die Eignung der Pigmentkonzentrationen und -verhaeltnisse als Stressindikatoren untersucht und aus den Pigmentanalysen Rueckschluesse auf die einwirkenden Stressoren gezogen. Die Schwaechung des Bergwaldes wird durch die Kombination schlechter Bodenbedingungen mit klimatischem Stress unter sehr wahrscheinlicher Dauerbelastung durch Ozon bewirkt. (orig./UWA)Available from TIB Hannover: F93B1180 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEBayerisches Staatsministerium fuer Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen, Muenchen (Germany)DEGerman
Entgiftung von Peroxiden in Fichtennadeln am Schwerpunktstandort Kalkalpen (Wank) Abschlussbericht
No full textPhotooxidantien wie dem Ozon wird vor allem in Hochlagen eine Schluesselrolle fuer Baumschaeden zugeschrieben. Sie fuehren in Blaettern zu oxidativem Stress durch Bildung toxischer Sauerstoffspecies (OH., O_2."-, H_2O_2). Der unspezifischen Schaedigung von Zellbausteinen (Lipide, Proteine, DNA) setzen Pflanzen ein antioxidatives Schutzsystem entgegen. In dem vorliegenden Projekt wurden Peroxide und ihr Entgiftungsstoffwechsel in Fichtennadeln am Standort 'Wank' untersucht. Es gab keine Hinweise auf erhoehte steady state Konzentrationen an Lipidhydroperoxiden oder H_2O_2. Jedoch waren Ascorbat, Glutathion, Ascorbatperoxidase, Glutathionreduktase in Fichtennadeln aus Gipfelnaehe (1700 m ueNN) gegenueber Talnaehe (850 m ueNN) um 30% bis 40% erhoeht. Der Ascorbatgehalt der Nadeln nahm mit der Hoehenlage Glutathiongehalt und Glutathionreduktaseaktivitaet stagnierten oder erlitten sogar wie die Superoxiddismutaseaktivitaet Reduktionen in den mittleren Hoehenlagen (um 1200 m ueNN). Das diskontinuierliche Verhalten von Antioxidantien und Schutzenzymen untereinander deutet auf Stoerungen des Stoffwechsels zur Detoxifizierung von Peroxiden hin. Die Aktivitaet besonders extrazellulaeren Peroxidasen nahm mit zunehmender Hoehe ab. (orig./UWA)To photooxidants like ozone, a key role as agents causing tree disease is ascribed, especially at high altitudes. They entail oxidative stress in leaves owing to the formation of toxic types of oxygen (OH, O_2, H_2O_2). Plants counter non-specific damage to parts of cells (lipids, proteins, DNA) by an antioxidative protective system. This project investigates peroxides and their detoxification metabolism in spruce needles in the site 'wank'. There were no clues to increased steady-state concentrations of lipid hydroperoxides or H_2O_2. However, ascorbate, glutathione, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were by 30 to 40% increased in spruce needles near the summit (1700 metres above mean sea level) as compared to spruce needles near the valley (850 metres above M.S.L.). The ascorbate content of needles increased in parallel with altitude; glutathione content or glutathione reductase activity stagnated or even, like superoxide dismutase activity, declined at medium altitudes (around 1200 metres above M.S.L.). The activity of, especially, extracellular peroxidases decreased with increasing altitude. The discontinuous behaviour of antioxidants and protective enzymes towards each other indicates disturbances of the peroxide detoxification metabolism. (orig./UWA)SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: FR 6405+a / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBayerisches Staatsministerium fuer Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen, Muenchen (Germany)DEGerman
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Untersuchungen zur Wasser- und Stoffdynamik der Boeden am Wank bei Garmisch-Partenkirchen Abschlussbericht
No full textIn order to investigate whether and to what extent soil factors in the calcareous Alps contribute to forest damage, pedological studies of seven areas with spruces in an altitude range from 800 to 1700 m above mean sea level are being carried through since 1988 as part of the PBWU research programme ''Wank''. After a general inventory in all seven areas, two of them (no. 5 and 7) were chosen for a continuous follow-up of water and heat dynamics by tensiometer and thermometer and chemical key data concerning soil water. Both the soil solution in the mineral soil and brook water are in the carbonate buffer range with a pH around 8. Acid stress and aluminium toxicity are currently to be excluded for the spruce roots with certainty and are not to be expected within the foreseeable future either. A certain overlapping correlation between needle loss in spruces and stores of C_o_r_g, N, P, S and Mn in the soil was to be noted in the altitude profile. A direct effect of inadequate N, P and Mn supply on the vitality of the spruces and contribution to needle loss therefore seems likely. (orig.)Zur Klaerung, ob und inwieweit Bodenfaktoren in den Kalkalpen an den Waldschaeden beteiligt sind, werden seit 1988 im Rahmen des PBWU-Forschungsschwerpunktes Wank in einem Hoehenprofil zwischen 800 und 1700 m ue. NN 7 Flaechen mit Fichtenbestockung bodenkundlich untersucht. Nach einer ersten Bestandsaufnahme auf allen 7 Flaechen wurden 2 Flaechen (Flaechen 5 und 7) als Intensivflaechen ausgewiesen, auf denen Wasser- und Waermedynamik mittels Tensiometer und Thermometer sowie chemische Kenndaten der Bodenwaesser kontinuierlich verfolgt wurden. Sowohl die Bodenloesung im Mineralboden als auch das Bachwasser befinden sich mit pH um 8 im Carbonatpufferbereich. Saeurestress und Al-Toxizitaet fuer die Fichtenwurzeln sind gegenwaertig mit Sicherheit auszuschliessen und in absehbarer Zukunft auch nicht zu erwarten. Eine gewisse ueberlagernde Korrelation zwischen den Nadelverlusten der Fichten und den Vorraeten an C_o_r_g, N, P, S und Mn im Boden konnte im Hoehenprofil festgestellt werden, so dass es wahrscheinlich ist, dass die mangelnde Versorgung von N-, P- und Mn unmittelbar auf die Vitalitaet der Fichten einwirkt und fuer die Nadelverluste mit verantwortlich sein kann. (orig.)Available from TIB Hannover: F93B 1179 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEBayerisches Staatsministerium fuer Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen, Muenchen (Germany)DEGerman
Manipulating the Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Growing Surface
No full textOur modern lifestyle is currently fueled by two billion years of accumulated energy reserves. For several years now there has been a strong rise in research interest and more recently also implementation of renewable energy sources in the European Union. Driving factors for these developments are the increasing awareness of global warming in our society, the limited nature of current fossil fuel sources, the need for energy security & independence and the opportunity to develop new technologies and business opportunities. Obtaining energy from solar radiation via solar cells based on cyrstalline silicon has seen continuous development since the demonstration of the first photovoltaic devices in the 1950’s. These types of solar cells are still the dominant technology today, but other solar cell technologies are about to make the transition from research labs into significant production volumes. One of these technologies is the hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin film solar cell, which promises to be a cheap alternative to the crystalline silicon solar cell, albeit at a reduced energy conversion efficiency. The deposition technique used to grow a-Si:H thin films in this work is the expanding thermal plasma chemical vapor deposition (ETP-CVD). Main benefit of ETP-CVD are the high growth rates of more than 1 nm/s that can be achieved, which is very beneficial for the growth of the thick intrinsic absorber layer in a solar cell. Substrate temperatures of >300ºC are required to obtain dense a-Si:H films suitable for solar cell application – temperatures that leads to degradation of previously deposited p-doped layers in a typical p-i-n solar cell. In order to reduce the temperature load during deposition, ion bombardment was employed with the goal to provide the growing film surface with kinetic energy from the bombarding ions, thereby allowing to deposit dense a-Si:H films at substrate temperatures around 200ºC. The results discussed in chapter 4 and 5 show that significant progress towards this goal has been achieved, as demonstrated by solar cells with > 7% initial efficiency at a growth rate of 1 nm/s and substrate temperatures between 200 – 180ºC for the intrinsic layer. To achieve this we have utilised two different types of substrate biasing, sinusoidal RF biasing and pulse-shaped biasing, with focus on the latter. Both biasing techniques result in ion bombardment of the film surface during deposition. Both biasing techniques enable the deposition of solar-grade intrinsic a-Si:H at substrate temperatures below the 350ºC required for unbiased deposition. In chapter 3 we demonstrate how RF substrate biasing leads to the growth of vacancy-dominated material up to 50ºC below the temperature required for unbiased deposition. This conclusion is based on FTIR analysis where a transition form vacancy- to void-dominated material is observed. We investigated the dependence of this transition on the reactor pressure. Ion bombardment at a DC bias voltage VDC of 14 V has hardly any effect on the transition, yet an increase in void fraction was observed for all temperatures and increasing pressures. Ion bombardment at VDC = 20 V for the high pressure series resulted in an increase of the transition from 9% total hydrogen concentration unbiased to 13% total hydrogen concentration biased. This is attributed to a reduced incorporation of ionic clusters and polymers into the film. The second type of substrate biasing utilized in this work is the pulseshaped biasing, PSB. As shown in chapter 4, with PSB we are able to obtain accurate control over the ion energy distribution in a range of 0 - 200 eV without the formation of a strong secondary plasma typically present for RF substrate biasing. Control over the ion energy was confirmed by retarding field energy analyzer measurements for conductive substrates, and non-conductive substrates covered with a conductive surface layer which is connected to the sample holder. For intrinsic a-Si:H deposited with PSB at a growth rate of 1 nm/s and substrate temperatures in the range of 180 - 200ºC we can distinguish roughly between two regions: region I 4.8 eV/Si atom. In region I we observe an increase in material density due to a decrease in nanovoid concentration as deduced from FTIR analysis. At the transition between region I and II around 4.8 eV/Si atom the densest material with low nanovoid concentration is obtained. The increase in material density and the reduction in surface roughness in region I are attributed to an increase in surface mobility of mobile species as well as surface atom displacement. Above 4.8 eV/Si atom we see an increase in Urbach energy which is related to bulk atom displacement in subsurface layers at higher ion energies. We report unique experimental evidence which indicates that the band gap is not correlated to the total hydrogen concentration, cH, as usually reported in literature, but instead to the presence of nanovoids in the film, asdetermined from the cHSM mode. Intrinsic a-Si:H deposited with PSB under the same conditions as the films from chapter 4 have also been implemented in p-i-n solar cells. These cells are discussed in chapter 5 and a reproducible record initial energy conversion efficiencies of 7.4% was obtained for cells grown by ETP-CVD at such high growth rates of 1 nm/s and low substrate temperatures of 200ºC. This efficiency was obtained for cells grown around deposited energies of around 1 eV/Si atom. The open-circuit voltage has a maximum of 0.82 V around 1 eV/Si atom and decreases at higher deposited energies per Si atom, which is attributed to the low band gap at higher deposited energy. The short-circuit current density reaches a maximum around 4.8 eV/Si atom and decreases at higher deposited energies, which is attributed to a reduced hole collection determined from external quantum efficiency measurements. The fill factor decreases above 1 eV/Si atom which we attribute to a lower mobility-lifetime product due to an increase in charge carrier recombination. This indicates defect formation at deposited energies above 1.7 eV/Si atom, significantly below the reported increase in Urbach energy around 4.8 eV/Si atom reported in chapter 4. Chapter 6 discusses the development of the a-Si:H surface roughness as function of several parameters like substrate temperature, RF substrate biasing and hydrogen dilution at growth rates of 0.1 nm/s. Important for this analysis was the spectroscopic ellipsometry technique, which allows to monitor the surface roughness development in-situ during film deposition. In the first section, from depositions with and without RF substrate biasing at different substrate temperatures the presence of a hydrogen-rich layer was suggested, which is removed/densified upon externally induced ion bombardment. In the second section of chapter 6, the surface roughness development was investigated as function of hydrogen dilution. We observe a discrepancy in the surface roughness development between spectroscopic ellipsometry and AFM measurements. We interpret this as another indication of the presence of a hydrogen rich/low density overlayer. At higher hydrogen dilutions, we obtain a thicker overlayer dominated by lower hydrides. From additional PSB experiments at two different dilutions we conclude that the hydrogen rich/low density layer is densified by the induced ion bombardment and/or excess hydrogen is removed.Electrical Sustainable EnergyElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
Protecting Animals 36: Author Witi Ihimaera
No full textIn this very special episode of Knowing Animals I am joined by beloved New Zealand author Witi Ihimaera. Witi has written many books featuring nonhuman animals. He offers us a non-colonial lens through which to think about the human/nonhuman relationship
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
ECE as an educative and multifaceted practice for growth: : to assess and evaluate teaching and learning by documenting children's actions and re-actions
No full textPreschool teachers in Sweden are expected to document children's learning and assess their learning outcomes, for the purpose of long-term evaluation and to develop the educational preschool practice. Previous research shows that the tools for documenting individual learning are particularly focusing on children's cognitive knowledge, while the tools for evaluating the preschool practice are developed for standardized assessment and teachers' self-reflection. The purpose of this study is to present and illustrate an action-based tool that (i) facilitates documentation and assessment of children's multifaceted learning and (ii) combine and interweave individual learning with situated teaching approaches and evaluation of the preschool practice at institutional level. The action-based methodological framework takes a starting point in John Dewey's pragmatism, transactions and functions of education including qualification, socialization and person-formation. Two analytical approaches; Practical Epistemology Analysis (PEA) and Epistemological Move Analysis (EMA) are used to clarify and illustrate individual, social and institutional dimensions of learning from four sequences of one preschool activity including four children and one teacher talking about a fairy tale. We argue that this tool for assessment and evaluation facilitates action-based reflection and discussion about relations between children's individual learning and institutional norms and values.This work has previously been presented by the authors on EECERA conference in Zagreb, 1–17 September 2021 (Klaar and Wank 2021), with the same title, ECE as an educative and multifaceted practice for growth – To assess and evaluate teaching and learning by documenting children’s actions and re-actions.</p
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