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    INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE EXTREMES ON ZOOPLANKTON DEVELOPMENT DURING THE SPRING – SUMMER PERIOD

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    Planktonski rakovi zauzimaju ključni trofički poloţaj unutar slatkovodne hranidbene mreţe, a njihov razvoj ovisan je o temperaturi. Cilj provedenog istraţivanja bio je utvrditi imaju li zabiljeţene normalne i ekstremne temperature u proljetnom (travanj – lipanj) i ljetnom razdoblju (srpanj – rujan) 2012., 2013. i 2016. godine utjecaj na kvalitativni i kvantitativni sastav zajednice planktonskih rakova u jezeru Sakadaš (Park prirode Kopački rit). Uzorci vode za hidrobiološke analize prikupljeni su iz površinskog sloja jezera Sakadaš mjesečnom dinamikom. Struktura zajednice zooplanktona opisana je indeksima, a vrijednosti mjerenih fizikalno – kemijskih čimbenika usporeĎene su statistički primjenom t-testa i jednosmjerne analize varijance. Zajednicom rašljoticalaca dominirale su manje forme, dok su zajednicom veslonoţaca dominirali ciklopoidni veslonošci i njihovi razvojni stadiji. Brojnost i biomasa planktonskih rakova značajno su se razlikovale izmeĎu proljeća i ljeta pri čemu su veće vrijednosti zabiljeţene u proljeće. Istraţivanjem je utvrĎeno da temperatura utječe na sezonske sukcesije i moţe doprinositi meĎugodišnjim varijabilnostima u sastavu zajednice, no značajniji je indirektan utjecaj kroz dostupnost hranjivih tvari i predaciju. Istovremeno s temperaturom značajan utjecaj su imali prozirnost, koncentracija klorofila a te koncentracija dušika.Microcrustacean zooplankton constitutes a major component of freshwater food webs and their development depends on temperature. The aim of this study was to determine whether the recorded normal and extreme temperatures have an impact on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microcrustacean community in Lake Sakadaš (Kopački rit Nature Park) during spring (April – June) and summer (July – September) of 2012., 2013. and in 2016. Water samples for hydrobiological analyses were collected monthly from the upper layer of Lake Sakadaš. The structure of the zooplankton community was described using indexes and the values of the measured physico – chemical parameters were compared using a statistical application of the t-test and one – way ANOVA. Small forms dominated in the cladoceran community, while cyclopoid copepods with juvenile forms were dominant in the copepod community. The abundance and biomass were significantly different between spring and summer with higher numbers recorded in spring. The present study found an impact of temperature on seasonal succession and contribution to interannual variability in community structure and an indirect impact through nutrient availability and predation. Simultaneously with the temperature, transparency, chlorophyll – a concentration and nitrogen concentration influenced the microcrustacean zooplankton community

    THE IMPACT OF APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT MACROPOROUS ADSORPTION RESINS AND DESORPTION SOLVENTS ON ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF SAGE LEAF EXTRACTS (Salvia officinalis L.) OBTAINED BY EUTECTIC SOLVENT

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    Kadulja (Salvia officinalis L.) se smatra jednom od komercijalno važnijih vrsta iz porodice usnača (Lamiaceae). U cvijetu, listovima i stabljici ljekovite kadulje identificiran je širok raspon kemijskih spojeva koji imaju širok raspon učinaka zbog čega se široko koristi u prehrambenoj, farmaceutskoj i kozmetičkoj industriji. U ovom radu ispitan je utjecaj upotrebe različitih makroporoznih adsorpcijskih smola i desorpcijskih otapala na antioksidativnu i antibakterijsku aktivnost ekstrakata kadulje. Ovim istraživanjem utvrđeno je da upotreba desorpcijskih otapala ima utjecaj na ukupni sadržaj fenola, antioksidacijsku i antibakterijsku aktivnost. Primjena DIAION HP 2mg smola sa 70 %- tnim i 100 %-tnim etanolom pokazala je povećanje antioksidacijske aktivnosti, a najveći udio fenola zabilježen je kod ekstrakata gdje je primijenjena AMBERLITE XAD 16N smola i 100 %- tni etanol. Najučinkovitije antibakterijsko djelovanje ekstrakta dobivenih primjenom AMBERLITE XAD 7HP smole neovisno o otapalu zabilježeno je protiv soja P. aeruginosa.Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is considered to be one of the most commercially important species of Lamiaceae family. The studies of the sage flower, leaves and stem has shown the great variability of chemical components which have a wide range of effects. For that reason sage is widely used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In this study the impact of application of different macroporous adsorption resin and desorption solvents on antioxidant and antibacterial effects of sage extract was tested. This reasearh has enstablished that application of DIAION HP 2MG resin with 70 % and 100 % ethanol has shown increased antioxidant activitiy. The highest total phenolic content was found in extracts obtained with AMBERLITE XAD 16N resin and 100 % ethanol. Extracts obtained with AMBERLITE XAD 7HP resin regardless of solvent used have shown the most effecient antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa

    INVENTORY OF SAPROXYLIC BEETLES IN THE AREA OF BILJSKI RIT AND ZMAJEVAČKI DUNAVAC

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    Saproksilni kornjaši su kukci iz reda Coleoptera koji su svojim životnim ciklusom vezani uz mrtvo drvo. Istraživanje saproksilnih kornjaša provedeno je na području Biljskog rita i Zmajevačkog dunavca od svibnja do srpnja 2020.godine. Na svakom od lokaliteta odabrana su 3 transekta na kojima su bile postavljene klopke za saproksilne kornjaše. Za uzorkovanje saproksilnih kornjaša korištena je metoda prekinutog leta. Ukupno je bilo postavljeno 18 klopki (9 na području Biljskog rita i 9 na području Zmajevačkog dunavca). Na području Biljskog rita uzorkovane su 322 jedinke svrstane u 14 porodica i 28 vrsta, a na području Zmajevačkog dunavca uzorkovano je 288 jedinki svrstanih u 13 porodica i 25 vrsta saproksilnih kornjaša. Najbrojnije porodice na području Biljskog rita bile su Elateridae, Curculionidae i Cetoniidae, a na području Zmajevačkog dunavca porodice Elateridae, Cetoniidae i Scarabaeidae. Sørensenov indeks sličnosti za dva istraživana lokaliteta iznosi 49,09%, tj. zajedničkih je 13 vrsta saproksilnih kornjaša. Na području Biljskog rita uzorkovana je jedna jedinka ugrožene vrste Morimus funereus, a na području Zmajevačkog dunavca uzorkovane su dvije jedinke ugrožene vrste Cucujus cinnaberinus. Obje ugrožene vrste ujedno su i NATURA 2000 vrste.Saproxylic beetles are dead wood associated coleopteras. The research of saproxylic beetles has been done in the area of Biljski rit and Zmajevački dunavac from May to July of 2020. In each of the areas there were 3 transects with traps for saproxylic beetles. The method that was used to sample saproxylic beetles is flight intercept method. In total, there were 18 placed traps (9 traps were placed in the area of Biljski rit and 9 traps were placed in the area of Zmajevački dunavac). In the area of Biljski rit there were 322 individuals of saproxylic beetles sampled which were then classified in 14 families and 28 species of saproxyilc beetles and there were 288 individuals sampled in the area of Zmajevački dunavac which were classified in 13 families and 25 species. Of all the families in the area of Biljski rit, the most numerous were Elateridae, Curculionidae and Scarabaeidae while in the area of Zmajevački dunavac the most numerous were Elateridae, Cetoniidae and Scarabaeidae. Sørensen index of similarity for two explored areas is 49,09%, i.e. there is 13 common species of saproxylic beetles between areas. In the area of Biljski rit there was one indvidual sample of endangered species of Morimus funereus while in the area of Zmajevački dunavac there were two individuals sampled of endangered species of Cucujus cinnaberinus. Both endangered species are NATURA 2000 species

    INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF SELENIUM ON GLUTATHIONE CONTENT IN SPINACH AND ARUGULA LEAVES

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    Selen je element koji u biljkama, ovisno o primijenjenoj koncentraciji, može izazvati niz korisnih ili štetnih učinaka. Niže koncentracije selena imaju pozitivan učinak na antioksidativni status biljaka, dok u prekomjernim količinama selen djeluje kao pro-oksidans što dovodi do pojave oksidativnog stresa. Kao posljedica oksidativnog stresa u biljkama se, uz enzimske, aktiviraju i neenzimski antioksidansi od kojih je najvažniji glutation. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti učinak različitih koncentracija nanoselena i selenata (40, 80, 160 i 320 μmol Se/m3) na sadržaj glutationa u listovima špinata i rukole. Oba oblika selena, primijenjena u četiri različite koncentracije, nisu značajno utjecala na sadržaj glutationa. Tretman niskim koncentracijama nanoselena (40 μmol Se/m3 i 80 μmol Se/m3) uzrokovao je značajno povećanje omjera GSH/GSSG kod rukole što ukazuje na učinkovit antioksidativni sustav, dok isti učinak nije postignut kod špinata. Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja se mogu upotrijebiti kao temelj za buduća istraživanja o mogućim pozitivnim učincima predtretmana nižim koncentracijama nanoselena u odgovoru na različite oblike abiotičkog i biotičkog stresa.Selenium is an element that can cause a number of beneficial or harmful effects in plants depending on the applied concentration. Lower selenium concentrations have a positive effect on the antioxidant status of plants, while in excessive amounts selenium acts as a pro-oxidant leading to oxidative stress. As a consequence of oxidative stress in plants, in addition to enzymatic, non-enzymatic antioxidants are activated, the most important of which is glutathione. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different concentrations of nanoselenium and selenate (40, 80, 160 and 320 μmol Se/m3) on glutathione content in spinach and arugula leaves. Both forms of selenium, applied in four different concentrations, did not significantly affect glutathione content. Treatment with low concentrations of nanoselenium (40 μmol Se/m3 and 80 μmol Se/m3) caused a significant increase in the GSH/GSSG ratio in arugula, which indicates an effective antioxidant system, while the same effect was not achieved in spinach. The obtained results can be used as a basis for future research on the possible positive effects of pretreatment with lower concentrations of nanoselenium in response to various forms of abiotic and biotic stress

    The Influence of the Addition of Quercus rotundifolia Oak Acorn Flour on the Quality of Gluten-Free Crackers

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    U ovom radu ispitan je utjecaj brašna žira hrasta Quercus rotundifolia na kvalitetu krekera bez glutena. Proizvedeni su nefermentirani krekeri s dodatkom kemijskih sredstava za rahljenje (natrijev hidrogenkarbonat i amonijev hidrogenkarbonat), a brašno žira je dodavano u količinama od 20, 40 i 60 % kao zamjena za rižino i kukuruzno brašno. U uzorcima proizvedenih krekera određeni su: udio vode, boja površine krekera u CIELab sustavu, promjene dimenzija uzoraka (širina i visina), čvrstoća i lomljivost pomoću metode savijanja/lomljenja uzoraka u tri točke, a provedena je i senzorska ocjena dobivenih uzoraka. Rezultati su pokazali da dodatak žirovog brašna nije uzrokovao statistički značajne promjene u sadržaju vode i dimenzijama krekera, dok je istovremeno došlo do značajnog smanjenja čvrstoće te njihovog potamnjivanja. Iz dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti da se brašno žira može uspješno koristiti u proizvodnji krekera bez glutena do udjela od 40 % bez značajnijih promjena u senzorskim i fizičkim svojstvima proizvoda S obzirom na nisku razinu tanina, brašno žira hrasta Quercus rotundifolia ima potencijal kao zamjena za konvencionalna bezglutenska brašna, a njegova upotreba može doprinijeti održivosti u poljoprivredi i prehrambenoj industriji te unaprijediti nutritivnu vrijednost proizvoda bez glutena.This study investigated the influence of acorn flour from Quercus rotundifolia oak on the quality of gluten-free crackers. Non-fermented crackers were produced with the addition of chemical leavening agents (sodium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate) and acorn flour was added in quantities of 20, 40 and 60 % as a substitute for rice and maize flour. The water content, the surface colour in the CIELab colour space, the change in cracker dimensions (width and height), determination of the hardness and brittleness of the crackers produced using the three-point bend test and a sensory evaluation of the samples was carried out. The results showed that the addition of acorn flour did not cause statistically significant changes in water content or cracker dimensions, while at the same time there was a significant decrease in firmness and increased darkening of the crackers. The results suggest that acorn flour can be successfully used in the production of gluten-free crackers with a content of up to 40 % without significantly altering the sensory and physical properties of the product. Due to its low tannin content, acorn flour from Quercus rotundifolia has the potential to replace conventional gluten-free flours and its use can contribute to sustainability in agriculture and the food industry as well as improve the nutritional value of gluten-free products

    APPLICATION OF GREEN SYNTHETIC METHODS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF QUINAZOLINONE DERIVATIVES

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    Zelena kemija predstavlja granu kemije koja ima za cilj smanjiti ili potpuno eliminirati uporabu, ali i stvaranje štetnih produkata. Zelena otapala, poput eutektičkih otapala, predstavljaju zamjenu za štetna organska otapala te se zbog toga koriste u zelenim sintezama. U ovom radu cilj je ispitati mogućnosti primjene zelenih metoda u sintezi derivata kinazolinona. U teorijskom dijelu rada opisano je eutektičko otapalo na bazi kolin-klorida i uree, kao pogodan medij za sintezu kinazolinona, a u eksperimentalnom dijelu opisano je dobivanje prekursora za sintezu tiosemikarbazida u dva koraka u mikrovalnom reaktoru te načini priprave osam derivata kinazolinona.Green chemistry is a branch of chemistry that aims to reduce or completely eliminate the use, but also the production of harmful products. Green solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents, are replacement for harmful conventional organic solvents and they are often used in green syntheses. The main goal of this work was to examine the application of green synthetic methods in the synthesis of quinazolinone derivatives. In the theoretical part of the paper, choline chloride and urea based deep eutectic solvents are desribed, and they are examined as a suitable medium for the synthesis of quinazolinones. The experimental part describes the preparation of precursors for the synthesis of thiosemicarbazide, in a two-step microwave induced reaction, along with the preparation of eight quinazoline derivatives

    Lumbricofauna of Požeška gora

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    Gujavice ubrajamo u koljeno Annelida (kolutićavci), razred Clitellata (pojasnici), podrazred Oligichaeta (maločetinaši). Svojom aktivnosti pomažu u održavanju strukture tla i procesu bioturbacije ili pomicanju materijala u slojevima tla. Iako nisu brojčano najzastupljeniji organizmi u tlu, njihova veličina i utjecaj na tlo čine važnim čimbenicima u sveukupnoj biomasi tla. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi kvalitativni i kvantitativni sastav lumbrikofaune na području Požeške gore. Tijekom 2020. godine istražena su 82 lokaliteta, te je ukupno uzorkovano 747 jedinki. Ustanovljeno je prisutstvo 15 vrsta svrstanih u 10 rodova. Prema kvantitativnom sastavu najzastupljeniji je rod Aporrectodea sa 469 jedinki unutar kojega se ističu vrste Aporrectodea rosea sa 236 jedinki i Aporrectodea caliginosa sa 219 jedinki. Kvalitativno najzastupljeniji je rod Octodrilus sa 3 vrste: Octodrilus croaticus, Octodrilus lissaensis i Octodrilus transpadanus. Prosječna brojnost gujavica po m2 je 36 jedinki.Earthworms are invertebrates from phylum Annelida, class Clitellata, subclass Oligichaeta. Through their activities, they help to maintain the soil structure and the process of bioturbation or movement of materials in soil layers. Although they are not quantitatively the most abundant organisms in the soil, their size and impact on the soil make them important factors in the overall soil biomass. The aim of this study was to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of lumbricofauna in the area of Požeška gora. During 2020, a total of 82 sites were surveyed, and a total of 747 individuals were sampled. The presence of 15 species was established, which are classified into 10 genera. According to the quantitative composition, the most represented genus is the genus Aporrectodea with 469 individuals, within which the species Aporrectodea rosea with 236 individuals and Aporrectodea caliginosa with 219 individuals stand out. Qualitatively, the most represented genus is the genus Octodrilus with 3 species: Octodrilus croaticus, Octodrilus lissaensis and Octodrilus transpadanus. The average number of earthworms per m2 is 36 individuals

    Quality of Crackers Produced with a Mixture of Wheat Flour and Quercus rotundifolia Oak Acorn Flour

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    U ovom radu istražena je mogućnost djelomične zamjene pšeničnog brašna brašnom žira vrste Quercus rotundifolia u recepturi za proizvodnju krekera. Proizvedeni su uzorci s 0 %, 20 %, 40 % i 60 % udjela žirovog brašna, pri čemu su ispitani fizikalno-kemijski, teksturalni, kolorimetrijski i senzorski parametri gotovih proizvoda. Rezultati su pokazali da povećanje udjela žirovog brašna dovodi do smanjenja udjela vode, smanjenja debljine krekera, ali i do značajnog tamnjenja boje proizvoda. Čvrstoća krekera je se povećavala pri najvišim dodacima brašna žira, ali je zadržana njihova hrskavost. Unatoč tim promjenama, senzorska analiza ukazala je na visoku prihvatljivost svih uzoraka, pri čemu je najbolji ukupni dojam zabilježen kod uzorka s 40 % žirovog brašna, ali s uzorci s 60 % dodatka također dobili relativno visoke senzorske ocjene. Može se zaključiti da se brašno žira može uspješno koristiti u udjelima do 40 %, a potencijalno i do 60 %, bez negativnog utjecaja na senzorsku prihvatljivost, čime se potvrđuje njegova primjenjivost kao nutritivno vrijedne i funkcionalne sirovine u razvoju inovativnih krekera.This study investigated the possibility of partially substituting wheat flour with acorn flour from Quercus rotundifolia in cracker production. Samples were produced with 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% acorn flour, and their physicochemical, textural, colorimetric, and sensory properties were evaluated. The results showed that increasing the proportion of acorn flour led to a decrease in moisture content and cracker thickness, as well as a significant darkening of the product color. Cracker hardness increased at the highest levels of acorn flour, although crispiness was maintained. Despite these changes, sensory analysis indicated high acceptability of all samples, with the best overall impression recorded in the sample with 40% acorn flour, while the 60% sample also received relatively high sensory scores. It can be concluded that acorn flour can be successfully used in proportions of up to 40%, and potentially up to 60%, without negatively affecting sensory acceptability, confirming its applicability as a nutritionally valuable and functional raw material in the development of innovative crackers

    The Influence of Different Leavening Agents on the Quality of Gluten-Free Acorn Crackers

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    U ovom radu ispitan je utjecaj različitih tvari za rahljenje na fizikalno-kemijska i senzorska svojstva bezglutenskih krekera proizvedenih od brašna žira hrasta Quercus rotundifolia. Krekeri su pripremljeni uz dodatak praška za pecivo, amonijevog hidrogenkarbonata, natrijevog hidrogenkarbonata kao i dviju kombinacija tvari za rahljenje (prašak za pecivo i amonijev hidrogenkarbonat te amonijev i natrijev hidrogenkarbonat). Rezultati su pokazali da kombinacija praška za pecivo i amonijevog hidrogenkarbonata daje najbolje ukupne rezultate, uz optimalnu boju, teksturu i senzorsku prihvatljivost (prosječna senzorska ocjena 7,1). Uzorci s isključivo natrijevim hidrogenkarbonatom imali su najnižu svjetlinu i najtvrđu teksturu, dok je uzorak s amonijevim hidrogenkarbonatom pokazao najveću hrskavost, ali i nešto lošiju ocjenu okusa, što se može povezati s mogućim zaostalim amonijakom. Može se zaključiti da izbor sredstva za rahljenje značajno utječe na senzorsku i tehnološku kvalitetu bezglutenskih krekera od brašna žira, te da se kombinacije sredstava, naročito praška za pecivo i amonijevog hidrogenkarbonata, mogu preporučiti za postizanje optimalne kvalitete.This study investigated the impact of different leavening agents on the physicochemical and sensory properties of gluten-free crackers made from acorn flour derived from Quercus rotundifolia. The crackers were prepared with the addition of baking powder, ammonium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and two combinations (baking powder with ammonium bicarbonate, and ammonium bicarbonate with sodium bicarbonate). The results showed that the combination of baking powder and ammonium bicarbonate yielded the best overall performance, with optimal color, texture, and sensory acceptability (average sensory score of 7.1). Samples containing only sodium bicarbonate had the lowest lightness and the hardest texture, while the samples with only ammonium bicarbonate exhibited the highest crispness but also a slightly lower flavor rating, which could be associated with potential residual ammonia. It can be concluded that the choice of leavening agent significantly affects the sensory and technological quality of gluten-free acorn flour crackers, and that combinations of agents, particularly baking powder and ammonium bicarbonate, are recommended for achieving optimal product quality

    GROWTH OF MICROPHYTES IN PERIPHYTIC COMMUNITIES ON MICROPLASTICS IN SAKADAŠ LAKE (KOPAČKI RIT FLOODPLAIN) AND DRAVA RIVER

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    Istraživanje raznolikosti mikrofita u obraštajnim zajednicama na mikroplastici provedeno je na dva lokaliteta: Sakadaškom jezeru i rijeci Dravi tijekom ranog jesenskog razdoblja 2019. godine. Praćene su promjene okolišnih uvjeta te kvalitativni i kvantitativni sastav mikrofita tijekom naseljavanja na podlogu. S obzirom na okolišne uvjete, obraštajna zajednica u Sakadaškom jezeru bila je bogatija brojem svojti i jedinki mikrofita. U rijeci Dravi dominirale su dijatomeje, dok su u Sakadaškom jezeru, uz dijatomeje, brojne bile i cijanobakterije i zelene alge. Istraživanje ukazuje da mikrofiti brzo naseljavaju mikroplastiku u različitim vodenim ekosustavima.The investigation of microphyte diversity in periphytic communities on microplastic was conducted at two localities: Lake Sakadaš and River Drava in early autumn 2019. Changes in environmental conditions as well as qualitative and quantitative microphyte composition were recorded. Considering the environmental conditions, the periphyton community in Lake Sakadaš has a higher number of microphyte taxa as well as higher microphyte abundance. Diatoms were predominant in the River Drava, while in Lake Sakadaš diatoms, cyanobacteria and green algae prevailed. This research indicates that microphytes rapidly inhabit microplastics in various aquatic ecosystems

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