33 research outputs found
Assessing the demand and current status of agricultural mechanization in major coffee-production areas of Ethiopia
No full textEthiopia, the primary coffee producer in Africa and the fifth in the world is facing challenges in agricultural mechanization. The research aims to assess the status, constraints, preferences, and demand of mechanization in Ethiopia, focusing on strategies to improve smallholder access to capital-intensive inputs and bridgethe gap between mechanization and farmers’ needs. A household survey and focus group discussions were conducted on 136 random samples using a multistage procedure, with semi-structured questionnaires used to interview 81 households of small-scale and 19 households of large-scale coffee farmers. The studyfound that preferences for each operation during coffee production are based on difficulties in work drudgery, with 42.45% believing that the first energy-consuming operation is hole digging for coffee plantation and cultivation. Coffee harvesting is a highly time-sensitive operation for 49.4% of smallholder farmers, with handtools being the main implement dominantly used for weeding. Poor harvesting practices reduce the quality of coffee during processing, and some unions have two or more wet mills using old machinery. The main challenges for low mechanization in Ethiopia include difficult topography, fragmented land, a lack of manpower,lack of awareness of technology, weak linkages of coffee mechanization channels, high technology costs, a shortage of running budgets, and a weak support system of cooperatives and unions. Experts suggest that capacity building on extension systems is the best way to facilitate the extension system of coffee mechanization technology. Assessments of technology manufacturers, machine assemblers, maintenance service providers, and importers were conducted in Harar, Hawassa, Jimma, Bonga, and Addis Ababa cities. Challenges include a lack of enabling laws and incentives to facilitate business start-ups. Importation of small-scale enginedriven equipment is an additional means to meet demand in some cooperativesand may provide farmers with an alternative source of cheaper machinery. Ethiopian academics and higher education institutions are essential players in exploring mechanization options, and public and private sectors, including cooperatives and farmer organizations, need to have a clear understanding of their respectiveresponsibilities and areas for collaboration. 
Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) genes polymorphisms in children residing in an abandoned lead-zinc mine area in Kabwe, Zambia
No full textLead is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant that poses serious health problems to humans, especially to children. However, genetic variability in individuals varies their susceptibility to lead poisoning. One possible factor is genetic polymorphism. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between blood lead level (BLL), and polymorphisms in the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) MspI (rs1800435) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) FokI (rs19735810), BsmI (rs15444410), ApaI (rs7975232) and TaqI (rs731236) genes in children exposed to lead. A total of 140 children (aged 2-10 years) were recruited in areas living closer to and far away from an abandoned lead-zinc mine in Kabwe, Zambia. Blood samples were collected from each child for BLLs and polymorphisms analysis. All children were homozygous for the ALAD 1 allele, indicating there might be bioavailable lead in the children's blood which can transfer to the soft tissues and the brain. The distribution of the VDR gene polymorphisms showed major alleles prevalence's of 81%, 80%, 68%, and 75% for FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI polymorphisms, respectively. The aa genotype of VDR ApaI showed significantly higher BLL compared to other genotypes of the VDRs polymorphism. The TaqI - TT genotype was associated with an increase of lead exposure risk in female children (OR = 2.06; 95% CI:1.04-4.06, p = 0.03). The haplotype analysis showed 10 haplotypes with a frequency above 1%, and the FbAt haplotype showed a protective role against lead toxicity. In conclusion, the children, especially female children, which exposed to lead mainly from the abandoned lead-zinc mine might be at a higher risk of developing lead poisoning. Further, larger scale sample sizes are needed to corroborate the role of ALAD and VDR genetic variants on the implications of lead toxicity in the general population, particularly in children
The Probability Density Function of Interest Rates Implied in the Price of Options
No full textThe paper contributes to the stochastic volatility literature by developing simulation schemes for the conditional distributions of the price of long term bonds and their variability based on non-standard distributional assumptions and volatility concepts; it illustrates the potential value of the information contained in the prices of options on long and short term lira interest rate futures for the conduct of monetary policy in Italy, at times when significant regime shifts have occured.stochastic models, statistical analysis, interest rates, financial market
Hypovitaminosis D in developing countries-prevalence, risk factors and outcomes
No full textHypovitaminosis D is a prevalent disorder in developing countries. Clinical manifestations of hypovitaminosis D include musculoskeletal disorders, such as nonspecific muscle pain, poor muscle strength and low BMD, as well as nonmusculoskeletal disorders, such as an increased risk of respiratory infections, diabetes mellitus and possibly cardiovascular diseases. In developing countries, the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D varies widely by and within regions; prevalence ranges between 30-90percent, according to the cut-off value used within specific regions, and is independent of latitude. A high prevalence of the disorder exists in China and Mongolia, especially in children, of whom up to 50percent are reported to have serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels 12.5 nmol-l. Despite ample sunshine throughout the year, one-third to one-half of individuals living in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East have serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels 25 nmol-l, according to studies published in the past decade. Hypovitaminosis D is also prevalent in children and the elderly living in Latin America. Risk factors for hypovitaminosis D in developing countries are similar to those reported in Western countries and include extremes of age, female sex, winter season, dark skin pigmentation, malnutrition, lack of sun exposure, a covered clothing style and obesity. Clinical trials to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on classical and nonclassical clinical outcomes in developing countries are needed. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.Agarwal KS, 2002, ARCH DIS CHILD, V87, P111, DOI 10.1136-adc.87.2.111; Akcakus M, 2006, ANN TROP PAEDIATR, V26, P267, DOI 10.1179-146532806X152782; Allali F, 2009, SEMIN ARTHRITIS RHEU, V38, P444, DOI 10.1016-j.semarthrit.2008.01.009; Andiran N, 2002, NUTRITION, V18, P47, DOI 10.1016-S0899-9007(01)00724-9; Arabi A, 2010, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V64, P383, DOI 10.1038-ejcn.2010.5; Arabi A, 2006, BONE, V39, P268, DOI 10.1016-j.bone.2006.01.140; ARABI A, 2008, AM SOC BONE MINER S1, V23, pM178; Atiq M, 1998, ACTA PAEDIATR, V87, P737, DOI 10.1080-080352598750013806; Autier P, 2007, ARCH INTERN MED, V167, P1730, DOI 10.1001-archinte.167.16.1730; Badsha H, 2009, CLIN RHEUMATOL, V28, P971, DOI 10.1007-s10067-009-1146-7; Baroncelli GI, 2008, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V93, P1743, DOI 10.1210-jc.2007-1413; Bassir M, 2001, ACTA PAEDIATR, V90, P577, DOI 10.1080-080352501750197755; BERMAN S, 1991, REV INFECT DIS, V13, pS454; Bischoff-Ferrari HA, 2005, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V293, P2257, DOI 10.1001-jama.293.18.2257; Bischoff-Ferrari HA, 2004, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V291, P1999, DOI 10.1001-jama.291.16.1999; Bonakdaran S, 2009, SAUDI MED J, V30, P509; BOUCHER BJ, 1995, DIABETOLOGIA, V38, P1239, DOI 10.1007-BF00422375; Bruyere O, 2007, CURR MED RES OPIN, V23, P1939, DOI 10.1185-030079907X219562; Chiu KC, 2004, AM J CLIN NUTR, V79, P820; CLEMENS TL, 1982, LANCET, V1, P74; Collins D, 1998, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V8, P110, DOI 10.1007-BF02672505; Dawson-Hughes B, 2005, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V16, P713, DOI 10.1007-s00198-005-1867-7; de Boer IH, 2008, DIABETES CARE, V31, P701, DOI 10.2337-dc07-1829; DeLuca HF, 2004, AM J CLIN NUTR, V80, p1689S; Dobnig H, 2008, ARCH INTERN MED, V168, P1340, DOI 10.1001-archinte.168.12.1340; Du XQ, 2001, AM J CLIN NUTR, V74, P494; Duran P, 2009, ARCH ARGENT PEDIATR, V107, P397, DOI 10.1590-S0325-00752009000500005; El Saghir Nagi S, 2007, Int J Surg, V5, P225, DOI 10.1016-j.ijsu.2006.06.015; ELRADHI AS, 1982, J ROY SOC MED, V75, P884; Farrant HJW, 2009, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V63, P646, DOI 10.1038-ejcn.2008.14; Fischer PR, 1999, J TROP PEDIATRICS, V45, P291, DOI 10.1093-tropej-45.5.291; Foo LH, 2009, J NUTR, V139, P1002, DOI 10.3945-jn.108.102053; Fraser DR, 2004, J STEROID BIOCHEM, V89-90, P491, DOI 10.1016-j.jsbmb.2004.03.057; FULEIHAN GE, 2009, VITAMIN D PHYSL MOL, P469; Fuleihan GEH, 2001, PEDIATRICS, V107, DOI 10.1542-peds.107.4.e53; Fuleihan GE, 2006, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V91, P405, DOI 10.1210-jc.2005-1436; Fuleihan GE, 1999, NEW ENGL J MED, V340, P1840, DOI 10.1056-NEJM199906103402316; Ganmaa D, 2008, ASIA PAC J CLIN NUTR, V17, P68; Gannage-Yared MH, 2000, J BONE MINER RES, V15, P1856, DOI 10.1359-jbmr.2000.15.9.1856; Gannage-Yared MH, 2009, EUR J ENDOCRINOL, V160, P965, DOI 10.1530-EJE-08-0952; Gharaibeh MA, 2009, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V63, P1320, DOI 10.1038-ejcn.2009.99; Gibney KB, 2008, CLIN INFECT DIS, V46, P443, DOI 10.1086-525268; Gonzalez G, 2007, MENOPAUSE, V14, P455, DOI 10.1097-GME.0b013e31802c54c0; Gorham ED, 2005, J STEROID BIOCHEM, V97, P179, DOI 10.1016-j.jsbmb.2005.06.018; Goswami R, 2000, AM J CLIN NUTR, V72, P472; Green TJ, 2008, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V62, P373, DOI 10.1038-sj.ejcn.1602696; HANCHETTE CL, 1992, CANCER, V70, P2861, DOI 10.1002-1097-0142(19921215)70:122861::AID-CNCR28207012243.0.CO;2-G; Hashemipour S, 2004, BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, V4, DOI 10.1186-1471-2458-4-38; Hines SL, 2010, NUTRITION, V26, P255, DOI 10.1016-j.nut.2009.08.020; Holick MF, 2005, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V90, P3128, DOI 10.1210-jc.2005-0162; Holick MF, 2007, NEW ENGL J MED, V357, P266, DOI 10.1056-NEJMra070553; Hosseinpanah F, 2008, J BONE MINER METAB, V26, P86, DOI 10.1007-s00774-007-0791-7; Hypponen E, 2001, LANCET, V358, P1500, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(01)06580-1; Islam MZ, 2006, ASIA PAC J CLIN NUTR, V15, P81; Islam MZ, 2002, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V56, P51, DOI 10.1038-sj.ejcn.1601284; Javaid MK, 2006, LANCET, V367, P36, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(06)67922-1; John WG, 2005, AM J CLIN NUTR, V82, P517; Kachondham Y, 1992, Asia Pac J Public Health, V6, P226; Karatekin G, 2009, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V63, P473, DOI 10.1038-sj.ejcn.1602960; Kazemi A, 2009, J WOMENS HEALTH, V18, P835, DOI 10.1089-jwh.2008.0954; Kruger MC, 2010, BONE, V46, P759, DOI 10.1016-j.bone.2009.10.036; Laing CJ, 2002, BRIT J NUTR, V88, P133, DOI [10.1079-BJN2002611, 10.1079-BJNBJN2002611]; Lawson D.E., 1978, HUM NUTR-CLIN NUTR, V41, P199; Li X, 2009, DIABETES-METAB RES, V25, P411, DOI 10.1002-dmrr.977; Li-Ng M, 2009, EPIDEMIOL INFECT, V137, P1396, DOI 10.1017-S0950268809002404; Lips P, 2006, J INTERN MED, V260, P245, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-2796.2006.01685.x; Lips P, 2007, J STEROID BIOCHEM, V103, P620, DOI 10.1016-j.jsbmb.2006.12.076; Liu PT, 2006, SCIENCE, V311, P1770, DOI 10.1126-science.1123933; Liu TC, 2007, MOL THER, V15, P2060, DOI 10.1038-sj.mt.6300337; LO CW, 1986, AM J CLIN NUTR, V44, P683; Lulseged S, 1999, E AFR MED J, V76, P457; Manaseki-Holland S, 2008, INT J VITAM NUTR RES, V78, P16, DOI 10.1024-0300-9831.78.1.16; Margolis KL, 2008, HYPERTENSION, V52, P847, DOI 10.1161-HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.114991; Marwaha RK, 2005, AM J CLIN NUTR, V82, P477; Masood SH, 2008, PAK J MED SCI, V24, P891; McAlindon TE, 1996, ANN INTERN MED, V125, P353; Meddeb N, 2005, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V16, P180, DOI 10.1007-s00198-004-1658-6; Merlino LA, 2004, ARTHRITIS RHEUM, V50, P72, DOI 10.1002-art.11434; Mishal AA, 2001, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V12, P931, DOI 10.1007-s001980170021; Misra A, 2008, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V93, pS9, DOI 10.1210-jc.2008-1595; Mithal A, 2009, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V20, P1807, DOI 10.1007-s00198-009-0954-6; Mody GM, 2008, BEST PRACT RES CL RH, V22, P621, DOI 10.1016-j.berh.2008.04.003; Nagpal S, 2005, ENDOCR REV, V26, P662, DOI 10.1210-er.2004-0002; Napiorkowska L, 2009, POL ARCH MED WEWN, V119, P699; Nimitphong H, 2009, ENDOCRINE, V36, P205, DOI 10.1007-s12020-009-9216-9; Nnoaham KE, 2008, INT J EPIDEMIOL, V37, P113, DOI 10.1093-ije-dym247; OKONOFUA F, 1991, METABOLISM, V40, P209, DOI 10.1016-0026-0495(91)90177-X; Oliveri B, 2004, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V58, P337, DOI 10.1038-sj.ejcn.1601786; OLIVERI MB, 1993, BONE MINER, V20, P99, DOI 10.1016-S0169-6009(08)80041-4; Olmez D, 2006, ACTA PAEDIATR, V95, P1266, DOI 10.1080-08035250600580495; Ozkan B, 2009, EUR J PEDIATR, V168, P95, DOI 10.1007-s00431-008-0821-z; Papandreou D, 2010, INT J ENDOCRINOL, DOI 10.1155-2010-472173; Parkin DM, 2005, CA-CANCER J CLIN, V55, P74; Pawley N, 2004, AM J CLIN NUTR, V80, p1748S; Peters BSE, 2009, ANN NUTR METAB, V54, P15, DOI 10.1159-000199454; Pfitzner MA, 1998, J PEDIATR, V133, P740, DOI 10.1016-S0022-3476(98)70143-X; Pittas AG, 2007, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V92, P2017, DOI 10.1210-jc.2007-0298; Portela MLPM, 2010, NUTRITION, V26, P283, DOI 10.1016-j.nut.2009.04.022; Premaor MO, 2008, J ENDOCRINOL INVEST, V31, P991; Rabbani A, 2009, J TROP PEDIATRICS, V55, P189, DOI 10.1093-tropej-fmn078; Rahman SA, 2004, ASIA PAC J CLIN NUTR, V13, P255; Rejnmark L, 2010, INT J ENDOCRINOL, DOI 10.1155-2010-957174; Ruderman N, 1998, DIABETES, V47, P699, DOI 10.2337-diabetes.47.5.699; Saadi HF, 2006, BONE, V39, P1136, DOI 10.1016-j.bone.2006.05.010; Sachan A, 2005, AM J CLIN NUTR, V81, P1060; Salek M, 2008, EXP CLIN ENDOCR DIAB, V116, P352, DOI 10.1055-s-2008-1042403; Sarikaya S, 2006, J INT MED RES, V34, P362; Savitha MR, 2007, INDIAN J PEDIATR, V74, P477, DOI 10.1007-s12098-007-0081-3; Scalco R, 2008, ENDOCRINE, V33, P95, DOI 10.1007-s12020-008-9061-2; Selmi C, 2010, AUTOIMMUN REV, V9, pA267, DOI 10.1016-j.autrev.2009.12.001; Setiati Siti, 2008, Acta Med Indones, V40, P78; SPECKER BL, 1992, J PEDIATR, V120, P733, DOI 10.1016-S0022-3476(05)80236-7; Stanner Sara, 2006, J Fam Health Care, V16, P71; Strand MA, 2007, PEDIATR INT, V49, P202, DOI 10.1111-j.1442-200X.2007.02343.x; Sugden JA, 2008, DIABETIC MED, V25, P320, DOI 10.1111-j.1464-5491.2007.02360.x; Tavera-Mendoza LE, 2007, SCI AM, V297, P68; Wayse V, 2004, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V58, P563, DOI 10.1038-sj.ejcn.1601845; Wejse C, 2009, AM J RESP CRIT CARE, V179, P843, DOI 10.1164-rccm.200804-567OC; *WHO, 2010, CANC DIET PHYS ACT I; Witham MD, 2009, J HYPERTENS, V27, P1948, DOI 10.1097-HJH.0b013e32832f075b; Wortsman J, 2000, AM J CLIN NUTR, V72, P690; Zipitis CS, 2008, ARCH DIS CHILD, V93, P512, DOI 10.1136-adc.2007.128579; Zuberi Lubna M, 2008, J Pak Med Assoc, V58, P48274716
25-Hydroxyvitamin D assay variations and impact on clinical decision making
No full textContext: Laboratories are increasingly shifting to new automated 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) assays, with subsequent variability in results. Objective-Setting: We describe the experience at our center with such a shift and illustrate its clinical implications. Methods: 25-OHD levels were measured in 494 patients using Immunodiagnostic Systems RIA (IDS-RIA) and DiaSorin Liaison assays. Sources of variability between the assays were investigated in a subset of 83 samples, retested in the reference laboratory in the United States,andby reviewing the performance reports issued by the International Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme, DEQAS. 25-OHD cut-points for target levels were used to compare the two assays. Results: 25-OHD concentrations were significantly lower when measured with Liaison as compared to IDS-RIA: mean bias was -5 ng-ml, range was -38.1 to 18.7 ng-ml, P 0.001; the absolute bias was independent of 25-OHD value. Interassay variability was also detected in values obtained in the reference laboratory and in DEQAS reports. Using 20 ng-ml as the target 25-OHD level, 52percent of patients required treatment when tested by Liaison, as opposed to 36percent by IDS-RIA (P0.001). Using 30 ng-ml as the desirable level, the proportions were 79 and 64percent, respectively (P0.001). The two assays agreed in only 41-68percent of subjects, proportions that depended on criteria used to define agreement. Conclusion: A change in 25-OHD assays has a significant impact on results, patient classification, and treatment recommendations. Such variability cannot be ignored when deriving and applying vitamin Dguidelines. It also renders universal assay standardization a pressing call. Copyright © 2012 by The Endocrine Society.Arabi A, 2006, BONE, V39, P268, DOI 10.1016-j.bone.2006.01.140; Arabi A, 2010, NAT REV ENDOCRINOL, V6, P550, DOI 10.1038-nrendo.2010.146; Binkley N, 2004, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V89, P3152, DOI 10.1210-jc.2003-031979; Carter GD, 2011, CURR DRUG TARGETS, V12, P19; Carter GD, 2010, J STEROID BIOCHEM, V121, P176, DOI 10.1016-j.jsbmb.2010.03.033; Carter GD, 2004, CLIN CHEM, V50, P2195, DOI 10.1373-clinchem.2004.040683; Carter GD, 2004, J STEROID BIOCHEM, V89-90, P467, DOI 10.1016-j.jsbmb.2004.03.055; Centers for Disease Control Prevention, LAB QUAL ASS STAND P; Coates P, 2011, FED REG; Dawson-Hughes B, 2010, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V21, P1151, DOI 10.1007-s00198-010-1285-3; de la Hunty A, 2010, BRIT J NUTR, V104, P612, DOI 10.1017-S000711451000214X; Fuleihan GEH, 2001, PEDIATRICS, V107, DOI 10.1542-peds.107.4.e53; Fuleihan GE, 1999, NEW ENGL J MED, V340, P1840, DOI 10.1056-NEJM199906103402316; Gannage-Yared MH, 2000, J BONE MINER RES, V15, P1856, DOI 10.1359-jbmr.2000.15.9.1856; Glendenning P, 2006, ANN CLIN BIOCHEM, V43, P23, DOI 10.1258-000456306775141650; Holick MF, 2011, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V96, P1911, DOI 10.1210-jc.2011-0385; Holick MF, 2007, NEW ENGL J MED, V357, P266, DOI 10.1056-NEJMra070553; Hypponen E, 2007, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V92, P4615, DOI 10.1210-jc.2007-1279; Kimball SM, 2007, CLIN BIOCHEM, V40, P1305, DOI 10.1016-j.clinbiochem.2007.07.015; Lai JKC, 2012, INTERN MED J, V42, P43, DOI 10.1111-j.1445-5994.2011.02471.x; Lips P, 2004, J STEROID BIOCHEM, V89-90, P611, DOI 10.1016-j.jsbmb.2004.03.040; Phinney KW, 2008, AM J CLIN NUTR, V88, p511S; Ross AC, 2011, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V96, P53, DOI 10.1210-jc.2010-2704; Roth HJ, 2008, ANN CLIN BIOCHEM, V45, P153, DOI 10.1258-acb.2007.007091; Schleicher RL, 2011, CLIN CHIM ACTA, V412, P1594, DOI 10.1016-j.cca.2011.05.010; Snellman G, 2010, PLOS ONE, V5, DOI 10.1371-journal.pone.0011555; Stepman HCM, 2011, CLIN CHEM, V57, P441, DOI 10.1373-clinchem.2010.152553; Wagner D, 2009, CLIN BIOCHEM, V42, P1549, DOI 10.1016-j.clinbiochem.2009.07.013; Yetley EA, 2010, J NUTR, V140, p2030S, DOI 10.3945-jn.110.121483; Zerwekh JE, 2008, AM J CLIN NUTR, V87, p1087S24222
Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D
No full textThis review describes the vitamin D status in different regions of the world with the objective of understanding the scope of hypovitaminosis D and the factors related to its prevalence that may contribute to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Introduction: Vitamin D status has been linked to the pathogenesis of hip fractures as well as other skeletal and non-skeletal disorders. The purpose of this review is to provide a global perspective of vitamin D status across different regions of the world and to identify the common and significant determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Methods: Six regions of the world were reviewed-Asia, Europe, Middle East and Africa, Latin America, North America, and Oceania-through a survey of published literature. Results: The definition of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, as well as assay methodology for 25-hydroxyvitamin D or 25(OH)D, vary between studies. However, serum 25(OH)D levels below 75 nmol-L are prevalent in every region studied whilst levels below 25 nmol-L are most common in regions such as South Asia and the Middle East. Older age, female sex, higher latitude, winter season, darker skin pigmentation, less sunlight exposure, dietary habits, and absence of vitamin D fortification are the main factors that are significantly associated with lower 25(OH)D levels. Conclusion: Reports from across the world indicate that hypovitaminosis D is widespread and is re-emerging as a major health problem globally. © 2009 International Osteoporosis Foundation and National Osteoporosis Foundation.Agarwal KS, 2002, ARCH DIS CHILD, V87, P111, DOI 10.1136-adc.87.2.111; Ainy E, 2006, J ENDOCRINOL INVEST, V29, P303; Arabi A, 2006, BONE, V39, P268, DOI 10.1016-j.bone.2006.01.140; ARNEIL GC, 1975, P NUTR SOC, V34, P101; Arya V, 2004, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V15, P56, DOI 10.1007-s00198-003-1491-3; Atiq M, 1998, ACTA PAEDIATR, V87, P737, DOI 10.1080-080352598750013806; Bahijri SM, 2001, SAUDI MED J, V22, P973; Baroncelli GI, 2008, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V93, P1743, DOI 10.1210-jc.2007-1413; Bassir M, 2001, ACTA PAEDIATR, V90, P577, DOI 10.1080-080352501750197755; Bettica P, 1999, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V9, P226, DOI 10.1007-s001980050141; Bhambri R, 2006, J CLIN DENSITOM, V9, P120, DOI 10.1016-j.jocd.2005.11.001; BIALE Y, 1979, AM J CLIN NUTR, V32, P2380; Bischoff HA, 1999, ARCH PHYS MED REHAB, V80, P54, DOI 10.1016-S0003-9993(99)90307-6; BOLAND R, 1986, ENDOCR REV, V7, P434; Bolland MJ, 2007, AM J CLIN NUTR, V86, P959; Bolland MJ, 2006, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V17, P1742, DOI 10.1007-s00198-006-0190-2; Bowyer L, 2009, CLIN ENDOCRINOL, V70, P372, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-2265.2008.03316.x; Brock K, 2004, J STEROID BIOCHEM, V89-90, P581, DOI 10.1016-j.jsbmb.2004.03.073; Brock K, 2007, J STEROID BIOCHEM, V103, P786, DOI 10.1016-j.jsbmb.2006.12.048; Brustad M, 2004, PUBLIC HEALTH NUTR, V7, P783, DOI 10.1079-PHN2004605; BURNAND B, 1992, AM J CLIN NUTR, V56, P537; Chailurkit La-Or, 1996, Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, V79, P499; Challa A, 2005, EUR J PEDIATR, V164, P724, DOI 10.1007-s00431-005-1757-1; Chan TYK, 1997, CALCIFIED TISSUE INT, V60, P91, DOI 10.1007-s002239900192; Chapuy MC, 1997, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V7, P439, DOI 10.1007-s001980050030; CLEMENS TL, 1982, LANCET, V1, P74; Dahifar Hossein, 2006, J Med Invest, V53, P204, DOI 10.2152-jmi.53.204; Dawodu A, 2001, ANN TROP PAEDIATR, V21, P39, DOI 10.1080-02724930020028902; Dawson-Hughes B, 2005, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V16, P713, DOI 10.1007-s00198-005-1867-7; de la Jara GD, 2004, BRIT MED J, V329, P156; Diamond TH, 2002, MED J AUSTRALIA, V177, P139; DUNNIGAN M G, 1962, Scott Med J, V7, P159; DUQUE MAQ, 2007, REV METAB OSEO MINER, V5, P403; ELIZONDOALANIS, 2006, REV METAB OSEO MINER, V4, P389; ElSonbaty MR, 1996, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V50, P315; FOO LH, 2005, ASIA PAC J CLIN NUTR, V14, pS40; Fradinger EE, 1999, MEDICINA-BUENOS AIRE, V59, P449; Fraser DR, 2004, J STEROID BIOCHEM, V89-90, P491, DOI 10.1016-j.jsbmb.2004.03.057; Fuleihan GEH, 2001, PEDIATRICS, V107, DOI 10.1542-peds.107.4.e53; FULEIHAN GE, 2009, VITAMIN D PHYSL MOL; Fuleihan GE, 2006, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V91, P405, DOI 10.1210-jc.2005-1436; Fuleihan GE, 1999, NEW ENGL J MED, V340, P1840, DOI 10.1056-NEJM199906103402316; Gannage-Yared MH, 2000, J BONE MINER RES, V15, P1856, DOI 10.1359-jbmr.2000.15.9.1856; GARLAND CF, 1989, LANCET, V2, P1176; GARLAND FC, 1990, PREV MED, V19, P614, DOI 10.1016-0091-7435(90)90058-R; Ghannam NN, 1999, CALCIFIED TISSUE INT, V65, P23, DOI 10.1007-s002239900652; Ghazi AAM, 2004, J ENDOCRINOL INVEST, V27, P676; GOLDRAY D, 1989, J AM GERIATR SOC, V37, P589; Goswami R, 2000, AM J CLIN NUTR, V72, P472; Green T.J., 2007, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V62, P373; Grover SR, 2001, MED J AUSTRALIA, V175, P251; Harinarayan CV, 2008, INDIAN J MED RES, V127, P211; Harinarayan CV, 2005, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V16, P397, DOI 10.1007-s00198-004-1703-5; Harinarayan CV, 2007, AM J CLIN NUTR, V85, P1062; Hashemipour S, 2006, J BONE MINER METAB, V24, P213, DOI 10.1007-s00774-005-0674-8; Hernan MA, 1999, NEUROLOGY, V53, P1711; HERNANDEZBUENO JA, 2008, WORLD C MEN MADR SPA; HOLICK M, 1999, VITAMIN D PHYSL MOL, P1; Holick M. F., 1990, BONE MINERAL RES, P313; Holick MF, 2002, CURR OPIN ENDOCRINOL, V9, P87, DOI DOI 10.1097-00060793-200202000-00011; Holick MF, 2005, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V90, P3215, DOI 10.1210-jc.2004-2364; HOLICK MF, 1989, LANCET, V2, P1104; HOLICK MF, 1994, AM J CLIN NUTR, V60, P619; HOLICK MF, 1981, SCIENCE, V211, P590, DOI 10.1126-science.6256855; HOLMES AM, 1973, Q J MED, V42, P125; Holvik K, 2005, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V59, P57, DOI 10.1038-sj.ejcn.1602033; Hosseinpanah F, 2008, J BONE MINER METAB, V26, P86, DOI 10.1007-s00774-007-0791-7; Inderjeeth CA, 2000, AUST NZ J MED, V30, P209, DOI 10.1111-j.1445-5994.2000.tb00809.x; Inderjeeth CA, 2002, NEW ZEAL MED J, V115, P183; Isaia G, 2003, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V14, P577, DOI 10.1007-s00198-003-1390-7; Islam MZ, 2006, ASIA PAC J CLIN NUTR, V15, P81; Islam MZ, 2002, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V56, P51, DOI 10.1038-sj.ejcn.1601284; Jones G, 2007, J BONE MINER RES, V22, pV11, DOI [10.1359-jbmr.07s219, 10.1359-JBMR.07S219]; Judkins Annie, 2006, N Z Med J, V119, pU2144; Kimball S, 2008, CRIT REV CL LAB SCI, V45, P339, DOI 10.1080-10408360802165295 ; Krieg MA, 1998, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V8, P115, DOI 10.1007-BF02672506; Lapatsanis D, 2005, CALCIFIED TISSUE INT, V77, P348, DOI 10.1007-s00223-004-0096-y; LeBoff MS, 1999, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V281, P1505, DOI 10.1001-jama.281.16.1505; LEUNG SSF, 1989, ACTA PAEDIATR SCAND, V78, P303, DOI 10.1111-j.1651-2227.1989.tb11074.x; Lim SK, 2008, CURR MED RES OPIN, V24, P99, DOI 10.1185-030079908X253429; Lips P, 2001, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V86, P1212, DOI 10.1210-jc.86.3.1212; Lips P, 1999, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V9, P394, DOI 10.1007-s001980050162; Lips P, 2006, J INTERN MED, V260, P245, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-2796.2006.01685.x; Lips P, 2007, J STEROID BIOCHEM, V103, P620, DOI 10.1016-j.jsbmb.2006.12.076; Lips P, 2001, ENDOCR REV, V22, P477, DOI 10.1210-er.22.4.477; Liu BA, 1997, J AM GERIATR SOC, V45, P598; Looker AC, 2008, AM J CLIN NUTR, V88, P1519, DOI 10.3945-ajcn.2008.26182; Looker AC, 2002, BONE, V30, P771, DOI 10.1016-S8756-3282(02)00692-0; Lucas JA, 2005, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V16, P1641, DOI 10.1007-s00198-005-1888-2; MACLAUGHLIN J, 1985, J CLIN INVEST, V76, P1536, DOI 10.1172-JCI112134; MALHOTRA N, 2008, OSTEOPOROS INT S1, V19, pS29; MATSUOKA LY, 1988, ARCH DERMATOL, V124, P1802, DOI 10.1001-archderm.124.12.1802; McAuley KA, 1997, NEW ZEAL MED J, V110, P275; Meddeb N, 2005, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V16, P180, DOI 10.1007-s00198-004-1658-6; Meyer HE, 2004, BONE, V35, P412, DOI 10.1016-j.bone.2004.04.003; Mishal AA, 2001, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V12, P931, DOI 10.1007-s001980170021; Molla AM, 2005, PEDIATR INT, V47, P649, DOI 10.1111-j.1442-200x.2005.02141.x; Morales-Torres J, 2004, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V15, P625, DOI 10.1007-s00198-004-1596-3; Moussavi M, 2005, HORM RES, V64, P144, DOI 10.1159-000088588; Nakamura K, 2006, J BONE MINER METAB, V24, P1, DOI 10.1007-s00774-005-0637-0; Nakamura K, 2001, NUTRITION, V17, P921, DOI 10.1016-S0899-9007(01)00662-1; Nozza JM, 2001, MED J AUSTRALIA, V175, P253; Oliveri B, 2004, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V58, P337, DOI 10.1038-sj.ejcn.1601786; OLIVERI MB, 1993, MEDICINA-BUENOS AIRE, V53, P315; Ono Y, 2005, J BONE MINER METAB, V23, P147, DOI 10.1007-s00774-004-0553-8; PARFITT AM, 1982, AM J CLIN NUTR, V36, P1014; Pasco JA, 2001, MED J AUSTRALIA, V175, P401; Pettifor JM, 2004, AM J CLIN NUTR, V80, p1725S; Pittas AG, 2007, DIABETES CARE, V30, P980, DOI 10.2337-dc06-1994; PREECE MA, 1973, LANCET, V1, P907; PUN KK, 1990, BONE, V11, P365, DOI 10.1016-8756-3282(90)90092-D; Puri S, 2008, BRIT J NUTR, V99, P876, DOI 10.1017-S0007114507831758; QUESADA JM, 1989, AGE AGEING, V18, P392, DOI 10.1093-ageing-18.6.392; Rahman SA, 2004, ASIA PAC J CLIN NUTR, V13, P255; RASHID A, 1983, BRIT MED J, V286, P182; Rassouli A, 2001, BONE, V29, P428, DOI 10.1016-S8756-3282(01)00591-9; Rizzoli R, 2004, J BONE MINER RES, V19, P527, DOI 10.1359-JBMR.040204; Rockell JE, 2005, J NUTR, V135, P2602; Rockell JEP, 2006, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V17, P1382, DOI 10.1007-s00198-006-0118-x; Roddam AW, 2007, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V166, P1327, DOI 10.1093-aje-kwm210; RODRIGO MD, 2007, THESIS; ROSTAND SG, 1979, HYPERTENSION, V30, P150; Rucker D, 2002, CAN MED ASSOC J, V166, P1517; Saadi HF, 2006, BONE, V39, P1136, DOI 10.1016-j.bone.2006.05.010; Sabour H, 2006, GYNECOL ENDOCRINOL, V22, P585, DOI 10.1080-09513590601005409; Sachan A, 2005, AM J CLIN NUTR, V81, P1060; Salamoun MM, 2005, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V59, P177, DOI 10.1038-sj.ejcn.1602056; Sambrook PN, 2002, MED J AUSTRALIA, V176, P560; SEDRANI SH, 1983, AM J CLIN NUTR, V38, P129; SERENIUS F, 1984, J CLIN PATHOL, V37, P444, DOI 10.1136-jcp.37.4.444; Siddiqui AM, 2007, SAUDI MED J, V28, P441; Snijder MB, 2005, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V90, P4119, DOI 10.1210-jc.2005-0216; Snijder MB, 2006, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V91, P2980, DOI 10.1210-jc.2006-0510; Tau C, 2007, J STEROID BIOCHEM, V103, P651, DOI 10.1016-j.jsbmb.2006.12.027; Thomas MK, 1998, NEW ENGL J MED, V338, P777, DOI 10.1056-NEJM199803193381201; van Dam RM, 2007, AM J CLIN NUTR, V85, P755; van der Meer IM, 2008, CLIN ENDOCRINOL, V68, P466, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-2265.2007.03066.x; van der Meer IM, 2006, AM J CLIN NUTR, V84, P350; van der Mei IAF, 2007, J NEUROL, V254, P581, DOI 10.1007-s00415-006-0315-8; van der Mei IAF, 2007, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V115, P1132; VANDERWIELEN RPJ, 1995, LANCET, V346, P207, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(95)91266-5; van Schoor NM, 2008, BONE, V42, P260, DOI 10.1016-j.bone.2007.11.002; Vieth R, 2001, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V55, P1091, DOI 10.1038-sj.ejcn.1601275; Vieth R, 2005, J ENDOCRINOL INVEST, V28, P183; Vupputuri MR, 2006, AM J CLIN NUTR, V83, P1411; Wat WZM, 2007, ANN NUTR METAB, V51, P59, DOI 10.1159-000100822; WEBB AR, 1990, AM J CLIN NUTR, V51, P1075; WEBB AR, 1988, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V67, P373; Weisman Y, 2003, ISRAEL MED ASSOC J, V5, P289; WEISMAN Y, 1978, BRIT MED J, V2, P1196; Wicherts IS, 2007, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V92, P2058, DOI 10.1210-jc.2006-1525; Woo J, 2008, BRIT J NUTR, V99, P1330, DOI 10.1017-S0007114507844382; Yan L, 2000, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V54, P68, DOI 10.1038-sj.ejcn.1600895; Yetley EA, 2008, AM J CLIN NUTR, V88, p558S; Zargar AH, 2007, POSTGRAD MED J, V83, P713, DOI 10.1136-pgmj.2007.05911335034131
The Efficacy of Dexamethasone in the Prevention of Postoperative Shivering: A Double-blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
No full textBackground: Post-operative shivering is very common and followed by many problems such as increasing oxygen consumption, blood pressure, intracranial and intraocular pressure, and post-operation pain. Therefore, prevention of shivering is important especially in elderly and ischemic heart disease patients. The goal of this study was comparing the effect of Pethidine (Meperidine), Dexamethasone and Placebo on prevention of shivering.
Material and Methods: This double blind clinical trial study was carried out on 120 patients who were candidates for surgery under general anesthesia.The patients were randomly divided into three groups including those who received placebo (a) Dexamethasone (b) and Pethidine (c). Induction and maintenance of anesthesia for all patients were similar. Central and peripheral temperature of patients was measured every 5 minute interval. After induction saline normal, Dexamethasone and Pethidine were injected to groups a, b and c respectively. In recovery all patients were controlled for visible shivering: All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS software and ANOVA and chi square tests.
Results: There were no significant differences among three mentioned groups regarding of gender, age , duration of surgery and recovery time. Nineteen cases (47.5%) in group a had post-operative shivering. Whereas, in group b only 4 cases (10%) had shivering and the difference between 2 groups was significant (P value = 0.001). Also in group c, 15 cases (37.5%) had shivering that the difference with placebo group was significant (P value = 0.08).
Conclusion: The present study showed that pethidine and dexamethasone are effective drugs for preventing of post-operative shivering in elective surgery. And the effect of dexamethasone in preventing the post – operative shivering is better than Pethidine. Dexamethasone can be administered after induction of anesthesia as an alternative to administration of Pethidine (as a common method of prevention and treatment of postoperative shivering) particularly in patients with hemodynamic instability
Democratization is the determinant of technological change
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between democracy and technological innovation. The primary findings are that most free countries, measured with liberal, participatory, and constitutional democracy index, have higher technological innovation than less free and more autocratic countries, so that the former have a higher interaction among social, economic and innovation systems with fruitful effects on economic growth and the wealth of nations. In fact “democracy richness” in these countries displays a higher rate of technological innovation. In addition, democratization is an antecedent process (cause) to technological innovation (effect), which is a major wellknown determinant of economic growth. These findings lead to the conclusion that policy makers need to be cognizant of positive association between democratization and technological innovation to sustain modern economic growth and future technological progress in view of the accelerating globalization.Democratization, Technological Innovation, Patents, Royalty Licenses Fee, Economic Grow
On Education in the Global Culture of Lawfulness
No full textThis essay seeks to clarify what is meant by a Culture of Lawfulness (CoL), first in its original academic terms and antonym – lawlessness. The author ventures into its quintessence from a sociological perspective of criminal tribal traditions, next as the effect of conflict and post-conflict situations, and, then, as statutory lawlessness under the guise of the Rule of Law. Second, the essay considers CoL as a collateral of the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda, introduced under its chapeau by the Thirteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (Doha, Qatar, 2015).Th ird, the author looks into the relation between the Rule of Law and economic development. Finally, he looks into the question of the advancement of a Global Culture of Lawfulness that supports the rule of law and human rights while respecting cultural identities, through intergenerational and intercultural transmission of crime prevention values in the age of migration. In this latter context, the author discusses the educational CoL challenges for immigrant children and [email protected]ławomir Redo, PhD, dr. hab., Senior Adviser, Academic Council on the United Nations System (Vienna, Austria); f. UN Senior Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Expert and staff of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (ret.) He had been involved in numerous projects implementing UN standards and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice. In other capacities he assisted in the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and online international crime prevention and criminal justice education. He published four books, co-edited four others, including “Refugees and Migrants in Law and Policy – Challenges and Opportunities for Global Civic Education” (Springer 2018), and published about 80 articles – mostly on the UN law and practice of crime prevention and criminal justice. Course lecturer on “The United Nations and Crime Prevention Course” for graduate students (Austria, China, Poland). Promoter of criminological education and training to help meet the goals of the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Agenda.Academic Council on the United Nations SystemA/RES/67/1, Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Rule of Law at the National and International Levels, 30 November 2012, http://www.un.org/en/sections/documents/general-assembly resolutions/index.html (16.01.2018).A/RES/70/1, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 25 September 2015, http://www.un.org/en/sections/documents/general-assembly-resolutions/index.html (16.01.2018).Acemoglu D., Johnson S.A. R., Yared P., Income and Democracy, “American Economic Review” 2008, vol. 98, no. 3.Barro R. J., Convergence and modernization, “Economic Journal” 2015,vol. 125, no. 925.Besemera S., Ahmad S.I., Hinshawa, S.P., Farrington D., A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Behaviour, “Aggression and Violent Behaviour” 2017, vol. 37.Blattman M., Annan J., Can Employment Reduce Lawlessness and Rebellion? A Field Experiment with High-Risk Men in a Fragile State, “American Political Science Review” 2016, vol. 110, no. 1.Collier P., Rebellion as a quasi-criminal activity, “Journal of Conflict Resolution” 2000, vol. 44, no. 6.Collier P., Hoeffler A., Murder by Numbers: Comparisons and Inter-Relationships between Homicide and War, 2004, Oxford Centre for the Study of African Economies Working Paper Series 2004-10; mimeo available at http://www.csae.ox.ac.uk (16.01.2018).Eisner M., Long-Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime, “Crime and Justice” 2003, vol. 30.ECOSOC resolution 1995/9, Guidelines for the prevention of urban crime, 24 July 1995.ECOSOC resolution 1997/33, Elements of responsible crime prevention: standards and norms, 21 July 1997.ECOSOC resolution 2002/13, Action to promote effective crime prevention, 24 July 2002, https://documents.un.org/prod/ods.nsf/xpSearchResultsM.xsp (16.01.2018).Ellis L., Beaver K., Wright J., Handbook of Crime Correlates, Elsevier/Academic Press, Oxford 2009.Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/axiology (16.01.2018).Gentleman A., Deal with France ‘could bring hundreds more child refugees to UK, The Guardian 26.01.2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/26/deal-france-hundredschild-refugees-uk (28.01.2018).http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/#reports; https://govdata360.worldbank.org/indicators/h5ebaeb47 (28.01.2018)Kennedy A., The Doctrine and the Spirit of Lawlessness. http://israelitewatchmen.com/archive/reference/ArnoldKennedy/Th e%20Doctrine&Spirit%20of%20Lawlessness.pdf (28.01.2018).Kury H., Redo S. (eds.), Refugees and Migrants in Law and Policy. Challenges and Opportunities for Global Civic Education, Springer, Heilderberg 2018.Lindgren M., Documentation for GDP Per Capita by Purchasing Power Parities for Countries and Territories, The Gapminder Foundation, http://www.gapminder.org/data/documentationgd001/, Excel-file with data & meta-data – v11 (16.01.2018).Przeworski A., Alvarez M. E., Cheibub J. A., Limongi F., Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000.Radbruch G., Statutory Lawlessness and Supra-Statutory Law, “Oxford Journal of Legal Studies” 2006, vol. 26, no. 1.Redo S., Organized Crime and Its Control in Central Asia, Office of International Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX. 2004.Roosevelt K., The Myth of Judicial Activism. Making Sense of Supreme Court Decisions, Yale University Press, New Heaven-London 2008.Simma B. (ed.), Paulus A., Chatodou E. (ass.eds.) in collaboration with H. Mosler, A. Radelzhofer, Ch. Tomuschat, & R. Wolfrum, The Charter of the United Nations. A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Oxford 2002.Lindgren M., Documentation for GDP Per Capita by Purchasing Power Parities for countries and territories, The Gapminder Foundation,http://www.gapminder.org/data/documentation/gd001/, Excel-file with data & meta-data – v11 (16.01.2018).Whaites A., Achieving the impossible: Can we be SDG believers? OECD GovNet Background Paper 2016, no. 2.233274
Flood Impacts on Road Transportation Using Microscopic Traffic Modelling Techniques
No full textThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Springer via the DOI in this recordThis paper proposes a novel methodology for modelling the impacts of floods on traffic. Often, flooding is a complex combination of various causes (coastal, fluvial and pluvial). Further, transportation systems are very sensitive to external disturbances. The interactions between these two complex and dynamic systems have not been studied in detail so far. To address this issue, this paper proposes a methodology for a dynamic integration of a flood model (MIKE FLOOD) and a microscopic traffic simulation model (SUMO). The flood modelling results indicate which roads are inundated for a period of time. The traffic on these links will be halted or delayed according to the flood characteristics—extent, propagation and depth. As a consequence, some of the trips need to be cancelled; some need to be rerouted to unfavourable routes; and some are indirectly affected. A comparison between the baseline and a flood scenario yields the impacts of that flood on traffic, estimated in terms of lost business hours, additional fuel consumption and additional CO2 emissions. The proposed methodology will be further developed as a workable tool to evaluate the flooding impact on transportation network at city scale automatically.Research on the PEARL (Preparing for Extreme And Rare events in coastaL regions) project is funded by the European Commission through Framework Programme 7, Grant Number 603663
