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Breakdown of Team Cognition and Team Performance: Examining the influence of media and overconfidence on mutual understanding, shared situation awareness and contextualization
Get PDFIn several settings, such as counter-terrorism operations and aviation, avoiding breakdowns in team cognition is essential for coordination and team performance.
This dissertation examines two assumptions concerning what affect teams ability to avoid breakdowns in team cognition: 1) certain media capabilities enhance team cognition more than others and 2) team members choose different media based on cost-benefit considerations to enhance team cognition. I explore the first assumption by developing and testing a more complex relation between media and team cognition, and I challenge the ssumption of the cost-benefit model by examining the role of overconfidence. I focus on two specific gaps regarding the influence of media and overconfidence on team cognition. The first gap focus on the influence on mutual understanding and shared situation awareness (Gap 1), and the second gap focus on contextualization (Gap 2). I explored these gaps empirically in four articles investigating threemember teams that engage in a simulated crisis management task and individuals taking part in a survey experiment. In these settings equivocality was induced through differences in information among team members. To examine Gap 1, I investigate in article 1 the influence of media richness and verconfidence on alignment of perceived and actual mutual understanding.
I found that there is a greater degree of alignment between perceived mutual understanding and actual understanding in a co-located than in an email setting. I also found a better alignment for those low in overconfidence than for those high in overconfidence. In addition, the findings suggest that people hold more shared actual mutual understanding and shared perception of mutual understanding in a o-located versus an email condition. Then, in article 2, I explore whether level 2 and 3 shared situation awareness mediate a positive effect of media richness on team performance. The findings indicate that level 2 shared situation awareness, in particular, and level 3 shared situation awareness, mediate a positive effect on team performance from media richness, and co-located media are helpful for sharedness of level 2 and level 3 shared situation awareness, and email is helpful for sharedness of level 1 shared situation awareness. To address Gap 2, article 3 discuss the relation among media richness contextualization and team performance, and suggest that higher levels of shared overconfidence will negatively moderate this mediated relation. The empirical findings indicated support for this suggestion. Finally, I also address Gap 2 in article 4 by further examining the boundary conditions of the influence of overconfidence on contextualization. Here I examine whether perspective taking reduces the possibly negative effect of overconfidence on contextualization, and found empirical support for this hypothesis. Taken together these findings could suggest that not only behavior but also the medium may be a central explanatory variable influencing teams ability to avoid breakdown in team cognition, and people’s cognitive biases, overconfidence, may distort adaptation processes to avoid such breakdowns
Idéen om språkets konstruktive muligheter som tema i Ezra Pounds og Marshall McLuhans kulturkritikk : En lesning av tekstene Guide to Kulchur og The Gutenberg Galaxy The Making of Typographic Man
No full textDenne oppgaven er et forsøk å beskrive innholdet i Ezra Pounds (1885-1972) og Marshall McLuhans (1911-1980) kulturkritikk. Gjennom en lesning av særlig Ezra Pounds Guide to Kulchur (1938) og Marshall McLuhans The Gutenberg Galaxy the Making of Typographic Man (1962).
Pound og McLuhan forestiller seg en tanke om et erfaringsnært språk som står i motsetning til en språkpraksis som fjerner seg fra en konkret bruk av språket. Det finner sted et forfall til en situasjon der språket blir abstrakt og følger regler, systemer eller teknikker som lever sitt eget liv på siden av språkets erfaringsmessige sammenheng. De abstrakte systemene som overtar for en nærværende språkpraksis utgjør for Pound og McLuhans en illegitim situasjon.
Oppgaven er et forsøk på å differensiere de to forfatternes synspunkter. Selv om det er slik at Pound og McLuhan deler premissene om det abstrakte språkets overtak synes det som det er grunnleggende forskjeller mellom historisk kontekst for dannelsen av kritikken av abstraksjoner. Pound skriver blant annet i forlengelsen av en modernistisk estetisk kritikk, McLuhan skriver ut fra et klarere definert dannelsesprosjekt i tråd med nyere engelsk kulturkritikk. Når det gjelder det innholdsmessige i kritikken er det også forskjeller. Som eksempel ser mcLuhan teknikk som en lukking av språkets sanselige muligheter, Pound har ingen slik kritikk av teknikk.
Del 1 er et forsøk på en rekonstruksjon av Pounds kritiske posisjon. Vi diskuterer Pounds tanker i særlig grad med hensyn til kritikken av abstraksjoner slik den forekommer i Guide to Kulchur. I del 2 vurderer vi Pounds kritikk av abstrakt språk innenfor en videre historisk kontekst, særlig med henblikk på debatten med Thomas Stearns Eliot.
Vi diskuterer Marshall McLuhans synspunkter omkring språk og abstraksjoner i del 3 i en utlegning både av samspillet med Pound og en videre kritisk offentlighet og ved en undersøkelse av tanken om abstraksjoner i The Gutenberg Galaxy. I del 3 drøfter vi innenfor rammen av våre undersøkelser Pound og McLuhans respektive synspunkter på språklig abstraksjon
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Social Movement Communication as Democratic Innovation: The Alta Conflict 1970–1982 (print version)
Get PDFHow can lobbying and influence be useful not only for those who
already are powerful, but also for the empowerment of the disempowered? Thus,
how may we democratise control over the means of rhetorical power? An answer
may be found in rare cases of social movement communication impacting constitutional
reform, such as the Alta Dam Conflict, 1970–1982, from an area where
the Norwegian state overlaps with the Sápmi homeland. Social movement communication
as democratic innovation is a research topic scattered between social
movement studies (SMS) and strategic communication research (SCR). This chapter
integrates both perspectives, firstly, (a) by identifying one shared approach,
“empirically grounded Critical Theory”; and secondly, (b) by applying the empirical
method typical to that approach, namely “comparative historical analysis”; and
thirdly (c) by suggesting some empirically grounded amendments to existing theoretical
concepts on social movement communication as democratic innovation
Social movement communication as democratic innovation: The Alta Conflict 1970–1982 (digital version)
No full textHow can lobbying and influence be useful not only for those who already are powerful, but also for the empowerment of the disempowered? Thus, how may we democratise control over the means of rhetorical power? An answer may be found in rare cases of social movement communication impacting constitutional reform, such as the Alta Dam Conflict, 1970–1982, from an area where the Norwegian state overlaps with the Sápmi homeland. Social movement communication as democratic innovation is a research topic scattered between social movement studies (SMS) and strategic communication research (SCR). This chapter integrates both perspectives, firstly, (a) by identifying one shared approach, “empirically grounded Critical Theory”; and secondly, (b) by applying the empirical method typical to that approach, namely “comparative historical analysis”; and thirdly (c) by suggesting some empirically grounded amendments to existing theoretical concepts on social movement communication as democratic innovation.publishedVersio
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