119 research outputs found
Revisiting the Criteria and Indicators for Identifying the Middle Class within Contemporary Russian Society (before the Social and Economic Crisis of 2014)
No full textThe article deals with the problem of delineating the middle strata of Russian society in the context of the social and economic crisis and assesses the correlation of the differences in social positions of middle class representatives as a criterion for social stratifi cation in general. Since the position of the middle strata within a system of social inequality is vulnerable enough, the economic crisis has quite a sizeable impact on the middle class and changes its structure. Over the past twentyfive years, Russia's middle class has undergone a number of transformations caused by the new waves of social and economic crises. So, in 1998 the Russian sovereign default resulted in the fact that following the massive declining trends the middle classes have thinned out to a minimum. The subsequent economic recovery accompanied by a social and political stabilization has led to an increase in the number of middle class members up until 2008 when another wave of the economic crisis had its dramatically significant impact on the middle strata. A comparison of survey data collected by the Public Opinion foundation in 2004 and 2014 leads to the conclusion that on the level of identity middle-class population trends have been stable in the past decade, except for the period of severe fl uctuations under the infl uence of the waves of the 2014 economic crisis. It was also considered how the economic crisis that emerged in the fall of the national currency proved quite a painful impact on the social well-being of broad layers of Russian society. This fact indicates that in the context of a lasting disorientation and supplemented by state of anomie in which a large part of the population exists, the middle strata — the way western scientists understand it, i.e. as the actor and regulator of social processes — cannot perform the functions assigned to them. To the present day, the dominating macro-trends erode the middle class which is accompanied by a decrease in the welfare of this group. Finally, the paper concludes that there are signifi cant differences in the tools applied by Russian sociological services, first of all concerning the criteria and indicators used for identifying the middle class
Measurement of the cross-section asymmetry of deuteron photodisintegration process by linearly polarized photons in the energy range E
No full textThe first measurements of the cross-section asymmetry Σ for the deuteron photodisintegration process at a cm angle of 90° up to 1.6GeV were performed at Yerevan Electron Synchrotron. These results are in reasonable agreement with previous measurements at lower energy. Our data show agreement with the asymptotic meson exchange model predictions in the energy range 0.8–1.6GeV
Measurement and QCD analysis of neutral and charged current cross sections at HERA.
No full textThe inclusive e+p single and double differential cross sections for neutral and charged current processes are measured with the Hi detector at HERA. The data were taken in 1999 and 2000 at a centre- of-mass energy of √s 319 GeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 65.2 pb-1. The cross sections are measured in the range of four-momentum transfer squared Q² between 100 and 30000 GeV² and Bjorken x between 0.0013 and 0.65. The neutral current analysis for the new e+p data and the earlier e-p data taken in 1998 and 1999 is extended to small energies of the scattered electron and therefore to higher values of inelasticity y, allowing a determination of the longitudinal structure function FL at high Q² (110-700GeV²). A new measurement of the structure function xF3 is obtained using the new e+p and previously published e+p neutral current cross section data at high Q². These data together with Hi low Q² precision data are further used to perform new next-to-leading order QCD analyses in the framework of the Standard Model to extract flavour separated parton distributions in the proton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR
Measurement of diffractive scattering of photons with large momentum transfer at HERA
No full textThe first measurement of diffractive scattering of quasi-real photons with large momentum transfer γp→γY, where Y is the proton dissociative system, is made using the H1 detector at HERA. The measurement is performed for initial photon virtualities Q2<0.01 GeV2. Single differential cross sections are measured as a function of W, the incident photon–proton centre of mass energy, and t, the square of the four-momentum transferred at the proton vertex, in the range 175<W<247 GeV and 4<|t|<36 GeV2. The W dependence is well described by a model based on perturbative QCD using a leading logarithmic approximation of the BFKL evolution. The measured |t| dependence is harder than that predicted by the model and those observed in exclusive vector meson production
Strangeness Production at low Q2 in Deep-Inelastic ep Scattering at HERA
No full textThe production of neutral strange hadrons is investigated using deep-inelastic scattering events measured with the H1 detector at HERA. The measurements are made in the phase space defined by the negative four-momentum transfer squared of the photon 2<Q 2<100 GeV 2 and the inelasticity 0.1<y<0.6. The K s 0 and Λ(Λ̄) production cross sections and their ratios are determined. K s 0 production is compared to the production of charged particles in the same region of phase space. The Λ- Λ̄ asymmetry is also measured and found to be consistent with zero. Predictions of leading order Monte Carlo programs are compared to the data. © 2009 Springer-Verlag / Società Italiana di Fisica.0SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Measurement of the proton structure function FL(x,Q2) at low x
No full textA first measurement is reported of the longitudinal proton structure function FL(x,Q2) at the ep collider HERA. It is based on inclusive deep inelastic e+p scattering cross section measurements with a positron beam energy of 27.5 GeV and proton beam energies of 920, 575 and 460 GeV. Employing the energy dependence of the cross section, FL is measured in a range of squared four-momentum transfers 12less-than-or-equals, slantQ2less-than-or-equals, slant90 GeV2 and low Bjorken View the MathML source. The FL values agree with higher order QCD calculations based on parton densities obtained using cross section data previously measured at HERA
Study of charm fragmentation into D * ± mesons in deep-inelastic scattering at HERA
No full textThe process of charm quark fragmentation is studied using D * ± meson production in deep-inelastic scattering as measured by the H1 detector at HERA. The parameters of fragmentation functions are extracted for QCD models based on leading order matrix elements and DGLAP or CCFM evolution of partons together with string fragmentation and particle decays. Additionally, they are determined for a next-to-leading order QCD calculation in the fixed flavour number scheme using the independent fragmentation of charm quarks to D * ± mesons. Two different regions of phase space are investigated defined by the presence or absence of a jet containing the D * ± meson in the event. The fragmentation parameters extracted for the two phase space regions are found to be different
Diffractive electroproduction of ρ and ϕ mesons at HERA
No full textDiffractive electroproduction of ρ and ϕ mesons is measured at HERA with the H1 detector in the elastic and proton dissociative channels. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 51 pb−1. About 10500 ρ and 2000 φ events are analysed in the kinematic range of squared photon virtuality 2.5 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 60 GeV2, photon-proton centre of mass energy 35 ≤ W ≤ 180 GeV and squared four-momentum transfer to the proton |t| ≤ 3 GeV2. The total, longitudinal and transverse cross sections are measured as a function of Q 2, W and |t|. The measurements show a transition to a dominantly “hard” behaviour, typical of high gluon densities and small qq¯¯ dipoles, for Q 2 larger than 10 to 20 GeV2. They support flavour independence of the diffractive exchange, expressed in terms of the scaling variable (Q 2+M 2 V )/4, and proton vertex factorisation. The spin density matrix elements are measured as a function of kinematic variables. The ratio of the longitudinal to transverse cross sections, the ratio of the helicity amplitudes and their relative phases are extracted. Several of these measurements have not been performed before and bring new information on the dynamics of diffraction in a QCD framework. The measurements are discussed in the context of models using generalised parton distributions or universal dipole cross sections
Multi-Lepton Production at High Transverse Momenta in ep Collisions at HERA
No full textProcesses leading to a final state with at least two high transverse momentum leptons (electrons or muons) are studied using the full e ± p data sample collected by the H1 experiment at HERA. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 463 pb -1. Di-lepton and tri-lepton event classes are investigated. Cross sections of the production of e + e - and μ + μ - pairs are derived in a restricted phase space dominated by photon-photon collisions. In general, good agreement is found with Standard Model predictions. Events are observed with a total scalar sum of lepton transverse momenta above 100 GeV where the Standard Model expectation is low. In this region, combining di-lepton and tri-lepton classes, five events are observed in e + p collisions, compared to a Standard Model expectation of 0.96 ± 0.12, while no such event is observed in e - p data for 0.64 ± 0.09 expected. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.0DESY-08-065 / arxiv:0806.3987SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
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