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Oriental enlightenment: the problematic military experiences and cultural claims of Count Maurice Auguste comte de Benyowsky in Formosa during 1771
No full textMaurice Benyowsky's colourful version of his global adventures during the heady, expansive days of the late-Enlightenment remains still as an historical account, and is perhaps destined for reification at a time of romantic, postmodernist cultural affirmation. Yet this paper argues that within it there lies a virile and possibly dangerous Orientalism, one at least partially based upon a lurid, opportunistic and self-seeking fabrication of his visit to Taiwan (Formosa) in the year 1771. This paper examines the veracity, provenance and historiography of the Benyowsky account of late-eighteenth century Formosa, both as an exercise in one facet of Taiwanese history and as some exploration of the origin and maintenance of European views of the "other" and of the "orient" as they were transforming during the late-Enlightenment period. Furthermore a principal task is to provide an historiographical analysis that illustrates both the initial reasons for the acceptance of Benyowsky's lurid account as well as the wider contexts of its long life as a seemingly reliable and authentic tale. Questions remain as to the cultural contexts of any general acceptance of otherwise doubtful stories, experiments, claims and "adventures". Here there is little doubt that the original Memoirs were given greater credence by Benyowsky's talent in self-fashioning his character and status as those of a reliable gentleman
Formosa
No full textPeking ceded Formosa to Japan in 1895, whereupon Japan became the first Asian power in modern times to possess a colony, and the island became a testing ground for imperial policies. For two centuries the formosan chinese had resisted authority imposed upon them by inefficient continental chinese. Now, tokyo extended to insular Formosa many reorganizing, modernizing measures characterizing japan's own vigourous Meijing Revolution. During the next fifty years, as living standards rose to approach those of japan proper, early leaderless Formosan resistance to alien rule developed into organized appeals for effective representation in local government and at tokyo. With reversion to continental chinese control at the end of world war II, Formosans expected to conserve and enhance gains made during the Japanese era. Bitter disappointment promptly led again to rebellious relations with the continent.The author, long resident in Formosa and exclusively concerned with Formosan affairs while in government service during and after World War II, is well qualified to comment upon Formosas history and prospects. He concludes that the japanese era left an ineradicable mark on the island people, an understanding of which will illuminate developments when peking in futre undertakes the formidable task of converting Formosa into a fully disciplined and integrated province of the People's Republic of China
The Study of Scottish Missionary Rev. Hugh Ritchie to Formosa
No full textThe Presbyterian Church of England designated Missionary Rev. Hugh Ritchie to Formosa in 1867 is my research target in this study. According the related literatures, try to understand Rev. Hugh Ritchie contributions including doing missionary work, building churches, getting woman education moving, and etc. is the main purposes in the research to honor his contribution in Formosa. Firstly, the author discussed and understood the observation of getting missionary moving in Formosa. Secondly, Rev. Hugh Ritchie biographical notes consisting of his birth in Scotland in 1840, his education, his appointed to Formosa in 1867, the history of twelve years in doing his priesthood job and passing away and tomb in Kaohsiung, Formosa in September 1879. Finally, the author discussed more detailed Rev. Hugh Ritchie twelve years life and doing missionary work in Formosa to lay a foundation in the history of Christianity in Formosa then manifest his contributions in the wilderness Formosa
Universities of the Third Age : a rationale for transformative education in later life
No full textThis article addresses the political context of third-age learning. It aims to expose how relations of power and inequality, in their myriad combinations and complexities, are manifest in Universities of the Third Age [U3As]. The dominant functionalist approach towards late-life learning is jettisoned in favor of a socio-political framework that asks: whose interests are really being served? and, who controls the learning process? It highlights the role of U3As in reproducing unequal relations in later life with special emphasis on positive ageism, elitism, gender, and third ageism. The article ends by proposing a possible way forward away from a neo-liberal ideology through a transformative rationale for older adult education based on the values of social justice, social leveling and social cohesion. Seven principles are forwarded: a transformational agenda, widening participation, critical geragogy, elearning, pre-retirement education, intergenerational learning, and fourth age learning.peer-reviewe
Intraguild predation by the generalist predator Dicyphus herperus on the parasitoid Encarsia formosa
No full textPredation was measured in the laboratory by Dicyphus hesperus females on patches of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) pupae. The patches contained different
proportions of unparasitized pupae and those parastisized as nymphs by Encarsia formosa. Dicyphus hesperus fed readily on parasitized pupae and the number of parasitized pupae consumed increased with the proportion available indicating a capacity for intraguild predation. However, D. hesperus females did not display a preference for feeding on parasitized pupae versus unparasitized pupae. Dicyphus hesperus adults were released at three densities into greenhouse enclosures containing tomato plants harbouring greenhouse whitefly and immature E. formosa. Numbers of killed and parasitized whitefly nymphs and pupae and the total number of healthy whitefly were compared among Dicyphus density treatments. On upper leaves, the amount of predation on whitefly nymphs was higher at the highest predator density than at the lower density or in enclosures where D. hesperus was not released. On lower leaves, the number of parasitized pupae was lowest with the highest predator density indicating a negative effect of intraguild predation by D. hesperus on E. formosa. Despite this, Dicyphus density did not affect the density of whitefly in the presence of E. formosa. The results are discussed as they
relate to concurrent use of D. hesperus and E. formosa for regulation of greenhouse whitefly populations. [Publishers abstract]Peer reviewedfinal article publishe
[[alternative]]A deep probe into the aboriginal songs and dances in Taiwan as well as its cultural performances－〝The Formosa AboriginalSong and Dance Troupe〞
No full text[[abstract]]ABSTRACT
The cultures of aboriginal songs and dances in Taiwan have striking achievements either in the accumulation of musicological inspiration or in the performances as a form of art. The traditional aboriginal songs and dances, highly valued for its abundance in subtle meanings as well as its cultural conveyance, ought to be preserved and acquired by the younger generations of the tribes. Focused on the performances staged by the Formosa Aboriginal Song and Dance Troupe with the main approach of representing the collected facts, the thesis also contains several interviews to help intensify the credibility and thus minimize the ambiguity of the information.
The following are guidelines to each chapter:
Chapter One is the exordium of this thesis. It explains the motives of the researcher, the associated information in the written form, the approaches of the research and the contents of the thesis.
Chapter Two details the progress of the development of the Formosa Aboriginal Song and Dance Troupe.
The third and fourth chapters discuss two plays performed by the Formosa Aboriginal Song and Dance Troupe. They are focused on the process from the initial stage of learning and digesting the materials collected during the field trips, to the holistic representation of the plays. The plots of the plays are to be depicted in detail here by the author.
Chapter Five is to be focused on various issues on the aboriginal songs and dances in the aspect of culture and the related temporary problems the aborigines in Taiwan are faced with. Meanwhile, the two plays mentioned in the previous chapters will be compared and contrasted by the author.
Chapter Six is the conclusion and suggestions from the author. Concluded are the discoveries from the author’s research and thus she raises several questions on how to eliminate the barriers to the development of the Formosa Aboriginal Song and Dance Troupe. In addition, the author offers some specific suggestions for improvement in the management and future development of the Formosa Aboriginal Song and Dance Troupe, with which the aboriginal traditions might be handed to the younger generations more successfully.
Brecht by Formosa. Between effective staging and poetic conciseness
No full textPer esbrinar a quins aspectes de Bertolt Brecht donà més importància el seu principal traductor al català, Feliu Formosa, que també muntà la primera representació d’una obra de Brecht a Catalunya, aquest article tracta de les teories de Brecht tal com Formosa les va assimilar i del pes que tingueren en la pràctica i en l’evolució del teatre independent. S’hi repassaran les obres de teatre de Brecht traduïdes per Formosa, tant per a la representació com per a la publicació, i també de la seua poesia. Quasi des de l’inici, Formosa treballava amb textos dramàtics i poètics de l’autor alemany, alhora que s’impregnava de les seues teories. El Brecht que Formosa ha incorporat a la cultura catalana és un autor multifacètic que combina perfectament l’eficàcia escènica i la concisió poètica per a fer-ne una arma al servei d’uns objectius de caràcter social i polític.This article deals with the dramatic theory of Bertolt Brecht and his reception by Feliu Formosa,
who is the main Catalan translator of Brecht, and staged the first performance of a work by
Brecht in Catalonia. The paper also analyses the influence of Brecht’s theories on the so-called
“independent theatre”, and reviews Brecht’s plays as well as his poetry, both translated by Formosa.
The analysis shows that the Brecht brought in the Catalan culture by Formosa is a multifaceted
author who perfectly combines scenic efficacy and poetic conciseness to turn them into
a weapon at the service of social and political objectives
El Brecht de Formosa : entre l'escenari eficaç i la concisió poètica
No full textPer esbrinar a quins aspectes de Bertolt Brecht donà més importància el seu principal traductor al català, Feliu Formosa, que també muntà la primera representació d'una obra de Brecht a Catalunya, aquest article tracta de les teories de Brecht tal com Formosa les va assimilar i del pes que tingueren en la pràctica i en l'evolució del teatre independent. S'hi repassaran les obres de teatre de Brecht traduïdes per Formosa, tant per a la representació com per a la publicació, i també de la seua poesia. Quasi des de l'inici, Formosa treballava amb textos dramàtics i poètics de l'autor alemany, alhora que s'impregnava de les seues teories. El Brecht que Formosa ha incorporat a la cultura catalana és un autor multifacètic que combina perfectament l'eficàcia escènica i la concisió poètica per a fer-ne una arma al servei d'uns objectius de caràcter social i polític.This article deals with the dramatic theory of Bertolt Brecht and his reception by Feliu Formosa, who is the main Catalan translator of Brecht, and staged the first performance of a work by Brecht in Catalonia. The paper also analyses the influence of Brecht's theories on the so-called "independent theatre", and reviews Brecht's plays as well as his poetry, both translated by Formosa. The analysis shows that the Brecht brought in the Catalan culture by Formosa is a multifaceted author who perfectly combines scenic efficacy and poetic conciseness to turn them into a weapon at the service of social and political objectives
Squatina formosa
No full textSquatina formosa (Shen & Ting, 1972) Squatina formosa, Shen & Ting 1972: 23, Figure 4, valid, holotype: NTT7213130. Figure 2. Common name. Taiwan angelshark. Diagnosis. A squatinid with the following distinctive characters: upper lip arch semi-circular, height greater than other WNP squatinids (3.8-5.1% in width, 1.4-2.1% TL in height); pectoral fins broadly rounded, especially posterior free tip; pelvic girdle moderately broad, pelvic anterior margin slightly curved, angle of lateral apex considerably more obtuse than 120°, pelvic fin tips reaching first dorsal origin; dorsal fins lobe-like with slightly rounded anterior margin, first dorsal fin base slightly larger than second dorsal base; caudal fin lobed, especially dorsally, with a curvilinear caudal posterior ventral margin. Description. Dorsal surface, except for posterior portion of caudal fin, covered with denticles of moderate roughness. Ventral surface smooth except for narrow bands of denticles on the pectoral and pelvic fins anterior margins. Head rounded, length about 0.2 times total length, maximum width occurring just anterior of gill openings. Moderately rough tubercles interspersed above mouth and eye crests. Eyes almond-shaped, widely set, interorbital space 8.2 (7.7-8.9). Eye-spiracle space short. Spiracles are crescent shaped without large papillae. Interspiracle space (7.8-8.2) slightly less than interorbital space. Center of upper lip exposed at midpoint of upper jaw, exposure semi-circular in shape, extending dorsally approximately 0.6-0.7 of upper jaw space, upper lip height (1.2-2.1), upper lip arch width (3.8-5.1). Labial furrows conspicuous, roughly equal in length, extending from corners of mouth medially, with upper labial furrow partially covered with dermal folds. Distinct nasal flaps protruding from dermal folds above mouth, two barbels protruding from each flap. Inner nasal barbel rod-like with a spatulate tip, inner basal portion contains little if any fringe. Outer nasal barbel narrow. Nostrils large, slightly protruding. Dermal folds along exterior of head, one small lobe present at corners of mouth extending ventrally. Mouth length about 0.3 times as long as mouth width. Dentition consisting of small, dagger-like teeth, conical without cusplets on a broad base, in 3 orderly longitudinal rows, no teeth at symphysis, teeth by row 9 - 10 - 9 - 10 / 10 - 10. Pectoral fins large, broadly rounded, originating just behind gills. Anterior margin of pectoral fin slightly convex and about three quarters as long as pectoral length, extending to a lateral apex. Angle of lateral apex slightly more obtuse than 120°. Margin from lateral apex to most posterior lobe slightly concave. Posterior lobe broadly convex. Pectoral inner margin convex, about one half of pectoral length. Overall pelvic fin shape somewhat triangular with rounded fintips. Pelvics originating anterior to pectoral fin free rear tips. Pelvic fin length approximately two thirds as long as pectoral fin length. Pelvic fin base approximately 1.2 times broader than pectoral base. Anterior margin slightly curvilinear, extending at roughly a 45° angle from trunk to rounded apex lateral of body, anterior margin 0.5 times as long as pelvic fin length. Pelvic girdle width (26.3-29.8) between pelvic fin apexes moderately broad, about 1.4 times head length. Posterior margin of pelvic fin, approximately 0.8 times pelvic fin length, straight to posterior free tip. Pelvic inner margin concave and short, only about 0.4 times as long as pectoral fin length. Pelvic insertion furrows on ventral extend in a narrow ellipse to anterior apogee of vent in most specimens, vent is within ellipse. Pelvic fin tips reach origin of first dorsal. Dorsal fins lobed and nearly equal in size, with denticles covering the whole of fins. Interdorsal space about 0.8 times as long as dorsal caudal finspace. Anterior margin of dorsals slightly convex, nearly equidistant. First dorsal base slightly shorter than second, first dorsal base 15.2 (10.0-11.8), second dorsal base 17.4 (13.0-15.0). Apex of dorsals lobed. Posterior margins slightly convex, about 0.7 times as long as anterior margins. Inner margins of dorsals slightly convex, approximately 0.7 times as long as anterior margins. Caudal peduncle compressed dorso-ventrally with lateral longitudinal ridges, tapering posteriorly. Caudal fin lobe-like, markedly at dorsal apex. Caudal dorsal margin broadly rounded, about 0.8 times as long as preventral caudal fin margin. Subterminal caudal fin margin approximately half as long as caudal upper post ventral margin. Caudal lower postventral margin convex, approximately 0.8 times as long as caudal upper post ventral margin. Total vertebrae 137-139; total precaudal vertebrae 107-110; monospondylous vertebrae 48-52; diplospondylous vertebrae 58-59; caudal vertebrae 29-30. Coloration. Dorsal surface of specimens prior to preservation are light to dark brown throughout with numerous black and white spots of varying sizes. Black blotches laterally at origin of dorsals. Ventral surface pale white with some black mottling on abdomen, pectoral and pelvic fin ventral margins with denticles colored similar to dorsal. Color after preservation tends to fade to a lighter brown or pale yellow with spots becoming indistinct. Distribution. Endemic to western North Pacific including the East China Sea (Compagno et al, 2005a), waters surrounding northern Taiwan, and East Taiwan Strait (Shuyuan 1994). Etymology. Named in allusion to the known geographic range (Formosa Strait, Taiwan) where the holotype was collected. Remarks. Examination of the holotype (labeled NTT7213130 in Shen & Ting 1972, now labeled NTUM 01329) and non-type comparison material revealed that S. formosa is distinct from other WNP squatinids through four characters (Fig 2). First, S. formosa possesses a lobed caudal fin, especially in the dorsal lobe, and has a more curved postventral caudal margin. Second, S. formosa has lobed dorsal fins with a curvilinear anterior margin. Third, the pelvic girdle distance in S. formosa is more narrow than other WNP squatinids, at 1.4 or less the head length (where both measurements are standardized by total length). Fourth, S. formosa has an upper lip arch which is semicircular in shape, where the upper lip arch height is greater than 1.5% of the total length. Comparison of the three S. formosa paratypes (originally labeled as NTU7041631, NTU7041632, NTU7222433 in Shen and Ting 1972; now labeled as NTUM 01327(x2) and NTUM01328) with the holotype reveals differences among these four characters (Table 2). The paratypes possess angular caudal fins without curved postventral caudal margins, angular dorsal fins with straight anterior margins, a wider pelvic girdle distance, and upper lip arches which are more semi-oval in shape (Fig 3A-C). Therefore, our contention is that these paratypes of S. formosa are, in fact, a different species. Furthermore, these characters are most consistent with the S. nebulosa comparison material we examined. An apparent change in designation of one of the paratypes for unknown reasons has also added to the confusion in the type series. At present, one of the paratypes (NTUM 01328) has been designated as the holotype, and the true holotype (NTUM 01329) now has a question mark on its catalogue card next to its holotype designation, as documented by the junior author (DAE) who examined the type material of S. formosa in May 1988 and again in May 2005. However, comparison of the type material with photos of the holotype within the original species description (Shen & Ting, 1972) confirms that the NTUM 01329 specimen is the actual holotype. A squatinid reported from the Philippines as S. formosa (Compagno et al., 2005b) is also not likely this species. Examination of photographs of the Philippines specimen, provided by L.J.V. Compagno, revealed several characters inconsistent with S. formosa. These characters include pelvic fins which do not reach the first dorsal base, a wider pelvic girdle, a more shallow upper lip arch and distinctly different coloration than observed in S. formosa. Therefore, the Philippines specimen most likely represents a different, possibly undescribed, squatinid species from true S. formosa. Material Examined. Type material: Holotype S. formosa: NTT7213130 (now labeled as NTUM 01329), immature female, Tung-Kang, Pingtung, Taiwan, 31 Jan 1972, identified by S.C. Shen.Paratypes S. formosa: NTU7222433 (now labeled as NTUM 01327), and NTU7041632 (now labeled as NTUM 1327), caught 3 km off the coast of Tahsi, Taiwan (24°56.5’N, 121°53.0’E) in single trawling net at 100-120 fathoms, 16 Apr 1970, collected by W.H. Ting, identified by S.C. Shen; NTU7041632 (now labeled as NTUM 01328), immature female, Tahsi, Taiwan, 24 Feb 1972, collected by W.H. Ting, identified by S.C. Shen. Comparative material: DAE 881805, immature male, Tahsi, Taiwan, May 1988, collected by David A. Ebert; DAE 052105, immature male, Tahsi, Taiwan, May 2005, collected by David A. Ebert; DAE 052305-2, immature female, Tahsi, Taiwan, May 2005, collected by David A. Ebert.Published as part of Jonathan H. Walsh & David A. Ebert, 2007, A review of the systematics of western North Pacific angel sharks, genus Squatina, with redescriptions of Squatina formosa, S. japonica, and S. nebulosa (Chondrichthyes: Squatiniformes, Squatinidae)., pp. 31-47 in Zootaxa 1551 on pages 35-3
Formosa: Licensed Revolution and the Home Rule Movement, 1895–1945
No full textHumanities Open Book Program, a joint initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon FoundationPeking ceded Formosa to Japan in 1895, whereupon Japan became the first Asian power in modern times to possess a colony, and the island became a testing ground for imperial policies. For two centuries the Formosan Chinese had resisted authority imposed upon them by inefficient continental Chinese. Now, Tokyo extended to insular Formosa many organizing, modernizing measures characterizing Japan's own vigorous Meiji Revolution. During the next fifty years, as living standards rose to approach those of Japan proper, early leaderless Formosan resistance to alien rule developed into organized appeals for effective representation in local government and at Tokyo. With reversion to continental Chinese control at the end of World War II, Formosans expected to conserve and enhance gains made during the Japanese era. Bitter disappointment promptly led again to rebellious relations with the continent.
The author, long resident in Formosa and exclusively concerned with Formosan affairs while in government service during and after World War II, is well qualified to comment upon Formosa's history and prospects. He concludes that the Japanese era left an ineradicable mark upon the island people, an understanding of which will illuminate developments when Peking later undertakes the formidable task of converting Formosa into a fully disciplined and integrated province of the People's Republic of China
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