18 research outputs found
Review of Bovine Brucellosis and Its Public Health Significance
No full textBrucellosis is an infectious zoonotic bacterial disease caused by a member of the genus Brucella. The disease affects both animals and human beings resulting in a serious economic loss in the animal production sector and deterioration of public health. Bovine brucellosis is highly prevalent and has significant economic and zoonotic implications for the rural communities in consequence of their traditional lifestyles, feeding habits, and disease patterns. The possible sources of infections include all infected tissues, aborted fetuses, vaginal discharges, and potentially contaminated materials. The nature of the pathogenesis of the diseases lies in the presence of the bacteria in the cells and employing various methods to survive in the phagocytic cells. The disease can be transmitted from an infected host to susceptible animals in direct and indirect contact. Various methods are employed for the diagnosis of brucellosis including microscopic examination, culture methods, serological and molecular biology. The public health importance of brucellosis is much related to the infected animal species from which human transmission occurs. The economic importance of brucellosis depends upon the species of animal affected. It can cause considerable losses in cattle as a result of abortion and a reduction in milk yield. The most rational approach for control of Brucella abortus infection is by vaccinating young female animals. To deal with diseases like brucellosis, the public in general and high-risk groups, in particular, should be made aware of the zoonotic and economic importance of brucellosis through veterinary extension education
Genomic Mapping, Molecular Marker and Marker Assisted Selection in Rice: A Review
No full textIncreased agricultural output is necessary to feed a growing world population, yet crop yield growth rates are currently slowing down. Therefore, qualities related to yield, stability, and sustainability should take center stage in plant breeding initiatives. Durable disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and effective nutrition and water usage are a few of these characteristics. On several rice chromosomes, various resistance genes have been discovered, mapped, and tightly connected DNA markers have been created. The following qualities were chosen as potential molecular marker candidates: fragrance, disease resistance to bacterial, blast, and sheath blights, grain extension while cooking, chalkiness propensity, gelatinization temperature, minor aroma components, and seedling vigor/early establishment. With the help of developments in genetics and genomics, it is now feasible to go into the history of rice domestication and identify the precise genetic processes that were influenced by human selection. Agronomic main effect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) may contribute cumulatively to genetic variation, with hybrids showing stronger effects and comparatively fewer contributions from epistatic effects
Bovine brucellosis; seroprevalence, associated risk factors andassessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of farm owners in selected districts of east wollega zone, oromia, ethiopia
No full textBrucellosisisahighlycontagiousbacterialdiseaseofmajorsocioeconomicandpublichealthimportancewhichcausedbygramnegativebacteriaofthegenusBruce
lla.Across-sectionalstudywasconductedoncattleinselecteddistrictsofEastWollegazonebetweenNovember2018andSeptember2019toassessbovinebrucellosisseroprev
alence,potentialriskfactors,knowledgeattitudeandpracticeoffarmownersaboutbrucellosis.Thestudyzoneanddistrictswereselectedpu
rposively,
whilepeasantassociation,herdandindividualanimalswereselectedrandomly.Atotalof488bloo
dsampleswerecollectedfrom362localbreedand126crossbreedcattleofabovesixmonthsofage.
TheRBPTscreened11Brucellaseropositiveoutof488(2.25%)(95%CI:0.94-
3.5).TheRBPTpositiveserawerefurtherretestedbyusingC-ELISAand6(1.23%)(95%CI:0.25-
2.2)wereconfirmedtobeseropositive.Outof87herdsincludedinthestudy,6(6.9%)(95%CI:3.2-
14.2)wereseropositiveusingCELISAwithatleastoneseropositiveanimalintheherd.Theoverallseroprevalenceofbrucellosisw
as1.23%and6.9%atanimalandherdlevelrespectively.Moreover,informationwasgatheredonin
dividualanimalandfarmtoassessriskfactorsusingasemistructuredquestionnairepreparedforthispurpose.StatisticalanalysiswasperformedusingSPSS
version20softwareprogram.Theresultofmultivariablelogisticregressionanalysisshowedthath
erdsize(OR:8.5,95%CI:1.217-19.872,P=0.031),age(OR:6.5:95%CI:1.459-
28.967,P=0.014),pregnancystatus(OR:12.78,95%CI:2.35-
45.725,P=0.009)andabortioncase(OR:8.3,95%CI:6.759-
10.389,P=0.001)werethesignificantriskfactorsforBrucellaseropositivity.Theresultsofquesti
onnairesurveyrevealedthatthemajorityofthefarmownersorrespondentsdonothavesufficientk
nowledgeaboutbrucellosisandareatriskofacquiringtheinfection.Althoughtheoverallprevalen
ceofbovinebrucellosiswaslowinstudyarea,itcouldserveassourceofinfectiontodifferentherdsa
stherewerefociofinfectioninherdsandbrucellosisishighlycontagiousdisease.Hencebettercont
rolandpreventionmeasuresshouldbeimplementedtoreduceriskofinfectionandtransmissionoft
hediseaseinlivestockandhumaninthestud
Bovine brucellosis; seroprevalence, associated risk factors andassessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of farm owners in selected districts of east wollega zone, oromia, ethiopia
No full textBrucellosisisahighlycontagiousbacterialdiseaseofmajorsocioeconomicandpublichealthimportancewhichcausedbygramnegativebacteriaofthegenusBruce
lla.Across-sectionalstudywasconductedoncattleinselecteddistrictsofEastWollegazonebetweenNovember2018andSeptember2019toassessbovinebrucellosisseroprev
alence,potentialriskfactors,knowledgeattitudeandpracticeoffarmownersaboutbrucellosis.Thestudyzoneanddistrictswereselectedpu
rposively,
whilepeasantassociation,herdandindividualanimalswereselectedrandomly.Atotalof488bloo
dsampleswerecollectedfrom362localbreedand126crossbreedcattleofabovesixmonthsofage.
TheRBPTscreened11Brucellaseropositiveoutof488(2.25%)(95%CI:0.94-
3.5).TheRBPTpositiveserawerefurtherretestedbyusingC-ELISAand6(1.23%)(95%CI:0.25-
2.2)wereconfirmedtobeseropositive.Outof87herdsincludedinthestudy,6(6.9%)(95%CI:3.2-
14.2)wereseropositiveusingCELISAwithatleastoneseropositiveanimalintheherd.Theoverallseroprevalenceofbrucellosisw
as1.23%and6.9%atanimalandherdlevelrespectively.Moreover,informationwasgatheredonin
dividualanimalandfarmtoassessriskfactorsusingasemistructuredquestionnairepreparedforthispurpose.StatisticalanalysiswasperformedusingSPSS
version20softwareprogram.Theresultofmultivariablelogisticregressionanalysisshowedthath
erdsize(OR:8.5,95%CI:1.217-19.872,P=0.031),age(OR:6.5:95%CI:1.459-
28.967,P=0.014),pregnancystatus(OR:12.78,95%CI:2.35-
45.725,P=0.009)andabortioncase(OR:8.3,95%CI:6.759-
10.389,P=0.001)werethesignificantriskfactorsforBrucellaseropositivity.Theresultsofquesti
onnairesurveyrevealedthatthemajorityofthefarmownersorrespondentsdonothavesufficientk
nowledgeaboutbrucellosisandareatriskofacquiringtheinfection.Althoughtheoverallprevalen
ceofbovinebrucellosiswaslowinstudyarea,itcouldserveassourceofinfectiontodifferentherdsa
stherewerefociofinfectioninherdsandbrucellosisishighlycontagiousdisease.Hencebettercont
rolandpreventionmeasuresshouldbeimplementedtoreduceriskofinfectionandtransmissionoft
hediseaseinlivestockandhumaninthestudyarea
Broad roads in a thin country - infrastructure concessions in Chile
No full textTo increase investment in infrastructure, in the early 1990s Chile's government introduced private capital into the transport infrastructure sector, covering roads and highways, bridges, tunnels, and airports. The chosen mechanism: a concession scheme through which private firms would finance and build a given project and then operate the infrastructure for a set of number of years, recovering their investment by collecting tolls from users. Among the lessons learned from the experience: 1) As much as possible, avoid concessioning roads for which there are convenient alternative freeways nearby. 2) Choose the right variable for awarding a concession. Avoid mechanisms that (by promoting large payments to the state or short-term concession periods) encourage high tolls, and if you choose to award a concession to the firm charging the lowest tolls, place a floor and ceiling on possible bids. The floor is to guarantee the concession's financial viability; the ceiling is to prevent inefficient traffic diversions. Ties at either end should be resolved by a second variable, such as the level of transfers between the state and the firm. 3) Allow downward toll flexibility so that the concessionaire can react to unexpectedly low traffic flows, especially for certain types of vehicles. 4) Pay special attention to the tendering mechanism and to the general incentive structure. There are limits to the pure least-present-value-of-revenue (LPVR) auction, but income guarantees do enhance liquidity. In fact, a minimum-income guarantee through an LPVR auction is an instrument for credit enhancement, not income support. Alternatively, some form of financial innovation should be encouraged to make debt service commitments more flexible. 5) If concessions are tendered by traditional methods and income guarantees will be given, cover only a fraction of the concessionaire's expected income stream, to reduce the state's financial exposure and to improve the incentives to the concessionaire. 6) Make the contracts as complete as possible but allow for later modifications or renegotiations, and include a well-designed dispute resolution mechanism.Banks&Banking Reform,Roads&Highways,Decentralization,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Roads&Highways,Airports and Air Services,Banks&Banking Reform,Toll Roads
The Pathophysiology Of Acute Ischemic Stroke
No full textAbstract
This poster discusses the pathophysiology of Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) and the importance of timely intervention to minimize irreversible tissue damage. Ischemic stroke is characterized by the obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain. The general population is not well informed as to the warning signs or symptoms of stroke, leading to substantial delays in emergency medical services. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of acute ischemic stroke in timely fashion is very important because the treatment window is very narrow. This author worked as a nurse at Interventional Radiology (IR); observing patients with AIS undergoing clot retrieval procedure or receiving tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Consequently, the student began to develop interest in studying acute ischemic stroke and its relations with pathophysiology. Overall, advanced practice nurses should equip themselves with the current protocols and timely interventions to save patients from devastating AIS disability and financial burden
The Role of European Male in Relation to African Female Sexulization During Congo's Nineteenth Century Colonial Era
No full textabstract: Colonialism is the practice of conquering lands of already established individuals for the greater good of Western civilization. These actions are often rooted in the idea that the ways of the indigenous people are almost primitive in comparison to the ways of the West. Many forms of modern-day oppression are rooted in the disastrous acts against marginalized groups during colonial eras. In discourse relating to colonialism, it is necessary that the topic of the sexualization of Native groups are mentioned. Sexualization can be referred to as the act of sexualizing both humans and objects that are not intended to be innately sexual. Many literary texts were written during the nineteenth century expose the trends of sexualization towards indigenous peoples. More specifically, Heart of Darkness brings light to colonialism and provides insight into the European man’s sexualization for the Native woman. Within the text, the sexualization for the Native Congo woman is undeniably present all throughout the novel. Within the novella, the main character, Marlow, is infatuated with many aspects of the Native culture. He takes a particular interest in the land, when describing the land he uses verbiage such as “impenetrable� to describe lands that have yet to be discovered by Westerners. He describes the ways in which he no longer finds interest in lands that have been “penetrated�. These sexual undertones of virginity used to describe the Native land can be compared to that of a Native woman. Various aspects of the Native culture were sexualized in this similar manner, the sexual perspective they had on the Native women was so strong that they viewed all aspects of the Native sexually due to their linkage to the Native woman. This thesis serves to address the sexual connections made between the land and culture of the Congo to the Native woman. Many scholars praise the author for including a Native woman of power within the text, however, this thesis contradicts these claims and analyzes the ways in which this The native woman is only powerful due to the European male gaze. to how Africans within the congo were treated during their colonial era. The text provides insight into the unhealthy environments the Africans were forced to live in. They were forced to eat hippo meat and many physically looked as if they were on the verge of death while their white counterparts were dressed in luxury. Additionally, there was carelessness for the bodies of the Africans. Many were oversexualized and taken advantage of, due to the power systems placed upon them they were unable to deny any advances even if they wanted to. These systems of oppression are still in place, literary analysis of the remnants of colonialism can be found through twentieth and twenty-first-century texts. (abstract
Assessing farmers’ willingness to pay for FMD vaccines and factors influencing payment: a contingent valuation study in central Oromia, Ethiopia
No full textAbstract Background Foot and mouth disease is a contagious, transboundary, and economically devastating viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The disease can cause many consequences, including decreased productivity, limited market access, and elimination of flocks or herds. This study aimed to assess farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccines and identify factors influencing their WTP. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted on 396 randomly selected livestock-owning farmers from three districts in the central Oromia region (Ambo, Dendi, and Holeta districts. The study utilized the contingent valuation method, specifically employing dichotomous choice bids with double bounds, to evaluate the willingness to pay (WTP) for the FMD vaccine. Mean WTP was assessed using interval regression, and influential factors were identified. Results The study revealed that the farmer’s mean willingness to pay for a hypothetical foot and mouth disease vaccine was 37.5 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) [95% confidence interval [CI]: 34.5 40.58] in all data, while it was 23.84 (95% CI: 21.47–26.28) in the mixed farming system and 64.87 Ethiopian Birr (95% CI: 58.68 71.15) in the market-oriented farming system. We identified main livelihood, management system, sales income, breed, keeping animals for profit, and foot and mouth disease impact perception score as significant variables (p ≤ 0.05) determining the farmers’ WTP for the FMD vaccine. Conclusion Farmers demonstrated a high computed willingness to pay, which can be considered an advantage in the foot and mouth disease vaccination program in central Oromia. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure sufficient vaccine supply services to meet the high demand revealed
Relations between Race/Ethnicity and Peer Relationships during Early Adolescence
No full textabstract: I investigated if race/ethnicity was associated with self- and peer-reported victimization and aggression in a sample of 5th through 8th graders (N = 383, 51% males) from two schools in which Hispanic/Latino students were the ethnic-racial majority. Self-reported victimization did not differ between races. In contrast, White students often had higher peer-reported victimization relative to Hispanic and Multi-racial students. Few significant associations were found for aggression. There was some, albeit inconsistent, support for the idea that power imbalance based on race/ethnicity is shifted by numbers. In the future, researchers should conduct studies aimed verifying this notion and that are tailored toward answering questions of mechanism
Scoping Review of Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health and Nutrition in Amhara Region, Ethiopia
No full textObjectives
The literature review aims to identify scientific articles, reports, and other gray literature that discuss major RMNCAH+N in Amhara region, Ethiopia. The review is being conducted to support the design and implementation of the study on strengthening evidence generation and data use practices to inform policies, guide strategic planning and programs, and to provide contextual evidence for the interpretation of the findings of the study.
Publications to be searched include all scientific or grey literature, documenting policy and program development and implementation about RMNCAH+N and broader contextual factors in relation to the Amhara region of Ethiopia.
2. Type of review
The review will be systematic, comprehensive, iterative, and will remain open through the implementation of the study. The search will be initiated from selected databases, but additional publications identified through other means, including a review of references of relevant articles, a referral from experts, and the gray literature.
3. Research questions
• To understand levels and trends of key indicators in RMNCAH+N
• To identify challenges in the implementations of life saving interventions in the area of RMNCAH+N
• To gain insight in to structural and systematic barriers in data use practices for decision making
• To conduct data source mapping
• To conduct content specific review of literature
• To identify gaps in the existing literature on RMNCAH+N research in Amhara region, Ethiopia.
• To consulate key stakeholders to communicate and discuss findings from the review.
Evidence-based studies will be charted by types of research questions, categorized as, including but not limited to,
4. Timeframe
Publications since 1990.
5. Deliverable expectations
27Augest, 2022 to 4 Sept 2022(1 week) let we know, if you are tight scheduled, we are flexible.
6. Databases
Peer-reviewed papers:
• PubMed/ MEDLINE,
• EMBASE
• Scopus,
• Google scholars,
• Web of Science,
• JStor,
• Cochrane Central,
• SSRN,
• EconLit
Gray literature:
• WHO,
• WHO African region
• WHO African Index Medicus
• UNICEF,
• World Bank e-library,
• country reports and policy documents specific to Amhara region
• Medline, Global Health, Scopus etc.
• Graduate theses done in Amhara region on RMNCAH-N
• Unpublished reports by ARHB, MOH, EPHI, CSA, etc.
7. Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria using population, concepts and context framework
Population
• Women of reproductive age (women 15–49years)
• Pregnant women regardless of age
• Postpartum women (birth to 42 days
postpartum)
Mothers of children under 5 years
• Adolescence(aged 10–19years)
• Newborns (28 days or less)
• Infants (29 days to under 1year)
• Children (1year to under 10 years)
Concepts
• Preconception care defined by WHO as the provision of biomedical, behavioral
and social health interventions before conception occurs’ .
• Reproductive health defined by National Library of Medicine (NLM) definition as the state of optimal female reproductive system functioning in the absence of disease, disorders or deficiencies.
• Maternal health defined by NLM as the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period.
• Newborn health defined as the physical and mental wellness of individuals under 28 days of age
• Infant health defined as the physical and mental wellness of individuals under 1year of age.
• Child health defined as the physical and mental wellness of individuals under 10 years of age
• Nutrition defined by WHO as the nutrients in food, how the body uses them, and the relationship between diet, health, and disease (intake of nutrient food like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre, Water)
Country/region’s context
Through a desk review of reports specific to the Amhara state (also known as region), the study team will compile contextual indicators on the region (and national level for comparison) and assess to the extent possible trends in these indicators between 1990-2022. Table 1 provides an indicative list of factors for which data will be compiled.
Table 1: Indicator list of contextual factors
Contextual factor Description
Administrative structure ● Organization of administrative units (regions/zones, districts, sub-cities and kebeles)
Socio-economic factors ● Maternal education
● Adult literacy rate
● Proportion of population urban
● Poverty level (% pop under the poverty line)
● Access to electricity
Demographic factors ● Total population
● Population growth
● Age and sex structure of the population, Population density
● Average household size,
● Total fertility rate,
● Adolescent fertility rate
● Under-five mortality rate
● Proportion of neonatal deaths that are under-five
● Population distribution
● Proportion of slum population
● Proportion of the poor population
Bio-demographic factors ● Maternal age at first birth
● Maternal age of first union/marriage
● Average preceding birth interval
● Proportion of adolescents in union/married
Epidemiologic factors/Health conditions ● Main underlying causes of maternal death
● Main underlying causes of neonatal death
● Prevalence of HIV
● Birth weight
● presence of Diarrheal disease
● Malaria
● Measles
● Meningitis
● Parasitic infections
● Respiratory disease (not tuberculosis)
● Septicemia
● Tetanus
● TORCH infections
● Trachoma
● Tuberculosis
● Urinary tract infections
Environmental factors ● Improved drinking water
● Improved sanitation
● Altitude
● Rainfall
● Household air pollution
Other factors ● Natural disasters
● Epidemics
● Conflicts/political instability
● Drought/famine
● Migration
● Internal displacement/relocation
● Land locked
● Domestic violence
● Intimate partner violence
● Road accidents
• Ethiopian studies focused in Amhara region on RMNCAH+N
• Time- since 1990
• Papers in English only
• Papers documenting specific RMNCAH+N policy or programs development, implementation since 1990
• Papers documenting previous and current practices in evidence generation and data use in the region
• Papers documenting challenges and successes of specific health policies and programs
• In-depth case-studies of drivers of RMNCAH+N in the region
• Papers documenting important changes in epidemiological or contextual factors linked to RMNCAH+N
• Nutrition (intake of nutrient food like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre, Water)
• psychosocial
• Infectious and non-infectious disease
• Food security
• Environmental exposure
• Papers in English only
8. Exclusion criteria
• Published before 1990
• Study findings with a very small sample size
9. Language
Papers in English will be sought
10. Key search terms
The following terms will be appropriately combined for the literature search. Appropriate MESH terms will be used.
Key indicators
Impact:
• early neonatal mortality, late neonatal mortality, newborn mortality, neonate mortality, perinatal mortality, Preterm Birth, stillbirth, infant mortality, child mortality, under five mortality, morbidity, Fetal growth and malnutrition, stunting, wasting, low birth weight/under weight
• causes of newborn death/causes of neonatal death
• maternal mortality, maternal deaths, pregnancy-related deaths, Pregnancy-related complications,( infectious, non-infectious), adolescent (maternal) mortality, life time risk
• cause of maternal death and morbidity, anemia, malnutrition/undernutrition
• Mental health conditions (anxiety, depression, psychosis)
• Substance use and abuse
• Stress
Outcomes/coverage:
• Maternal health
o ANC visits (1st visit, 4+ visit, 8+ visit)
o Skilled birth attendance
o C-section
o Postnatal care coverage
o Family planning (contraceptive prevalence, modern contraceptive prevalence rate, unmet need for family planning, satisfaction by modern methods)
o Safe abortion
o Nutrition (nutrient in food)
• Newborn health
o newborn immunization
o newborn postnatal care coverage
o early initiation of breastfeeding
o hygienic cord and skin care
o early initiation of Hepatitis B (HepB) (1st dose)
o Health service utilization
o Stillbirth (specify fresh or macerated if applicable)
o TORCH infections
o Hygienic cord and skin care
o CPAP use for management of respiratory distress
o Surfactant use for prevention of respiratory distress
o Management of neonatal jaundice
o Thermal care
o Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV exposure
o Antibiotic prophylaxis/treatment
• WASH
o Improved water source
o Improved latrines and hand washing facilities
o Open defecation
o Water, electricity, and sanitation facilities at health facilities
Study type:
• cross-sectional study,
• evaluation paper,
• case study,
• time trend,
• policy/program study
Health system factors:
• health policy,
• health programs,
• health strategy,
• health initiatives,
• essential health package,
• health system
• quality of care (public /private),
• health system capacity,
• health access,
• health financing,
• health resources
Health system inputs and outputs
• healthcare system inputs
o human resource for health - health workforce density (Physicians, health officers,, nurses, midwives, health extension workers)
o infrastructure for health - facility density (Hospitals [general/referral], health centers, health posts)
• healthcare system outputs
Other contextual and distal factors:
• governance,
• political commitment,
• political reform,
• political transition,
• economic development,
• education, female empowerment,
• transportation infrastructure,
• economic crisis,
• natural disasters,
• conflicts,
• religion,
• cultural norms,
• urbanization,
• demographic transition,
• internal displacement or relocation
Main inequality stratifies:
• poor/rich,
• rural/urban,
• sex,
• age group,
• education/literacy status,
• subregions/geography: : zone, woreda/district, kebele [Kebele – smallest administrative unit]
• service provider: public, private, NGOs (list of NGOs and their services), others
• facility type: hospital, health center, health post, NGOs, etc
11. Review strategy
1. Title and abstract review to identify potentially relevant papers
2. Full paper review to tease out relevant papers
3. Data abstraction from selected relevant papers
12. Data abstraction
1. Author, title and year of publication
2. Main outcomes studies
3. The main approach utilized
4. Health policy development/implementation (if any)
5. Health program development/implementation (if any)
6. Health system factors analyzed
7. Other contextual and distal factors analyzed or discussed
8. A summary of the findings
Anticipated product / deliverable
• Report - full report on review
• Scoping review paper for publicatio
