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Scheduling in Stochastic Resource-Sharing Systems
Get PDFIn this thesis we study queueing models that arise in the context of resource sharing in communication networks. We determine scheduling policies that (asymptotically) optimize the performance of the system, and evaluate policies that share the resources among the users in a fair manner. Chapter 1 gives an overview of several concepts related to resource-sharing systems and introduces the queueing models and main techniques used throughout the thesis. We describe the work-conserving single-server system, the linear bandwidthsharing network, and the parallel two-server model. In the latter two models the speed at which the system works depends on the scheduling decision taken and on the types of users presently in the system. These models can therefore be seen as extensions of the single-server model. The stochastic evolution of the numbers of users is determined by the scheduling policy, which specifies how the resources are shared among all users. We use sample-path techniques and stochastic dynamic programming tools in order to characterize policies that minimize the holding cost. Since the original stochastic model is not always tractable, we also investigate two limiting regimes. One of them is the heavy-traffic regime where we let the offered load approach the maximum capacity. In the other regime we consider the queuelength processes under the so-called fluid scaling. In Chapter 2 we focus on the single-server system in heavy traffic and analyze a generalization of the DPS policy. More specifically, we consider phase-type distributed service requirements and allow customers to have different weights in various phases of their service. In our main result we establish a state-space collapse for the scaled steady-state queue length vector in heavy traffic. The result shows that in the limit, the queue length vector is the product of an exponentially distributed random variable and a deterministic vector. The proof consists in showing that the joint probability generating function of the queue lengths satisfies a partial differential equation that allows a closed-form solution after passing to the heavy-traffic limit. Our result has several interesting consequences for the standard DPS queue. We derive that, conditioned on the number of customers, the remaining service requirements of the various customers are independent and distributed according to the forward recurrence times. In addition, we show that the scaled holding cost stochastically reduces as more preference is given according to the mean forward recurrence times of the service requirements. In Chapters 3–7 we study the linear bandwidth-sharing network. This network provides a natural modeling framework for the dynamic flow-level interaction among data transfers in wired communication networks. It models the bandwidth sharing of data traffic that traverses multiple links and the cross traffic it meets on its route. Size-based scheduling policies, such as SRPT and LAS, are popular mechanisms for reducing the number of users in single-server systems by favoring smaller requests over larger ones. In Chapter 3 we prove that straightforward extensions of such policies may cause instability effects in the linear network and will therefore certainly not yield optimal performance. For networks with sufficiently many nodes, instability phenomena may in fact arise at arbitrarily low traffic loads. In Chapters 4–6 we turn to finding policies that minimize the holding cost in a linear network. In Chapter 4 we restrict the search to the class of non-anticipating policies and assume exponentially distributed service requirements. We show that simple priority rules are optimal for certain settings of the parameters of the service requirements. For the remaining cases we prove that, in the case of a two-node linear network, an average-cost optimal policy is characterized by "switching curves", i.e., the policy dynamically switches between several priority rules. Since an exact characterization of these curves is not possible in general, we study in Chapter 5 the related fluid control problem. We show that the optimal fluid control can be explicitly characterized by linear switching curves. In most cases these curves provide asymptotically fluid-optimal policies in the original stochastic model as well. For some scenarios however, fluid-based switching curves may result in a policy that is unstable. In that case, the diffusion scaling is appropriate and efficient switchingcurve policies have a square-root shape. The class of weighted a-fair bandwidth-sharing policies are commonly accepted to model the dynamic flow-level bandwidth-allocation as realized by packet-based protocols. Through numerical experiments we evaluate the performance of these policies by comparing them to asymptotically optimal policies. In Chapter 4 we find that the gap between a-fair policies and optimal policies is not that large provided the system load is moderate. In addition, the performance under a-fair policies is quite insensitive to a, as long as this value is not too small. In Chapter 5 we observe that weighted a-fair policies can approach the optimal performance when choosingthe weights appropriately. In Chapter 6 we consider a linear network with generally distributed service requirements and allow anticipating policies. We focus on policies that allocate the capacity across the classes such that stability of the system is guaranteed. Motivated by the size-based scheduling results for single-server systems, we then prioritize within a class the large requests over the small ones. These size-based scheduling policies are proven to be asymptotically optimal in a heavy-traffic setting for service requirements with bounded support. In addition, we show that these policies may outperform a-fair policies, which are non-anticipating, by an arbitrarily large factor when the load is sufficiently high. In Chapter 7 we first focus on a multi-class queueing system with general interarrival times and service requirements, and give sufficient conditions in order to compare sample-path wise the workload and the number of users under different policies. This allows us to evaluate the performance of the system under various policies in terms of stability and the mean holding cost. We then apply this framework to the linear network under weighted a-fair policies. We obtain stability results and, in the case of exponentially distributed service requirements, establish monotonicity of the mean holding cost with respect to the fairness parameter a and the relative weights. In addition, we investigate the monotonicity properties in a heavytraffic regime and perform numerical experiments. Furthermore, for a single-server system with two user classes we obtain that under DPS and GPS the mean holding cost is monotone with respect to their relative weights. This result is in line with the monotonicity result for DPS under a heavy-traffic setting as obtained in Chapter 2. In Chapter 8 we focus on a parallel two-servermodel with two classes of users with exponentially distributed service requirements. The study of this model is motivated by scheduling questions in wireless cellular communication networks. It may model for example the power control of two interfering base stations. For certain choices of the parameters of the service requirements we give an exact characterization of an optimal policy. For the remaining cases we study the related deterministic fluid control model for which we show that the optimal control is described by a switching curve. Using similar techniques as in Chapter 5, we prove that policies characterized by either linear or exponential switching curves are asymptotically fluid-optimal in the original stochastic model. For a moderately-loaded system, we numerically compare these fluid-based policies with Max-Weight and threshold-based policies, which are known to be optimal in a heavy-traffic setting. We observe that the fluidbased and the threshold-based policies perform well, while significant performance gains can be achieved over Max-Weight policies
Markov-modulated M/G/1-type queue in heavy traffic and its application to time-sharing disciplines
Get PDFThis paper deals with a single-server queue with modulated arrivals, service requirements and service capacity. In our first result, we derive the mean of the total workload assuming generally distributed service requirements and any service discipline which does not depend on the modulating environment. We then show that the workload is exponentially distributed under heavy-traffic scaling. In our second result, we focus on the discriminatory processor sharing (DPS) discipline. Assuming exponential, class-dependent service requirements, we show that the joint distribution of the queue lengths of different customer classes under DPS undergoes a state-space collapse when subject to heavy-traffic scaling. That is, the limiting distribution of the queue-length vector is shown to be exponential, times a deterministic vector. The distribution of the scaled workload, as derived for general service disciplines, is a key quantity in the proof of the state-space collapse
Asymptotically optimal parallel resource assignment with interference
Get PDFMotivated by scheduling in cellular wireless networks and resource allocation in computer systems, we study a service facility with two classes of users having heterogeneous service requirement distributions. The aggregate service capacity is assumed to be largest when both classes are served in parallel, but giving preferential treatment to one of the classes may be advantageous when aiming at minimization of the number of users, or when classes have different economic values, for example. We set out to determine the allocation policies that minimize the total number of users in the system. For some particular cases we can determine the optimal policy exactly, but in general this is not analytically feasible. We then study the optimal policies in the fluid regime, which prove to be close to optimal in the original stochastic model. These policies can be characterized by either linear or exponential switching curves. We numerically compare our results with existing approximations based on optimization in the heavy-traffic regime. By simulations we show that, in general, our simple computable switching-curve strategies based on the fluid analysis perform well
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Monotonicity properties for multi-class queueing systems
Get PDFWe study multi-dimensional stochastic processes that arise in queueing models used in the performance evaluation of wired and wireless networks. The evolution of the stochastic process is determined by the scheduling policy used in the associated queueing network. For general arrival and service processes, we give sufficient conditions in order to compare sample-path wise the workload and the number of users under different policies. This allows us to evaluate the performance of the system under various policies in terms of stability, the mean overall delay and the weighted mean number of users. We apply the general framework to linear bandwidth-sharing networks, where users of various classes require service from different subsets of shared resources simultaneously. For the important family of weighted alpha-fair policies, stability results are derived and monotonicity is established of the weighted mean number of users with respect to the fairness parameter alpha and the relative weights. In order to broaden the comparison results, we investigate a heavy-traffic regime and perform numerical experiments. In addition, we study a single-server queue with two user classes, and show that under Discriminatory Processor Sharing (DPS) or Generalized Processor Sharing (GPS) the mean overall sojourn time is monotone with respect to the ratio of the weights. Finally we extend the framework to obtain comparison results that cover the single-server queue with an arbitrary number of classes as well
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