10 research outputs found
The poetic uses of Linnaean taxonomy from Erasmus Darwin to John Clare
This thesis challenges critical assumptions that Carl Linnaeus was a dulling if not malignant influence on Romantic poetry by exploring the ways in which Linnaean strategies of comparison and distinction, organisation and arrangement, enumeration and description find echoes in the poetry of Erasmus Darwin, William Wordsworth, and John Clare. As studies of Romantic science have proliferated in the last thirty years, research has investigated the gendered implications of the Linnaean system, as well as the imperial and commercial ramifications of botanyâs global networks. Other accounts of Linnaean botany and poetry have preferred classificatory slippages rather than taxonomyâs possibilities. By contrast, this thesis argues that Linnaeus often looked at the natural world through a poetic lens, and that works such as his Philosophia botanica (1751) pay close attention to questions of language, an attention magnified by translations such as the Lichfield Botanic Societyâs System of Vegetables (1783-5), which boasted Samuel Johnson as a consultant. Among the Lichfield Botanic Societyâs three members was Erasmus Darwin, who produced the first thoroughly Linnaean poem, The Loves of the Plants (1789). Yet the poemâs reputation as a work of literary artifice has fallen alongside Linnaeusâs own sunken currency as the author of an âartificialâ system. On the other hand, William Wordsworth and John Clare have been regularly positioned as ânaturalâ poets in opposition to the âpeepingâ botanistâs compulsion for prying and collecting. In doing so, critics have overlooked both poetsâ Linnaean engagements. Challenging allegations of the imaginative failure of Linnaeus and his system, this thesis offers a reappraisal of Linnaeus and his reception in eighteenth and early nineteenth-century Britain. By offering a reconsideration of the periodâs enthusiasm for Linnaeus and his system, it provides a more complex interpretation of Romantic responses to the natural world. </p
Prosthechea sessiliflora Higgins 1998
<p> <i>Prosthechea sessiliflora</i> (Edwall) Higgins (1998: 380).</p> <p> ≡ <i>Epidendrum sessiliflorum</i> Edwall (1903: 194, t. 4). ≡ <i>Encyclia sessiliflora</i> (Edwall) Pabst (1967: 277). ≡ <i>Hormidium sessiliflorum</i> (Edwall) Pabst <i>et al.</i> (1981: 182). ≡ <i>Anacheilium sessiliflorum</i> (Edwall) Withner & Harding (2004: 115). (Figure 2).</p> <p> <b>Type:—</b> BRAZIL. S„o Paulo: [<i>habitat in silvis virgineis ad</i>] Serra Negra, January, <i>G</i>. Edwall s.n. (lost). Lectotype (<i>designated here</i>):— original line drawing reproduced in Edwall (1903: t.4). Epitype (<i>designated here</i>): — BRAZIL. Goiás: Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Serra da Fortaleza, Quirinópolis, fl. in cult., 30 April 2023, <i>I.L. de Morais 8245</i> (JAR!).</p> <p> <b>Description:—</b> Epiphytic <i>herb</i>, caespitose, 13.0–20.0 cm tall. Rhizome inconspicuous. <i>Pseudobulbs</i> ovoid to fusiform, 3.5–7.0 × 2.0– 2.5 cm, slightly compressed laterally, (1–)2-leaved. <i>Leaves</i> oblong-elliptic, 11.5–17.0 × 2.0– 2.8 cm, acute. <i>Inflorescence</i> racemose, 3.3–4.0 cm long including flowers, ca. 1.5 cm long peduncle and rachis, 2–5-flowered; spathe ovate, 1.2–1.8 × 0.6–1.2 cm long. <i>Flowers</i> non-resupinate, somewhat fleshy, overall cream to yellowish; pedicel + ovary claviform, triquetrous, ca. 10.0 × 4.0 mm long; <i>dorsal sepal</i> oblong-ovate, 10.0–11.0 × 5.0–7.0 mm, acute, margins entire, <i>laterals sepals</i> ovate, slightly asymmetrical, 10.0–11.0 × 5.0–7.0 mm, acuminate, margins entire; <i>petals</i> elliptic, slightly asymmetrical, ca. 8.0 × 4.0 mm, acute, margins undulate; <i>lip</i> adnate to the column for about half length of the column, inconspicuously 3-lobate in natural position, entire when flattened; free portion elliptic and markedly concave in natural position, with margins elevate from middle to distal portion, ovate when completely flattened, 5.0– 6.8 × 3.5–4.0 mm, obtuse in natural position, rounded when flattened; callus comprising 2 elevated parallel lamellae, extending until the midportion, ca. 2.8 mm long, glabrous. <i>Column</i> 4.0–5.0 × 3.0– 3.5 mm; clinandrium 3-dentate, teeth subequal, the midtooth ligulate, projecting over the anther, bearing a dorsal fleshy rounded appendage; anther not seen; pollinia 4. <i>Capsule</i> ellipsoid, 2.4–3.0 × 1.5–2.0 cm, triquetrous, pendant to subpatent.</p> <p> <b>Distribution and ecology:</b> —Endemic to Brazil. Although <i>P. sessiliflora</i> was described from the Atlantic Forest domain, in the region of Serra Negra, state of S„o Paulo, it was never recollected again on the domain. Pabst and Dungs (1975) cited the species to the states of S„o Paulo and Minas Gerais, the latter partially within the Cerrado domain. The recent rediscoveries of the species are in the Cerrado domain as well, in the municipalities of Quirinópolis, Goiás, and Chapadad„o do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul (Barros <i>et al.</i> 2018, Paiva-Neto & Barros 2021), both sites within the Parnaíba River Basin (Figure 3). The specimens were found in gallery forest vegetation as epiphytes. There is no information about which pollinators are related to the species. Flowering from December to May, fruits in December.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>:—The specific epithet refers to the very short inflorescences.</p> <p> <b>Nomenclatural notes:</b> — Most of Edwall’s collections from Brazil are related to his work as member of the “Comiss„o Geográfica e Geológica do Estado de S„o Paulo”, whose majority of type materials are currently deposited at SP, with duplicates spread in some European herbaria (Stafleu & Mennega 2000). Regarding Edwall’s orchid types specifically, they are divided between SP and BR herbaria, since materials were sent to Alfred Cogniaux for the development of his taxonomic treatment of Orchidaceae for the <i>Flora Brasiliensis</i> (Cogniaux 1893 –1896, 1898–1902, 1904–1906). However, <i>Epidendrum sessiliflorum</i> (= <i>P. sessiliflora</i>) was described after (Edwall 1903) the publication of the volume including <i>Epidendrum</i> (Cogniaux 1898). Notwithstanding, there are Edwall’s orchid collections from Brazil deposited in BR dating until 1905, what indicates a continuous influx of materials being sent at that period. Later, Cogniaux (1906) included the species in the addenda volume of Orchidaceae, where the type was cited without herbarium indication, what suggests he did not see the material. Unfortunately, there is no sign of <i>P. sessiliflora</i> type material in SP, BR, or any of the herbaria revised by the authors, and its whereabouts remains unknown suggesting that it was likely lost.</p> <p> Herein, the necessary nomenclatural adjustments are provided, including the lectotypification of the original illustration presented in the protologue, and the indication of the material <i>I.L. de Morais 8245</i> (JAR) as epitype.</p> <p> <b>Specimens examined:</b> — BRAZIL. Goiás: Quirinópolis, Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Serra da Fortaleza, fr., 15 December 2021, <i>I.L. de Morais 6870</i> (JAR); <i>ibid</i>, fl. in cult., 30 April 2023, <i>I.L. de Morais 8245</i> (JAR).</p> <p> <b>Taxonomic discussion:</b> —Although <i>P.sessiliflora</i> has a vegetative morphology typical for the genus, with fusiform pseudobulbs somewhat laterally compressed bearing two oblong-elliptic leaves apically, its floral morphology is quite particular, especially in relation to the Brazilian species of the genus. The lip is concave, but not in a showy way as in other concave lip species such as <i>P. cochleata</i> Linnaeus (1763: 1351) Higgins (1998: 377) or <i>P. fragrans</i> Swartz (1788: 123) Higgins (1998: 377). It gives the impression of being 3-lobed in natural position, since the margins become elevate only at the distal portion of the lip, turning it into a concave shape, whereas the basal portion of the lip blade is not elevated (see Figure 2G). However, the outline shape of the lip becomes clearly entire when flattened. Another peculiar aspect of the lip is the callus morphology, consisting of two parallel and elevated lamellae, a morphological character not common in <i>Prosthechea</i>, where the callus is generally an entire and oblong pad-like elevation.</p> <p> It is interesting to point out that the specimen maintained in cultivation (<i>I.L. de Morais 8245</i>) coming from the material collected in the Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Serra da Fortaleza, presented an abnormal development of its leaves, with only one leaf fully developed. In contrast, the other leaf could not fully develop on the newest and flowering sympodium (see Figure 2A).</p> <p> <b>Phylogenetic positioning:</b> —In a recent molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus, Vieira <i>et al.</i> (in press) recovered <i>P. sessiliflora</i> as an early divergent lineage of a clade that also includes two essentially Mesoamerican species, <i>P. cochleata</i> and <i>P. trulla</i> Reichenbach f. (1856: 214) Higgins (1998: 381), as sisters, which in turn is sister to a clade including <i>P. pygmaea</i> Hooker (1833: t. 3233) Higgins (1998: 380), <i>P. pseudopygmaea</i> Finet (1889: 121, t.3) Higgins (1998: 380), and <i>P. rhynchophora</i> Richard & Galeotti (1845: 20) Higgins (1998: 380), whose are also essentially Mesoamerican, except by <i>P. pygmaea</i> that is widespread distributed in the Neotropical region. That would be explained by two potential hypotheses, one considering a long-distance dispersal event of a potential Mesoamerican common ancestor, or another considering a Neotropical widespread common ancestor, with <i>P. sessiliflora</i> representing a species that evolved from relictual populations of this putative widespread common ancestor.</p> <p> <b>Preliminary conservation assessment:</b> —Based on the known records, <i>P. sessiliflora</i> has estimated EOO and AOO values of 264,264 km 2 and 20 km 2, respectively. However, it is important to mention that three of the five known records represent historical collections that do not have associated vouchers anymore (lost materials), with the most recent of those dating from 1970, without further recollections on those locations. Additionally, the region where the recent rediscoveries were found, the northeast portion of Mato Grosso do Sul and southwest portion of Goiás, are in an expanding agricultural and cattle ranching frontier within the Cerrado domain, where landscape has been dramatically modified, while the original vegetation severely reduced and fragmented (Strassburg <i>et al.</i> 2017, Renon <i>et al</i>. 2020, Morais <i>et al</i>. 2021, Colli-Silva & Morais 2022, Renon <i>et al</i>. 2023, Soares <i>et al</i>. 2023, Sousa Silva <i>et al</i>. 2023). Just to illustrate the situation of the region, the location where the specimen <i>Paiva-Neto 18</i> (SP) was recently found in Mato Grosso do Sul (gallery forests within <i>Fazenda Salto do Indaiá</i>, in the municipality of Chapad„o do Sul) was flooded after the installation of a dam (V.B Paiva-Neto pers. comm. 2021) to subsidize agricultural activities. Therefore, we are evaluating and assessing <i>P. sessiliflora</i> as an endangered species (EN) based on criteria B1 (<500 km 2 of AOO), and its conditions ‘a’ (≤ 5 known locations) and ‘b’ [observed and projected continuing decline of EOO (i), AOO (ii), extent of habitat (iii), and number of locations (iv)] of IUCN.</p> <p> Both recent rediscoveries of the species, <i>Paiva-Neto 18</i> (SP) and <i>Morais 6870</i> (JAR), also provided material for cultivation. The former has been maintained in cultivation at Orquidário Frederico Carlos Hoehne of Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, in S„o Paulo, whereas the latter specimen at the second author (ILM) private collection in Quirinópolis, Goiás. Efforts for <i>in situ</i> and <i>ex situ</i> conservation of the species should be encouraged, including <i>in vitro</i> germination, cultivation, and propagation.</p>Published as part of <i>Vieira, Tiago L., Morais, Isa Lucia De & Berg, Cássio Van Den, 2023, Rediscovery of Prosthechea sessiliflora (Orchidaceae, Laeliinae) in the Brazilian Cerrado domain provides valuable taxonomic data and allows nomenclatural adjustments, pp. 94-100 in Phytotaxa 620 (1)</i> on pages 96-99, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.620.1.9, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10010983">http://zenodo.org/record/10010983</a>
Morfoanatomia de Androtrichum trigynum (Spr.) Pfeiffer (Cyparaceae)
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Florianópolis, 2009.Androtrichum trigynum (Spr.) Pfeiffer é um gênero monotípico da família Cyperaceae ocorrendo em regiões litorâneas da costa sudoeste atlântica. Apresenta o sistema subterrâneo constituído por rizomas e raízes adventícias. Neste trabalho foram investigadas a ontogênese do sistema subterrâneo e análises quantitativas do rizoma, raízes e escapos florais de A. trigynum, coletados em dois ambientes da restinga do Parque Municipal das Dunas da Lagoa da Conceição em Florianópolis, caracterizados por dunas semifixas (DS) e baixadas úmidas (BU). Amostras do sistema subterrâneo e escapo foram coletados, fixados em FAA 70 e gluteraldeído 2,5% e processadas de acordo com as técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal. O rizoma é espessado, plagiotrópico e simpodial, dele partem, escapos florais cuja base é coberta por catafilos, e as raízes. A partir do promeristema do rizoma diferencia-se a protoderme, o procâmbio e o meristema fundamental. Com o desenvolvimento, o meristema de espessamento primário (MEP) é observado entre a região cortical e o cilindro vascular. O MEP produz centrifugamente células parenquimáticas e centripetamente feixes vasculares anfivasais e células parenquimáticas. Posteriormente, a partir do MEP diferenciam-se a endoderme e o periciclo. Em secção longitudinal do ápice radicular são evidentes o caliptrogênio, que origina a coifa; o promeristema, o meristema fundamental, a protoderme e o procâmbio. Inicialmente a epiderme está constituída de células papilosas que secretam grande quantidade de substâncias entre estas e as células da coifa; a endoderme meristemática forma o córtex interno. Na maturidade parte do córtex interno desenvolve-se em aerênquima esquisolisígeno e as células corticais mais internas tornam-se espessadas. As células da endoderme são alongadas no sentido radial e apresentam paredes finas. O periciclo é plurisseriado. Muitos idioblastos contendo compostos fenólicos são encontrados no rizoma, raízes adventícias e escapos florais. Foram analisadas as seguintes características: diâmetro das raízes e rizoma; comprimento, diâmetro e área dos escapos florais; comprimento e diâmetro dos elementos de vaso das raízes, rizomas e escapos florais; grau de esclerofilia, densidade estomática, distância entre estômatos, comprimento total e parcial das células guarda e largura das células subsidiárias e espessura da cutícula e parede periclinal externa da epiderme do escapo floral, as médias foram comparadas por teste T de Student e estatística descritiva com o auxílio do programa Excel e BioEstat 5,0, porcentagens de similaridade e Análise de Similaridade foram usadas para contrastar a procedência e período de coleta e MDS foi empregado para mostrar a distribuição espacial das amostras. De maneira geral, os resultados indicam que a espécie apresentou maiores taxas de crescimento durante o verão, ou seja, no período mais úmido, mostrando-se adaptada ao ciclo hidrológico de alagamentos e drenagens das baixadas úmidas, ao resistir ao alagamento. Através do MDS, foi observada certa tendência à separação das características anatômicas em quatro grupos (BU inverno e verão e DS inverno e verão). A. trigynum apresentou características xeromorfas, embora elas ocorram em indivíduos de ambientes úmidos, provavelmente em conseqüência de pseudo xeromorfismo ou escleromorfismo oligotrófico, causado principalmente por falta de nutrientes no solo
HgCdTe negative luminescence devices with high internal and external efficiencies in the midinfrared
James Cooper and the Scoto-Catholic Party : tractarian reform in the Church of Scotland, 1882 - 1918
In Scotland, no less than in England, the late Victorian era was one of transition. Industrialisation and urbanisation created new social problems, while other forces - most importantly the railway - worked to undermine the national comprehensiveness of Scotland. Even Scottish religion, until now protected both by distance and the different polity entertained, fell under the sway of English influence.
This thesis considers one particular aspect of English influence upon the Church of Scotland - Tractarianism. There is clear evidence to prove that in liturgical and architectural expression, in church furnishings and arrangement, in ritual and in doctrine, and even in the development of a library of historical research, there was manifest by some a deliberate attempt to reform the Church of Scotland through a thorough-going application of Tractarian definitions, ideals, and symbolic expressions.
In particular the thesis investigates the personal influence of the Reverend Professor James Cooper in this endeavour, for he was one of the principal figures in changing the face of the Kirk. He was a medievalist, tinctured with Jacobitism. Although there were some in the Church with more profound learning, and others with a broader vision of the social and ecclesiastical requirements of the new age, Cooper combined within himself many of the aims, the ideals, and the foibles commonly associated with Victorians. As the representative spokesman for the Scoto-Catholic party, he held a unique place in the life of the Scottish Church, for the scoto-Catholics, though always few in number, were not without significant influence. It was they in particular who perpetrated the “Tractarian" reform in the Church of Scotland.
In the introduction the historical background to the Scottish Church in 1882 is sketched. Part I provides a background survey of the Oxford Movement in England and Scotland. Part II considers the Broad Church attempt at reform, and the liturgical developments associated with the Church Service Society. Part III deals with the emergence of Scoto-Catholicism, and Part IV with Ecclesiological and Ritualistic movements. Part V looks at the attempt to defend and advance Catholic doctrine - the programme of the Scottish Church Society, and also traces Cooper's influence on the "Articles Declaratory” of the constitution of the Church of Scotland. Part VI investigates the attempt to defend and advance Catholic authority in the Scottish Church through a restatement of the Tractarian doctrine of Apostolic
Succession. Of necessity it also considers the matters of ordination and "valid Orders". It is shown that by means of a "historiological mythos" the Scoto-Catholic position in this, as in other matters, was advanced. There are several appendices, the first of which traces a connection between the Catholic Apostolic Church - which itself was not without significant liturgical and doctrinal effect upon the Church of Scotland - and the Oxford Movement
Scalable network-aware data centre federation
This paper presents the problems for dynamically deploying applications in a multi-tenant federated environment where end-to-end isolation, on-demand scalability and Quality of Service are critical factors. In addition, we propose an 'framework' that tackles these issues through the collaboration between data centres and network operators. This is achievable using a concept known as Dynamic eXchange Points (DXP), which is a set of connecting points that temporarily allows communication between two or more domains to support requests from applications. The feasibility of this framework is demonstrated with a proof of concept prototype. It reveals that there is a need for network operators to tackle the scalability issue under a dynamic environment with a large number of users.</p
Revisão taxonômica de Rhynchospora Vahl seção Glaucae C.B. Clarke (Cyperaceae) para a América do Sul
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Fungos, Algas e Plantas, Florianópolis, 2014.Rhynchospora Vahl (Cyperaceae) é um gênero cosmopolita, com cerca de 270 espécies e tem seu centro de distribuição nas Américas, principalmente nas zonas tropicais. O gênero é caracterizado pelas espiguetas com glumas de arranjo espiralado, as superiores floríferas, com flores bissexuadas ou então uma flor bissexuada inferior e as superiores estaminadas; apresentam ainda estilopódio persistente sobre o fruto e aquênio geralmente com cerdas perigonais. O presente estudo trata da revisão de Rhynchospora seção Glaucae para a América do Sul e foi desenvolvido através de métodos tradicionais de taxonomia. Os resultados obtidos são apresentados em dois artigos: o primeiro apresenta a revisão taxonômica da seção para a América do Sul com 14 espécies registradas; o segundo traz a descrição de uma nova espécie, Rhynchospora sp1 e discussões acerca da distribuição disjunta de R. gollmeri.Abstract : Rhynchospora Vahl (Cyperaceae) is a worldwide genus with about 270 species and has its distribution center in the Americas, especially in the tropics. The genus is characterized by spikelets with spiral scales arrangement, the upper scales fertile, with bisexual flowers or one lower bisexual flower and the upper ones staminate; still have persistent stylobase on the fruit and achene usually with perigonial bristles. The present study is a revision of Rhynchospora section Glaucae for South America and has been developed through traditional methods of taxonomy. The results are presented in two papers: the first presents the taxonomic revision of the section for South America with 14 species recorded; the second one brings the description of a new species, Rhynchospora sp1 and discussions on the disjunct distribution of R. gollmeri
The importance of social support for people with type 2 diabetes - a qualitative study with general practitioners, practice nurses and patients
Objective: Social support is an important element of family medicine within a primary care setting, delivered by general practitioners and practice nurses in addition to usual clinical care. The aim of the study was to explore general practitioner's, practice nurse's and people with type 2 diabetes' views, experiences and perspectives of the importance of social support in caring for people with type 2 diabetes and their role in providing social support. Methods: Interviews with general practitioners (n=10) and focus groups with practice nurses (n=10) and people with diabetes (n=9). All data were audio-recorded, fully transcribed and thematically analysed using qualitative content analysis by Mayring.Results: All participants emphasized the importance of the concept of social support and its impacts on well-being of people with type 2 diabetes. Social support is perceived helpful for people with diabetes in order to improve diabetes control and give support for changes in lifestyle habits (physical activity and dietary changes). General practitioners identified a lack of information about facilities in the community like sports or self-help groups. Practice nurses emphasized that they need more training, such as in dietary counselling. Conclusions: Social support given by general practitioners and practice nurses plays a crucial role for people with type 2 diabetes and is an additional component of social care. However there is a need for an increased awareness by general practitioners and practice nurses about the influence social support could have on the individual's diabetes management
Evaluating the impact of Attention Process Training (APT) on attention deficit in the early stages of recovery from stroke
Attention deficits are a prominent sequel of stroke and impact negatively on rehabilitation outcomes. However, rehabilitation efforts are almost entirely concerned with the remediation of physical impairments that result from the stroke despite the involvement of attention in physical functioning. Attention Process Training (APT) is a cognitive retraining programme originally designed for the remediation of attention deficit following traumatic brain injury. However, the efficacy of APT post-stroke is not yet known, as to date, few studies have been conducted with small sample sizes. This study evaluated the effectiveness of APT in improving attention in stroke survivors within the 5 to 8 week period post-stroke. Seventy eight patients admitted to hospital with first-ever-stroke were identified as having an attention deficit by obtaining a score of 1 standard deviation below the normative mean on any of the following widely-used neuropsychological measures of attention; the Auditory Attention Quotient (AAQ) or Visual Attention Quotient (VAQ) of the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test, (IVA-CPT), either trial of the Trail Making Test (TMT), the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), or by 3 or more errors made on the left or right side of the Bells Cancellation Test. These measures were re-administered on completion of treatment. Participants were randomised to either the experimental group who received standard care and up to 30 hours of APT or to a control group that received standard care only. The primary outcome measure was the Full Scale Attention Quotient (FSAQ) of the IVA-CPT which is a measure of attention derived from both auditory and visual attention quotients. The secondary outcome measure was a health-related quality of life measure, the SF-36, (Short-Form-36). Both measures were administered before treatment and again on the completion of treatment. The results showed that on the primary outcome, the APT group showed improvement from baseline to post-treatment whereas the SC group had not. Significant improvement by the APT group was also demonstrated on two other measures of the IVA-CPT including the Auditory Attention Quotient and the Full Scale Response Quotient (a measure of impulsivity). On the quality of life measure neither the APT group nor the SC group demonstrated a significant change in scores. The results of this study provide further support for the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation and in particular that APT is an effective cognitive treatment option for the remediation of attention deficit in the early stages of stroke recovery. The characteristics of stroke survivors who might benefit most from APT are identified as well as those factors that possibly influence the subjective experience of this particular intervention. The appropriateness of some measures such as the PASAT, the TMT, cancellation tests as well as continuous performance tests that are often used in research of attention deficit, are also discussed in the context of a stroke population. It is hopeful that the optimistic outcomes of this study will encourage further needed research in this area in order to inform stroke rehabilitation specialists to incorporate cognitive rehabilitation into predominantly physically-focussed programmes
