362 research outputs found
Towards a radiocarbon calibration for oxygen isotope stage 3 using New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis)
No full textIt is well known that radiocarbon years do not directly equate to calendar time. As a result, considerable effort has been devoted to generating a decadally resolved calibration curve for the Holocene and latter part of the last termination. A calibration curve that can be unambiguously attributed to changes in atmospheric ¹⁴C content has not, however, been generated beyond 26 kyr cal BP, despite the urgent need to rigorously test climatic, environmental, and archaeological models. Here, we discuss the potential of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) to define the structure of the ¹⁴C calibration curve using annually resolved tree rings and thereby provide an absolute measure of atmospheric ¹⁴C. We report bidecadally sampled ¹⁴C measurements obtained from a floating 1050-yr chronology, demonstrating repeatable ¹⁴C measurements near the present limits of the dating method. The results indicate that considerable scope exists for a high-resolution ¹⁴C calibration curve back through OIS-3 using subfossil wood from this source
Does OO sync with the way we think?
Get PDFGiven that corrective-maintenance costs already dominate the software life cycle and look set to increase significantly, reliability in the form of reducing such costs should be the most important software improvement goal. Yet the results are not promising when we review recent corrective-maintenance data for big systems in general and for OO in particular-possibly because of mismatches between the OO paradigm and how we think
Why didn't they ask Evans?
No full textArguably the best known scientific Antarctic venture was the British Antarctic Expedition of 1911-1913 led by Captain Robert Falcon Scott. Whilst the so-called race to the geographic South Pole with Roald Amundsen's Norwegian Antarctic expedition excited international interest, the tragic death of Scott and his returning Polar Party was a striking reminder of the hazards of operating in the south. Recent work has highlighted the possible role expedition second-in-command Lieutenant Edward 'Teddy' Evans played in the deaths of Scott and his men. Here I report newly discovered documents which, when placed in a wider context, raise significant questions over Evans' behaviour during the expedition. The evidence focuses on the shortage of food at key depots, the apparently deliberate obfuscation of when Evans fell down with scurvy and the failure to pass on orders given by Scott. It is concluded that Evans actions on and off the ice can at best be described as ineffectual, at worst deliberate sabotage. Why Evans was not questioned more about these events on his return to England remains unknown
Context Stabilization Module (CSM) – SAFE Evaluation Framework
No full textSAFE disclosure of the Context Stabilization Module (CSM), a non-adaptive framework for evaluating contextual stability in language systems.
License: SAFE Academic License 2025 (Non-Redistributable, Non-Derivative).
Redistribution, adaptation, or derivative works are not permitted without explicit written consent of the author (Joda).
GitHub Repository (All Public Implementations):
https://github.com/jordancapri1231-pro
CSM Automated Confidence Score Measurement of Threat Indicators
Get PDFabstract: The volume and frequency of cyber attacks have exploded in recent years. Organizations subscribe to multiple threat intelligence feeds to increase their knowledge base and better equip their security teams with the latest information in threat intelligence domain. Though such subscriptions add intelligence and can help in taking more informed decisions, organizations have to put considerable efforts in facilitating and analyzing a large number of threat indicators. This problem worsens further, due to a large number of false positives and irrelevant events detected as threat indicators by existing threat feed sources. It is often neither practical nor cost-effective to analyze every single alert considering the staggering volume of indicators. The very reason motivates to solve the overcrowded threat indicators problem by prioritizing and filtering them.
To overcome above issue, I explain the necessity of determining how likely a reported indicator is malicious given the evidence and prioritizing it based on such determination. Confidence Score Measurement system (CSM) introduces the concept of confidence score, where it assigns a score of being malicious to a threat indicator based on the evaluation of different threat intelligence systems. An indicator propagates maliciousness to adjacent indicators based on relationship determined from behavior of an indicator. The propagation algorithm derives final confidence to determine overall maliciousness of the threat indicator. CSM can prioritize the indicators based on confidence score; however, an analyst may not be interested in the entire result set, so CSM narrows down the results based on the analyst-driven input. To this end, CSM introduces the concept of relevance score, where it combines the confidence score with analyst-driven search by applying full-text search techniques. It prioritizes the results based on relevance score to provide meaningful results to the analyst. The analysis shows the propagation algorithm of CSM linearly scales with larger datasets and achieves 92% accuracy in determining threat indicators. The evaluation of the result demonstrates the effectiveness and practicality of the approach.Dissertation/ThesisMasters Thesis Computer Science 201
The New Zealand Kauri (Agathis Australis) Research Project: A Radiocarbon Dating Intercomparison of Younger Dryas Wood and Implications for IntCal13
Get PDFWe describe here the New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) Younger Dryas (YD) research project, which aims to undertake Δ14C analysis of ~140 decadal floating wood samples spanning the time interval ~13.1–11.7 kyr cal BP. We report 14C intercomparison measurements being undertaken by the carbon dating laboratories at University of Waikato (Wk), University of California at Irvine (UCI), and University of Oxford (OxA). The Wk, UCI, and OxA laboratories show very good agreement with an interlaboratory comparison of 12 successive decadal kauri samples (average offsets from consensus values of –7 to +4 14C yr). A University of Waikato/University of Heidelberg (HD) intercomparison involving measurement of the YD-age Swiss larch tree Ollon505, shows a HD/Wk offset of ~10–20 14C yr (HD younger), and strong evidence that the positioning of the Ollon505 series is incorrect, with a recommendation that the 14C analyses be removed from the IntCal calibration database
Del CSM come sguardo e come volto delle questioni di genere nella magistratura
Get PDFIl saggio inquadra nelle loro dimensioni storiche e strutturali le questioni di genere nella magistratura, individuando da un lato la centralità del Csm nel proporre una lettura di tali questioni, ma anche riflettendo sulla composizione di genere del CSM. Prende quindi in esame le prospettive di riforma del CSM nella parte che affronta il nodo problematico della composizione del CSM dal punto di vista di genere, esaminando innanzitutto le proposte rivolte a definire "quote di partecipazione" e argomentandone la legittimità anche attraverso una lettura critica della giurisprudenza costituzionale in materia di quote (e dei suoi limiti). La riflessione si conclude segnalando la necessità di basarsi su una concezione dell'uguaglianza costituzionale gender sensitive e non gender blind e di ulteriormente sviluppare una approfondimento del rapporto tra prospettiva "duale" e qualità della rappresentanza.The essay deals with the significance of the CSM in relation to the gender issue in the judiciary. The CSM has been committed to this issue steadily and with awareness since the early nineties, not only producing and updating data on gender balance in the judiciary but also analyzing the gender implications and consequences of any organizational measure within the competence of the council (gender mainstreaming). The author also considers the historical and current composition of the CSM, as far as it offers a direct picture and representation of the lasting gender imbalance in the judiciary; different proposals on women’s or gender quotas in the CSM’s electoral system are critically reviewed from the perspective of women’s empowerment
La posizione costituzionale del Csm tra argomenti di ieri ed effettività dell’organo
No full textThe Italian High Council of the Judiciary (Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura, CSM) is the constitutional body which is called to guarantee the independence of the judiciary (more precisely, of that part of judiciary which have competence in ordinary jurisdiction).
This paper analyses and discusses the role of CSM, from the point of view of constitutional law and in a historical perspective, by two steps.
In the first part, the Author retraces the main doctrinal opinions about the constitutional position and functions of CSM, by reconstructing the debate around some key concepts or expressions like “self-government of judiciary”, “order” and “power” (referred to the judiciary as an institutional and professional body), “independence”, “guaranteeing functions” and “representative functions”.
In the second part, the interpretative model of CSM’s role, which the Author has defined by the previous theorical analysis, is discussed in the light of effective experience of this constitutional body and, especially, of the evolution of its (gradually increasing) regulative functions.
In the conclusion of the paper, the Author reflects on the relation between the expansion of CSM’s regulative functions and the spread of jurisdiction towards legislature, expressing also some suggestion to maintain a correct balance between judiciary and political power
SCEC Community Stress Model (CSM)
No full textThe SCEC Community Stress Model (CSM) is a group of models of stress and stressing rate within the southern California crust and lithosphere, compiled by the CSM Working Group of the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC).
“Stress” models are models of the 3-D symmetric stress tensor (6 components), describing the forces present within a continuous volume. “Stressing rate” models are models of how the 3-D stress tensor changes over time, for example due to stress accumulating along a tectonic plate boundary.
The CSM is one of several SCEC Community Models, but differs in that it does not attempt to provide a single consensus model of stress or stressing rate. Instead, the intention is to compile a set of models of stress and stressing rate. The current version of the CSM includes 11 distinct models: 6 of stress, and 5 of stressing rate. The model techniques, assumptions, and input datasets vary, so no two models provide the exact same result. Table 1, in the README file, provides a summary of some of the basic attributes of each model contribution. In some cases, the contributed models have been published in a peer reviewed journal. In other cases, the methods or datasets were previously published in a peer reviewed journal, but the exact contributed model is not published.
For the six stress models, the orientation of the stress tensor is mostly derived from the inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms. Three of the models are based solely on earthquake focal mechanisms, and thus do not provide information on stress magnitude. One model provides an estimate of the deviatoric stress required to support existing topography. Two models provide an estimate of the full absolute stress tensor, based on forward physics-based modeling of the tectonic loading of the southern California fault system. Note that even when sampled “on” a major fault surface, these model values should be regarded as estimates of stress in the adjacent continuum rather than estimates from “within” fault gouge zones.
The five stressing rate models are mostly based on kinematic or mechanical models constrained by geodetic data. Some are based on estimates of velocity field or strain rate that are then translated into stressing rate. Others involve forward physics-based modeling of tectonic loading of the fault system, but focus on deriving stressing rate rather than the absolute stress tensor.
Each of the models was contributed by an author or group of authors, the earliest in 2012, the most recent in 2017. Values in the crust (≤ 25 km depth) are reported for a uniform grid of latitude and longitude points, covering southern California at a resolution of ~2 km (0.0180º latitude, 0.0217º longitude), for a total of 72,325 unique points. Values in the deeper lithosphere (≥ 50 km) are reported for a uniform grid with a resolution of ~5 km (0.0450º latitude, 0.0543º longitude), for a total of 11,493 unique points. Depths are reported every 2 km from 1 km to 25 km depth, and then every 25 km to 100 km depth, for a total of 16 unique depths. Points that lie outside the defined volume for a particular model, given its assumptions and available data, are omitted from that model’s file.
The model contributions include the 6-component cartesian stress tensor (in East, North, Up, tension positive) at each grid point, and then several values calculated from the tensor components that describe different aspects of the orientation or magnitude of the 3-D tensor. For visualization of these models, see the CSM web viewer on the SCEC CSM homepage, https://www.scec.org/research/csm.
From 2012 - 2016, the CSM working group undertook a series of comparison exercises to understand where the models agree and disagree about the orientation and magnitude of stress and stressing rate. Broadly, stress models tend to agree in orientation but disagree about magnitude. Stressing rate models tend to agree along major fault segments, but disagree in secondary fault or off-fault areas. For details see the SCEC CSM homepage,
https://www.scec.org/research/csm
Uncertainties in dating constrain model choice for inferring extinction time from fossil records
No full textAbstract not available.Frédérik Saltré, Barry W. Brook, Marta Rodríguez-Rey, Alan Cooper, Christopher N. Johnson, Chris S.M. Turney, Corey J.A. Bradsha
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