323,216 research outputs found
Timar Rûznâmçe Defterlerine Göre Saruhan Sancağı Timarlı Sipahileri (1595-1617)
No full textIn this thesis; with the help of identities and qualifications of the Timarli Sipahis, the Timarli Sipahis of Saruhan Sandjak’s and their social and military functions within the Ottoman empire have examined. The Saruhan Sandjak was one of the important sandjaks of the Ottoman empire and named as “Şehzadeler Sancağı / The Sandjak of the Şehzades”. The time we cover in our thesis is from 1595 to 1617, the reigns of Mehmed the Third and Ahmed the First. Because of the times of crisis, the Timar system had been begun to revise, and the emergence of Jelali Revolts had a negative influence upon the Sipahis in terms of political, socio-economic, military and social sides. While we examine the Timarli Sipahis we also would try to cover the course of events and their influence on the Saruhan Sandjak. Furthermore, the historical geography of Manisa at this time, implementation of Timar system in that region and the development of state-timar holder-peasant relations would be tried to clarify. In this study, a Timarli Sipahi profile had been tried to draw with the help of the rûznâmçe defters as our main source, also from the other sources.KABUL VE ONAY i
BİLDİRİM ii
YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI iii
ETİK BEYAN iv
TEŞEKKÜR v
ÖZET vi
ABSTRACT vii
İÇİNDEKİLER viii
KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ x
TABLOLAR DİZİNİ xi
1. GİRİŞ: ARAŞTIRMANIN KONUSU, ÖNEMİ VE SINIRI 1
1.1. KAYNAKLAR HAKKINDA 10
1.2. SARUHAN SANCAĞI HAKKINDA 14
2. TARİHSEL SÜREÇTE OSMANLI TİMAR SİSTEMİ 23
2.1. TİMAR SİSTEMİNİN TEMELLERİ VE UYGULANMASI 23
2.2. OSMANLI TİMAR SİSTEMİNİN TIKANMASI VE DÖNÜŞÜM SÜRECİ 33
3. SULTANIN TEVECCÜHTE BULUNDUĞU KULLAR: SARUHAN SANCAĞI’NDAKİ TİMAR VE ZEÂMET SAHİPLERİ 40
3.1. TİMAR TEVCİHATI 40
3.2. TİMARLI SİPAHİLERİN KİMLİĞİNE DAİR 45
3.3. TİMAR SAHİPLERİ 53
3.3.1. KALE GÖREVLİLERİ 72
3.4. ZEÂMET SAHİPLERİ 87
4. SARUHAN SİPAHİLERİNİN SANCAKTAKİ MEKÂNSAL DAĞILIMI 107
5. SONUÇ 153
KAYNAKÇA 156
EKLER 168
Ek 1: 1530 Yılına Ait Saruhan Sancağı’nı Gösteren Harita 169
Ek 2: Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Timar Rûznâmçe Defteri, No: 238 (s. 600-601) 170
Ek 3: Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Timar Rûznâmçe Defteri, No: 354 (s. 360-361) 171
Ek 4: Etik Kurul İzni Muafiyet Formu 172
Ek 5: Ethics Board Waiver Form 173
Ek 6: Orjinallik Raporu 174
Ek 7: Originality Report 175
ÖZGEÇMİŞ 176Bu tezde Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun önemli sancaklarından biri olan ve “Şehzadeler Sancağı" olarak adlandırılan Saruhan Sancağı’nın timarlı sipahilerin kimlikleri ve nitelikleri ile Osmanlı askerî ve sosyal yapısındaki fonksiyonları incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın zaman dilimi III. Mehmed ve I. Ahmed’in saltanat yıllarını içeren 1595-1617 yılları arasıdır. Buhran döneminin bir sonucu olarak timar sisteminin revizyona uğramaya başlaması ve Celâli isyanlarının Anadolu’da zuhur etmesi, sipahileri siyasi, sosyo-ekonomik, askerî ve toplumsal yönden olumsuz etkilemiştir. Timarlı sipahileri incelerken aynı zamanda bu dönemde yaşanan gelişmelerin Saruhan Sancağı’na olan etkisini de gözlemlemeye çalışacağız. Ayrıca, bu dönemin Manisa’nın tarihî coğrafyasına, timar sisteminin bölgede uygulanışına ve bu süreçte devlet-sipahi-köylü ilişkilerinin nasıl geliştiğine de açıklık getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada timar rûznâmçe defterleri esas kaynak olarak alınmakla beraber diğer kaynaklardan da istifade edilmek suretiyle bir timarlı sipahi profili çizilmeye uğraşılmıştır
"It was pure coincidence to stay alive..." Eva Timar - one life story
No full textPred vama je prvi broj iz serijala biografija koje će izlaziti prema redosledu dešavanja. Cilj nam je da predstavimo ljude koji su bili zatočeni u jednom od tri podlogora koncentracijskih logora na području Salzgittera. Nije uvijek moguće napisati sveobuhvatne biografije; ponekad izvještavamo samo o biografskim fragmentima ili posebnim aspektima. Arhiv „Memorijalnog i dokumentacijskog centra Drütte“ sadrži širok izbor izvornih materijala koji će biti osnova za seriju biografija. U velikim delovima brošure govore bivši logoraši s kojima smo imali lični kontakt, čiji intervjui ili memoari, pisma ili druga lična svedočanstva postoje u našoj arhivi. Citati upečatljivo pokazuju koliko je bio veliki prekid i kakav su uticaj na njihov dalji život imali progon i zatočenje u koncentracinom logoru. Nove publikacije u seriji posvećujemo svim bivšim zatočenicima koncentracijskih logora i njihovim porodicama. Zahvaljujemo im na podršci i ukazanom povjerenju.Vor Ihnen liegt das erste Heft einer Biografien-Reihe, die in lockerer Folge erscheinen wird. Unser Anliegen ist es, Menschen vorzustellen, die in einem der drei KZ-Außenlager im Salzgittergebiet inhaftiert waren. Nicht immer können umfassende Biografien verfasst werden, manchmal sind es nur biografische Splitter oder besondere Aspekte, über die wir berichten. Im Archiv der Gedenk- und Dokumentationsstätte KZ Drütte befinden sich unterschiedlichste Quellen, die die Grundlage der Biografien-Reihe bilden werden. Die ehemaligen KZ-Häftlinge, mit denen wir persönlichen Kontakt hatten, von denen Interviews oder Erinnerungsberichte, Briefe oder andere Selbstzeugnisse in unserem Archiv liegen, kommen in der Broschüre in weiten Passagen „selbst zu Wort“. Die Zitate zeigen eindrücklich, wie groß die Brüche in ihrem Leben waren und wie stark die Verfolgung und KZ-Haft ihr Weiterleben beeinflussten. Wir widmen die neue Veröffentlichungsreihe allen ehemaligen KZ-Häftlingen und ihren Familien. Wir danken ihnen für ihre Unterstützung und das uns entgegengebrachte Vertrauen.In front of you is the first issue of the series of biographies that will be published according to the order of events. Our goal is to present people who were imprisoned in one of the three concentration camp subcamps in the Salzgitter area. It is not always possible to write comprehensive biographies; sometimes we report only biographical fragments or special aspects. The "Memorial and Documentation Center Drütte" archive contains a wide selection of source materials that will form the basis of the biography series. In large parts of the brochure, former inmates with whom we had personal contact speak, whose interviews, memoirs, letters or other personal testimonies exist in our archive. The quotes impressively show how big the break was and what impact the persecution and imprisonment in the concentration camp had on their lives. We dedicate new publications in the series to all former concentration camp detainees and their families. We thank them for their support and trust.Original knjige na nemačkom jeziku dostupan je u JDB preko linka (the original book in German is available in JDL via the link): [https://jevrejskadigitalnabiblioteka.rs/handle/123456789/2653
Sur les relatons entre I'institution du timar et la bureaucratie religieuse dans I'organisation de I'administration de I'empire ottoman.
No full textOsmanlı yönetim sisteminin başlıca kurumlarından biri olan Timar Kurumu'nun geçmişi Selçuklu Yönetimindeki İkta Sistemine dayanmaktadır. Selçuklu yönetiminin bir devamı olarak ortaya çıkan Osmanlı Yönetimi'nde timar, askeri, mali, idari, iktisadi ve siyasi fonksiyonları bulunan bir kurum olarak gelişmiştir. Timar Kurumunun işleyişinde dini bürokrasinin önemi, iki yönde kendini göstermiştir; birisi, din bürokrasisi mensuplarına da timarların tevcih edilmiş olması, diğeri sistemin işlemesinde din bürokrasinin denetimi elinde tutmasıdır. Bu bakımdan timar kurumu ile din bürokrasisi arasında karşılıklı bir etkileşimin önemi öne çıkmaktadır.L ‘institution du Timar qui est un des importants institutions du systeme de l 'administration dans l'organisation de l'Empire Ottoman, s 'apyuye sur le systeme d'lqta chez Seldjoukides d'Anatolie. Le systeme de l'administration de l'Empire Ottoman, heritier des institutions administrative des Seldjoukides, qui avait cree l'institution du Timar. Il a fonetianne dans le cadre militaire, financiaire, administrative, economique et politique dans l'organisation de cet Etat. Les timars avaient ete donne aux spahistimariotes et aux hommes religieuse qui avaient forme "la bureaucratie religieuse ". Elle contrölaient le systeme du Timar. Ainsi, il y avait des reliations entre l'institution du Timar et la bureaucratie religieuse dans ce systeme administration
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Luminescence properties of natural muscovite relevant to optical dating of contaminated quartz samples
No full textMuscovite is a mineral commonly found along quartz in sediments, where the latter is the mineral of choice in numerous optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating studies. Since muscovite cannot be efficiently eliminated following standard laboratory treatments, it is important to assess its luminescence properties. This study is focused on the investigation of muscovite hand-picked from a quartz sample extracted from loess and of museum specimens of muscovite in order to evaluate their potential implication in the OSL dating of quartz samples contaminated with muscovite grains. The obtained results show that generally applicable luminescence characteristics cannot be described for muscovite. In terms of the thermoluminescence (TL) response, all samples investigated display the same wide peak at 200 °C. The blue light and infrared (IR) sensitivities differ between the samples: 3 out of 5 samples present no or negligible level of OSL and IRSL response, while the other 2 samples are characterised by both blue light (2000–3400 counts in 0.31 s of stimulation for 10 mg of muscovite after irradiation with a dose of 136 Gy) and IR sensitivity (265–320 counts in 0.31 s of stimulation for 10 mg of muscovite after irradiation with a dose of 136 Gy). Based on the samples analysed in this study, aliquots of quartz contaminated with optically (blue light) sensitive muscovite would also be IR sensitive. Hence, potentially problematic aliquots can be identified via the IRSL purity test usually used in the OSL dating of quartz samples for detection of feldspar contamination. The impact of muscovite on dose determination for quartz was also tested and it was concluded that at least in the case of bright quartz, muscovite minerals do not influence the OSL measurements.</p
The Timar Sistem
No full textOsmansko Carstvo, pa tako i sami timarski sustav koji se obrađuje u ovom završnom radu je veoma zanimljiv. Najbolje početi od krize koja je bila nakon srednjeg vijeka. Osmanlije su doživjele velike poraze kod Ankare koji su vrlo lako mogli uzrokovati potpun raspad, ali u prvoj polovici petnaestog stoljeća stvorila se prilika da Osmanlije obnove nekada velik položaj. Sve to je započelo osvajanjem velikog Carigrada 1453. godine. Tadašnji vladar Bajazid I. je time ostvario svoj osvajački cilj. Nadalje što se tiče samog uspona, Osmansko Carstvo je imalo zaista težak početak zbog kriza, ratova, ali su događaji nakon 1402. godine toliko čvrsto uspostavili nadmoć Osmanlija nad ostalim kneževinama da su one tijekom sljedećih tridesetak godina postale osmanski vazali. Ključni je događaj bio uspostavljanje osmanskih uporišta na Balkanu, s izgledima neograničenog širenja prema zapadu. Početni prelazak iz Anatolije u Europu bio je težak budući da su Dardaneli bili u kršćanskim rukama. Mnogo osoba je utjecalo na razvitak i postojanje Osmanskog Carstva, bilo ih je zaista mnogo. Osobe koje su bitno utjecale na razvitak i uspješan tijek Carstva bile su: Mehmed II. Osvajač, Selim I., Sulejman I. Veličanstveni. Što se tiče upravnog dijela Carstva postojala je središnja uprava. Središnja uprava zvala se Carsko vijeće, izvorno. U tadašnjoj osmanskoj državi, središnja uprava je bila glavna djelatnost. Iako je veliki divan bio prije osmanskoga. On se sastajao povremeno da bi razmotrio tužbe naroda i donio pozitivna rješenja, u pravilu najviši sud, ali i glavni izvor sudstva. Saslušanje u pravilu izgledalo tako da je sultan u rano jutarnje doba jednu široku i uzdignutu sofu, dok bi ljudi bili na udaljenosti s koje su mogli vidjeti sultana. Naposljetku što se tiče samog Timarskog sustava. U ambiciji da se stabilizira sustav timara i održava neprekidnu kontrolu, skup najviših ljudi po položaju morali su definirati vrste zarade u regijama i sastaviti liste koji će pokazati razdiobu zarada.The Ottoman Empire, as well as the timar system itself, which is covered in this final paper, is very interesting. It is the best to start with the crisis that was after the middle ages. The Ottomans suffered great defeats near Ankara, which could easily have caused a complete collapse, but in the first 50 years after the 1500., an opportunity arose for the Ottomans to restore their once great position. It all began with conquest of great Constantinople 1453. Then ruler Bayazid I thus achieved his goal of conquest. Furthermore, regarding the rise itself, the Ottoman Empire had a really difficult beginning due to crises and wars, but the events after 1402. so firmly established the supremacy of the Ottomans over the other principalities that they became Ottoman vassals during the next thirty years. The key event was the establishment of Ottoman strongholds in the Balkans, with the prospect of unlimited westward expansion. The initial transition from Anatolia to Europe was difficult since the Dardanelles were in Christian hands. Many people influenced the development and existence of the Ottoman Empire, there were really many of them. People who significantly influenced the development and successful course of the Empire were: Mehmed II. Conqueror, Selim I., Suleiman I. Magnificent. As for the administrative part of the Empire, there was a central administration. The central administration was called the Imperial Council, originally. In the Middle Eastern country, it was considered the most important activity of the government. Although the great divan was before the Ottoman divan. the sultan met periodically to hear people's complaints and correct injustices, usually the supreme court, but also the highest authority. As a rule, the hearing looked like the sultan in the early morning on a wide and elevated sofa, while people would be at a distance from which they could see the sultan. Finally, what concerns the Timar system itself. For the sake of timar system and keep it constant with high supervision, people with the highest pole positons needed to define all the origins of income in regions and assemble lists that would show the distribution of the sources
Validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the depression Patient’s Health Questionnaire – 9 in the Romanian population of patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
No full textNicoleta Lupascu,1 Bogdan Timar,2,3 Alin Albai,1,3 Deiana Roman,1 Ovidiu Potre,4,5 Romulus Timar1,31Second Department of Internal Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania; 2Department of Functional Sciences, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania; 3Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, “Pius Brinzeu” Emergency Hospital, Timisoara, Romania; 4First Department of Internal Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania; 5Department of Hematology, Municipal Emergency Hospital, Timisoara, RomaniaPurpose: To validate and to evaluate the performance in depression screening of the Patient’s Health Questionnaire – 9 (PHQ-9) for Romanian patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).Patients and methods: In a consecutive-case, population-based, non-interventional study design 107 hospitalized patients with T2DM were enrolled. The PHQ-9 was evaluated in regard to its acceptability, ceiling and floor effect, reproducibility, and test–retest performance. Its validity was tested by comparing it to the Beck depression scale, which is a validated tool for this patient population.Results: The PHQ-9 questionnaire had an excellent acceptability, having no non-responders for any of its questions and a median completion time of 3 mins and 12 s, a good reliability with a Cronbach’s α=0.897 [0.865–0.924] 95%CI, a good test–retest performance (Spearman’s rho =0.972; p<0.001 between two administrations of the test) without any ceiling or floor effect observed for the total score. At the same time, the score demonstrated a good validity when compared to a more complex and previously validated instrument like the Beck depression scale (Spearman’s rho =0.777; p<0.001). The limits of agreement (Bland-Altmann analysis) between the two measurements are 2.6 to −2.5 points.Conclusion: The PHQ-9 is a valid, useful instrument for depression screening in Romanian patients with T2DM.Keywords: questionnaire validation, depression screening, chronic diseases, screening instrument, depression in diabete
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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