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Optimization of Gluten-Free Bread Formulation with Quercus pubescens Acorn Flour, Whey Proteins and Xanthan Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Computer Vision Analysis
No full textU ovom radu istražen je utjecaj dodatka koncentrata proteina sirutke i ksantan gume na fizikalna, strukturna, teksturalna i senzorska svojstva kruha bez glutena pripremljenog na osnovi mješavine rižinog brašna i brašna žira hrasta medunca (Quercus pubescens). Primjenom metode odzivnih površina (RSM) ispitani su odgovori: svjetlina i kromatske komponente boje (L*, a*, b*), teksturalni parametri (otpornost na žvakanje, elastičnost, kohezivnost), broj i veličina šupljina, ukupna poroznost, specifični volumen i senzorska prihvatljivost. Rezultati su pokazali da oba dodatka imaju značajan, često nelinearan i međusobno ovisan utjecaj na navedena svojstva. Proteini sirutke povećali su svjetlinu (L*), veličinu šupljina i ukupnu poroznost, ali smanjili broj šupljina, kohezivnost i elastičnost. Ksantan guma je povećala broj šupljina, otpornost na žvakanje, elastičnost, kohezivnost i senzorsku prihvatljivost, no u višim koncentracijama djelovala je negativno na teksturalna svojstva. Kvadratni i linearni modeli imali su visoke vrijednosti koeficijenata determinacije (R² > 0,9), a računalna analiza slike omogućila je objektivnu kvantifikaciju strukturnih promjena. Optimalna formulacija (15 % proteina sirutke, 1,47 % ksantan gume) rezultirala je najvišom senzorskom ocjenom (7,83/9), dobrom poroznošću (33,12 %) i minimalnim otporom žvakanju. Statistički modeli i provedena optimizacija pokazali su visoku pouzdanost i primjenjivost u razvoju i industrijskoj validaciji bezglutenskih formulacija.This study investigated the effects of whey protein concentrate and xanthan gum on the physical, structural, textural, and sensory properties of gluten-free bread formulated from a mixture of rice flour and downy oak (Quercus pubescens) acorn flour. Using response surface methodology (RSM), key quality parameters were evaluated, including crumb color (L*, a*, b*), textural attributes (chewiness, elasticity, cohesiveness), pore number and size, total porosity, specific volume, and sensory acceptability. The results showed that both additives exerted significant, often nonlinear and interactive effects on the measured responses. Whey protein increased crumb brightness (L*), pore size, and porosity, but decreased the number of pores, elasticity, and cohesiveness. Xanthan gum enhanced pore number, chewiness, elasticity, cohesiveness, and sensory quality, but at higher concentrations, it negatively affected texture. The statistical models showed high predictive reliability (R² > 0.9), and image analysis was successfully used to objectively quantify crumb structure. The optimal formulation (15% whey protein, 1.47% xanthan gum) achieved the highest sensory score (7.83/9), favorable porosity (33.12%), and minimal chewiness. The RSM models and optimization confirmed the potential for application in the development and industrial validation of gluten-free formulations
Development and Characterization of Novel Ice Cream Enriched with Almond Oil Cake
No full textTijekom proizvodnje hladno prešanog bademovog ulja nastaje nusproizvod poznat kao uljna pogača, koji sve više privlači pozornost zbog mogućnosti primjene u obogaćivanju prehrambenih proizvoda. Zadatak ovog diplomskog rada bio je ispitati svojstva sladoleda u kojem je brašno uljne pogače badema korišteno kao zamjena za 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, te 100 % obranog mlijeka u prahu. Dobiveni uzorci su uspoređeni s kontrolnim uzorkom koji nije sadržavao brašno badema. Određena je titracijska kiselost, porast volumena sladoleda, tvrdoća, parametri boje te svojstva topljenja sladoleda. Dodatak brašna uljne pogače badema u sladoled rezultirao je smanjenjem titracijske kiselosti, porastom vrijednosti tvrdoće te blagim smanjenjem udjela inkorporiranog zraka. Također, uzorci s dodanim brašnom badema pokazali su sporije topljenje i tamniju boju u odnosu na kontrolni uzorak, pri čemu su ostali parametri boje ukazivali na pomak prema crvenim i žutim tonovima. S obzirom na dobivene rezultate, može se zaključiti da se brašno uljne pogače badema može koristiti kao prikladna zamjena mlijeka u prahu u proizvodnji sladoleda, uz potencijalno poboljšanje njegovih fizikalno-kemijskih, ali i nutritivnih svojstava.During the production of cold-pressed almond oil, a by-product known as oil cake is generated. This by-product has been gaining increasing attention due to its potential application in the enrichment of food products. The task of this thesis was to examine the properties of ice cream samples in which almond press cake flour was used as a substitute for 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of skim milk powder. The resulting samples were compared with a control sample that did not contain almond flour. The titratable acidity, overrun, hardness, colour, and melting properties were determined. The addition of almond oil cake flour resulted in a decrease in titratable acidity of the ice cream, an increase in hardness values, and a slight reduction in the amount of incorporated air. Furthermore, samples with added almond flour exhibited slower melting rates and darker colouration compared to the control sample, with colour parameters indicating a shift towards red and yellow hues. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that almond oil cake flour represents a suitable substitute for skim milk powder in ice cream production, with the potential to improve its physicochemical, and possibly nutritional properties
Effect of artificial sweeteners on the insulin signaling pathway of human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y
No full textUvod: Neurodegenerativne bolesti predstavljaju sve veći zdravstveni problem u populacijama zemalja razvijenog svijeta. Nekoliko istraživanja ukazuje na povezanost inzulinske rezistencije s razvojem Alzheimerove i Parkinsonove bolesti. Sukraloza podiže razinu glukoze i inzulina kod pretilih ženama. Vrlo male doze natrijeva ciklamata mogu poremetiti diferencijaciju i proliferaciju osteoblasta.
Ciljevi: Ciljevi ovog istraživanja su bili ispitati učinke tretmana triju koncentracija natrijeva ciklamata (1 mM, 10 mM, 100 mM) i sukraloze (0,2 mM, 2 mM, 20 mM) samostalno, te u kombinacijama s inzulinom i levodopom na preživljenje, inzulinski signalni put i metabolički odgovor diferenciranih stanica ljudskog neuroblastoma.
Materijali i metode: Diferencirane SH-SY5Y stanice su tretirane sladilima i dodatnim tretmanima. Citotoksičan učinak tretmana određen je MTT testom. Aktivnost inzulinskog signalnog puta ispitala se Western blot metodom. Ukupni učinak tretmana na metabolički odgovor tretiranih stanica ispitan je MALDI-TOF MS metodom.
Rezultati: Stanice tretirane sukralozom u sve tri koncentracije gdje je kao dodatni tretman korištena i levodopa imale su značajno veće preživljenje u odnosu na netretiranu ili inzulinom tretiranu kontrolnu skupinu. Natrijev ciklamat je na preživljenje stanica imao o koncentraciji ovisan učinak. Najmanja koncentracija značajno je povećala preživljenje stanice neovisno o dodatnom tretmanu inzulinom ili levodopom.
Zaključak: Sukraloza i natrijev ciklamat u kombinaciji s inzulinom i levodopom sprječavaju apoptozu diferenciranih stanica ljudskog neuroblastoma u određenim koncentracijama putem inzulinskog signalnog puta. Međutim, potrebno je istražiti učinak ovih sladila na ostale metaboličke puteve.Introduction: Neurodegenerative diseases represent an increasing health problem in the populations of countries in the Western world. Several studies indicate a connection between insulin resistance and the development of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Sucralose raises glucose and insulin levels in obese women. Very small doses of sodium cyclamate can disrupt the differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts.
Objectives: The objectives of this research were to examine the effects of three concentrations of sodium cyclamate (1 mM, 10 mM, 100 mM) and sucralose (0,2 mM, 2 mM, 20 mM) independently and in combination with insulin and levodopa on survival, insulin signaling pathway and metabolic response of differentiated human neuroblastoma cells.
Material and methods: Differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were treated with sweeteners and additional treatments. The cytotoxic effect of the treatment was determined by the MTT test. The activity of the insulin signaling pathway was examined using the Western blot method. The overall effect on the metabolic response of the treated cells was determined by the MALDI-TOF MS method.
Results: Cells treated with sucralose in all three concentrations, where levodopa was also used as an additional treatment, had significantly higher survival compared to the untreated or insulin-treated control group. Sodium cyclamate had a concentration-dependent effect on SH-SY5Y cells survival. The lowest concentration significantly increased cell survival independent of additional treatment with insulin or levodopa.
Conclusion: Sucralose and sodium cyclamate in combination with insulin and levodopa prevent apoptosis of differentiated human neuroblastoma cells in certain concentrations via the insulin signaling pathway. However, it is necessary to investigate the effect of these sweeteners on other metabolic pathways
RECOVERY OF WINTER WHEAT SEEDLINGS SUBJECTED TO DROUGHT INDUCED BY POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
No full textSuša je važan okolišni stres koji ograničava biljnu proizvodnju širom svijeta, a pšenica (Triticum aestivum L.) je
jedna je od glavnih prehrambenih žitarica pogođenih sušom. Cilj je bio istražiti na koji način se šest sorti ozime
pšenice suočavaju s dehidracijom i oporavkom na morfološkoj, fiziološkoj i biokemijskoj razini. Tri dana stari
klijanci izloženi su fiziološkoj suši tijekom šest dana (-0,3 MPa), nakon čega je uslijedio jedan dan rehidracije do
oporavka. Visoki sadržaj prolina, minimalno smanjenje relativnog sadržaja vode i zadržavanje stabilnosti staničnih
membrana istraživanih kultivara u uvjetima suše usko su povezani i ukazuju na visoku sposobnost tolerancije na
dehidraciju. Fluorescencija klorofila a listova klijanaca pokazala je visoku stabilnost kvantnog prinosa primarne
fotokemije PS II u uvjetima blagog stresa ukazujući da mlađa fotosintetska tkiva imaju visoku toleranciju na sušu.
Kultivar L459-2012 zadržao je visoku stabilnost fotosintetskog aparata tijekom dehidracije i rehidracije. Kod
ostalih kultivara, a najviše kod Osk 4.40/7-82 i 381/06 promjena amplitude iz pozitivne u negativnu sugerira da
dolazi do povećanja grupiranosti jedinica PSII te veće razmjene energije rehidracijom ukazujući da je kod tih
kultivara prethodna dehidracija imala u osnovi pozitivan efekt na fotosintetski aparat i da ukupna stabilnost sustava
nije oštećena. Zaključno, kratkotrajno izlaganje suši može biti korisno za rast pšenice u ranoj fazi razvoja, što u
konačnici može pridonijeti našem razumijevanju načina na koji biljke maksimalno iskorištavaju ograničene vodne
resurse.Drought is an important environmental stress, limiting crop production worldwide, and wheat (Triticum aestivum
L.) is one of the main cereals affected by drought. The aim was to investigate how six winter wheat cultivars face
dehydration and recovery at the morphological, physiological, and biochemical levels. Three-day-old seedlings
were exposed to physiological drought (-0,3 MPa) for six days, followed by one day of rehydration treatment for
recovery. High proline content, a minimal decrease of relative water content, and the stability of cell membranes
were closely related and indicated the high ability of dehydration tolerance. High efficiency of PSII primary
photochemistry under mild stress conditions obtained by fluorescence measurement also indicated high drought
tolerance of young photosynthetic tissues. Cultivar L459-2012 retained high stability of the photosynthetic
apparatus during both dehydration and rehydration treatment. In other cultivars, especially in Osk 4.40/7-82 and
Osk 381/06, an amplitude changed from positive to negative, suggesting that the PSII units had better excitation
energy utilization upon recovery and the overall system stability was not damaged. To conclude, despite the
variabilities in cultivars' response to water deficit and recovery, the results showed the beneficial effect of shortterm drought for early-stage wheat growth, which can ultimately contribute to our understanding of how plants
make maximum use of limited water resources
TEACHERS COMPETENCIES IN HUMAN SEXUALITY EDUCATION
No full textSpolna edukacija iznimno je važan i nužan dio obrazovanja, a može ju se definirati kao prikladan dobi, točan i
realan pristup poučavanju o ljudskoj spolnosti te treba obuhvaćati i pozitivne i negativne aspekte seksualnosti.
Cilj diplomskog rada je utvrditi koliko se učitelji i nastavnici osjećaju kompetentno poučavati o ljudskoj
spolnosti, koje teme rijetko ili nikada ne poučavaju te koliko pojedini čimbenici utječu na odabir teme prilikom
poučavanja o ljudskoj spolnosti. Cilj je također utvrditi i koje strategije, metode i oblike rada učitelji i
nastavnici najčešće, odnosno najrjeđe primjenjuju pri poučavanju o ljudskoj spolnosti te utvrditi potrebu za
metodički razrađenim i izrađenim prijedlogom u svrhu češće primjene pojedinih strategija, metoda i oblika
rada s pridruženom temom. Analizirani su kurikulumi nastavnih predmeta Prirode i Biologije i međupredmetne
teme Zdravlje te je tijekom školske godine 2019./2020. provedena anketa zatvorenog tipa. Utvrđeno je da
učitelji i nastavnici smatraju da su djelomično kompetentni poučavati o ljudskoj spolnosti, a odabir tema koje
ne poučavaju nikada ili ih rijetko poučavaju te strategija, metoda i oblika rada koje ne primjenjuju nikada ili ih
rijetko i ponekad primjenjuju u skladu je s odabirom tema, kao i strategija, metoda i oblika rada za koje smatraju
da je potreban metodički razrađeni i izrađen prijedlog – odabiru teme Masturbacija, Nasilje u vezama i
Različite seksualne orijentacije (homoseksualnost, biseksualnost, transrodnost,...) te odabiru Rješavanje
problema – „case study“.Sex education is an extremely important and necessary part of education. It can be defined as age-appropriate,
accurate and realistic approach to teaching about human sexuality, and should include both positive and
negative aspects of sexuality. The aim of this paper is to determine the competence of teachers in teaching
about human sexuality, which topics are considered important and which are never or rarely taught, and which
strategies and methods are most often used. Also, the aim is to determine the need for a methodologically
elaborated and developed proposal for lesson preparation in order to apply certain strategies and methods with
associated topics more often. The curricula of the Sciences and Biology and the cross-curricular topic Health
were analyzed and, during the school year of 2019/2020., a closed type survey was conducted. Teachers feel
partially competent to teach about human sexuality. Choice of topics they never or rarely teach and strategies
and methods they never or rarely apply is consistent with choice of topics, strategies and methods that they
believe need methodically elaborated and developed proposal for lesson preparation, i.e. teachers are choosing
Masturbation, Violence in relationships and Different sexual orientations (homosexuality, bisexuality,
transgenderism, ...) and they are choosing Problem solving – „case study“
EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY AND ANTIOXIDATIVE RESPONSE OF SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERR.)
No full textSoja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) predstavlja jednu od ekonomski najvažnijih usjeva u svijetu zbog njene hranidbene
vrijednosti. Kako bi se optimizirao prinos soje, koristi se široki spektar komercijalnih herbicida namijenjenih za
kontrolu korova u usjevima. Iako su korišteni herbicidi selektivni, i dalje mogu uzrokovati oksidacijski stres soje,
a da bi se održala homeostaza unutar biljke aktivira se antioksidacijski odgovor. U ovome radu cilj je bio istražiti
izazivaju li komercijalni herbicidi oksidacijski stres kod dvije sorte soje Ika i Zora te utvrditi kako ti herbicidi
utječu na protok energije po aktivnim reakcijskim središtima fotosustava II. Rezultati su pokazali različit odgovor
dviju sorti soje na tretman herbicidima tijekom razvoja. Obje istraživane sorte soje pokazale su da tretman
herbicidima nije doveo do oksidacijskog stresa, no pokazale su različite mehanizme prilagodbe tijekom razvoja.
Protok energije po aktivnim reakcijskim središtima fotosustava II te povezanost dijelova fotosustava II također je
pokazao različit odgovor Ike i Zore tijekom razvoja na tretman herbicidima koji su pokazali negativan utjecaj
ponajviše na transportni lanac elektrona kod obje sorte.Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is one of the most economically important crops in the world due to its nutritional
value. To optimize soybean yield, a wide range of commercial herbicides intended for weed control in crops are
used. Although used herbicides are selective, they can still cause oxidative stress to soybeans. To maintain
homeostasis within the plant, a response of the antioxidant system is activated. In this paper, the aim was to
investigate whether commercial herbicides cause oxidative stress in two soybean cultivars Ika and Zora and to
determine how these herbicides affect the energy fluxes through the active reaction centres of photosystem II. The
results showed a different response of the two soybean cultivars to herbicide treatment during development. Both
investigated soybean cultivars showed that herbicide treatment did not lead to oxidative stress. However, they
showed different adaptation mechanisms during development. The energy fluxes through the active reaction centres
of photosystem II and the connection within photosystem II also showed a different response of Ika and Zora to
herbicide treatment during development. A negative impact was observed mainly on the electron transport chain
in both varieties
CHIRONOMID COMMUNITY (DIPTERA, CHIRONOMIDAE) IN MACROZOOBENTHOS OF ISTRIAN PONDS AND THE SWAMP PALUD
No full textMakrozoobentos čine beskralježnjaci koji veći dio životnog ciklusa provode na ili u sedimentu, a veći su od 500 µm.
Zbog svoje mogućnosti prilagodbe, jednu od najdominantnijih skupina makrozoobentosa slatkovodnih staništa čine
ličinke trzacala (Diptera, Chironomidae), a prisutni su u svim tipovima vodenih staništa. U močvari Palud te četiri
bare u Istarskoj županiji 16. ožujka 2019. izmjereni su fizikalno-kemijski parametri vode (temperatura, salinitet,
prozirnost, zasićenost O2 i određen je BPK 5) te je grabilom površine 0,029 m2 uzorkovan sediment. U sedimentu je
određen postotak suhe i organske tvari. Iz sedimenta su izolirane i prebrojane jedinke makrobeskralježnjaka, a ličinke
trzalaca determinirane su do najniže moguće taksonomske kategorije. Zabilježni su predstavnici 12 taksonomskih
skupina: Bivalvia, Oligochaeta, Araneae, Hydrachnidia i Copepoda te kukci skupina: Chironomidae,
Ceratopogonidae, Coleoptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera i Heteroptera. U makrozoobentosu svih staništa
prevladavale su ličinke trzalaca osim u bari Pili, gdje su prevladavale ličinke komarčića (Ceratopogonidae).
Zabilježeno je 11 svojti ličinki trzalaca koji pripadaju trima potporodicama (Tanypodinae, Orthocladiinae i
Chironominae). Najbrojnije su bile svojte Chironomus salinarius, Chironomus plumosus agg. i Tanypus vilipennis.
Temperatura vode, zasićenost kisikom i salinitet utvrđeni su kao parametri koji najznačajnije utječu na sastav
makrozoobentosa. Također je zabilježeno povećanje broja svojti makrozoobentosa smanjenjem organske tvari u
sedimentu. Utvrđeno je da su povećanjem saliniteta vode u sedimentu prisutne halotolerantne i halofilne vrste poput
Chironomus salinarius u močvari Palud. S obzirom na oskudna istraživanja te važnost bara kao izvora bioraznolikosti
i zanimljivu strukturu makrozoobentosa te zajednice trzalaca, važno je nastaviti i proširiti ovakva istraživanja.Macrozoobenthos are invertebrates which spend most part of their life cycle in or near the bottom substrate and are
larger than 500 µm. Because of their ability to adapt, Chironomidae (Diptera) larvae represent one of the most
abundant groups of macrozoobenthos in freshwater habitats, but can also be found in all types of aquatic habitats. On
March 16th 2019, physico-chemical parameters of water were analysed (temperature, salinity, transparency, O2
saturation and BOD 5) and sediment was sampled with a Van Veen sampler of 0,029 m2 in the swamp Palud and 4
Istrian ponds. A percentage of dry and organic matter in the sediment was calculated. Macrozoobentos individuals
have been isolated and counted, and chironomid larvae were determined to the lowest possible taxonomic category.
We recorded representatives of 12 taxa groups: Bivalvia, Oligochaeta, Araneae, Hydrachnidia and Copepoda, and
Insecta representatives: Chironomidae, Ceratopogonidae, Coleoptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera and
Heteroptera. Chironomid larvae dominated the macrozoobenthos of all habitats, except the pond Pili, where the most
abundant family was Ceratopogonidae. Eleven chironomid taxa were recorded which belong to three subfamilies
(Tanypodinae, Orthocladiinae and Chironominae). Most abundant were Chironomus salinarius, Chironomus
plumosus agg. i Tanypus vilipennis. Water temperature, oxygen saturation and salinity were found to have the most
influence on community structure. It has also been noticed that with the decrease of organic matter in the substrate,
there is an increase in the macrozoobenthos diversity. The increase of the salinity is evidently supporting the presence
of halotolerant and halophilic species, like Chironomus salinarius in the Palud, whilst the freshwater species were
absent. The lack of data and the importance of ponds as biodiversity hot-spots which support the development of such
interesting communities, emphasize the importance of continuing and expanding this kind of research
ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE EXTRACTS OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF WHITE GRAPES (Vitis Vinifera L.)
No full textPrisutnost polifenola u pokožici predmet je brojnih istraživanja zbog njihovih pozitivnih učinaka na ljudsko
zdravlje. Polifenolni spojevi u grožđu zastupljeni su u dvije osnovne kategorije: flavonoidi i neflavonoidi. U
skupinu flavonoida ubrajaju se flavan-3-oli, flavonoli, flavanoli i antocijani, a u kategoriji neflavonoida
zastupljeni su stilbeni, te fenolne kiseline (hidroksibenzojeve i hidroksicimetne). Najznačajniju razliku između
crnog i bijelog grožđa čini prisutnost antocijanina u polifenolnom sastavu crnog grožđa. Pokožica bijelog
grožđa nije dovoljno proučena u usporedbi s crvenim sortama, zbog nižeg sadržaja antocijanina i
proantocijanidina. Međutim, pokožica bijelog grožđa bogat je izvor flavonoida i stilbena s važnim svojstvima
za promicanje zdravlja. Sadržaj ukupnih fenolnih spojeva ovisi o raznolikosti prisutnih čimbenika kao što su
svijetlost, temperatura, okoliš i agrotehničke metode. Za izolaciju fenolnih spojeva služe raznolike metode
ekstrakcije koje se biraju prema određenim čimbenicima za pojedinu sortu.The presence of polyphenols in the epidermis has been the subject of numerous studies due to their positive
effects on human health. Polyphenolic compounds in grapes are represented in two basic categories: flavonoids
and nonflavonoids. The group of flavonoids includes flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavanols and anthocyanins, and
the category of non-flavonoids includes stilbenes and phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic).
The most significant difference between red and white grapes is the presence of anthocyanins in the
polyphenolic composition of red grapes. The skin of white grapes has not been sufficiently studied compared
to red varieties, due to the lower content of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins. However, the skin of white
grapes is a rich source of flavonoids and stilbenes with important health-promoting properties. The content of
total fenolic compounds depends on the variety of factors present such as light, temperature, environment and
agrotechnical methods. A variety of extraction methods are used to isolate phenolic compounds, which are
selected according to certain factors for each variety
Domestication and breed development of domestic cat
No full textDomaća mačka, Felis silvestris catus, pripitomljena je na Bliskom istoku kada su
ljudi počeli graditi trajna naselja. Brojni su dokazi odnosa ljudi i različitih vrsta mačaka
tijekom prošlosti, ali samo je europska divlja mačka, Felis silvestris silvestris pripitomljena,
te je ona predak današnje domaće mačke, Felis silvestris catus. Tek se u 19. stoljeću mačke
počinju uzgajati zbog njihove ljepote, a ne samo zbog njihove koristi u lovu na štetočine, što
je ujedno bio i glavni razlog pripitomljavanja. Na prvoj izložbi mačaka 1871. godine
predstavljene su neke od najstarijih pasmina kao što su perzijske, sijamske i manks mačke,
a nakon izložbe povećao se uzgoj novih pasmina te je danas u svijetu priznato preko 50
pasmina mačaka.The domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus, was domesticated in the Middle East
when humans began building permanent settlements. There are many evidence of
relationships between humans and different cat species over the past, but only the European
wild cat, Felis silvestris silvestris, has been domesticated and it is the ancestor of the presentday domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus. It was not until the 19th century that people began
to breed cats for their beauty, not just for their benefits in pest hunting, which was also the
main reason for domestication. The first cat show in 1871 featured some of the oldest cat
breeds such as Persian, Siamese and Manx. After the show number of new breeds increased,
and today over 50 cat breeds are recognized worldwide
APPLICATION OF PHOTOGRAPHY IN ALGAE AND CYANOBACTERIA DETERMINATION
No full text“Whole slide imaging” (WSI) je relativno nova fotomikrografska metoda koja se koristi za dobivanje
fotomikrografija velike razlučivosti cjelokupnog preparata. Komercijalni WSI sustavi su relativno skupi što
ovisi o različitim stupnjevima mogućnosti koje WSI moţe imati, stoga će u ovom radu biti predstavljena
povoljna opcija stvaranja WSI fotomikrografija, koja je testirana na algalnim preparatima. WSI još nije
primijenjen u fikologiji te ovaj rad daje uvid u potencijalnu upotrebu ove metode za determinaciju algi
prilikom kvalitativne i/ili kvantitativne analize. Pomoću digitalne kamere/fotoaparata, adaptera i računalnog
programa, moguće je svaki mikroskop pretvoriti u jednostavan WSI sustav, što ima veliki potencijal u
srednjem i visokoškolskom obrazovanju.“Whole slide imaging” (WSI) is a relatively new photomicrography method which is utilized for acquiring
high-resolution photomicrographs. Commercial WSI systems are expensive and with different numbers of
options, therefore we will present affordable options for creating WSI photographs. There are no examples of
WSI application in phycology so the system was tested on algal slides to provide insight into the potential use
of WSI in algae determination for qualitative and/or quantitative analysis. Using a DSLR, adapter and
software, it is possible to convert any microscope into a simple WSI system, which also has big potential in
highschool and university education