1,720,975 research outputs found
Trois articles sur la formation des salaires aux marchés du travail imparfaits
No full textLe premier chapitre s’efforce de prendre en compte dans le cadre unique de l’existence de discriminations sur le marché du travail affectant à la fois les salaires et la probabilité d’embauche. Ce chapitre développe un modèle d’appariement dans lequel les firmes et les travailleurs se distinguent selon leur productivité, mais en termes de discrimination : les travailleurs appartiennent soit à une population discriminée, soit au groupe majoritaire ; les firmes quant à elles, se distinguent selon qu’elles traitent, ou non, ces deux catégories de travailleurs sur un plan d’égalité. Les firmes qui discriminent le font en raison d’une désutilité à embaucher un travailleur issu de la population discriminée. A l’équilibre stationnaire, les individus du groupe minoritaire subissent, à productivité égale, une double inégalité de traitement de la part des entreprises qui discriminent : leur salaire est plus faible, le bassin d’entreprises qui leur propose un emploi en cas de rencontre est plus étroit -induisant une probabilité de trouver un emploi plus faible. Ces bassins caractéristiques ont des conséquences inattendues sur les entreprises qui ne subissent aucune désutilité à embaucher un travailleur issu du groupe minoritaire : les travailleurs minoritaires acceptent un salaire plus faible, et sont par conséquent embauchés plus facilement dans ces entreprises, au détriment des travailleurs issus du groupe majoritaire. Le chapitre 2 vise à mesurer le degré d’exposition des employés du secteur privé aux chocs idiosyncratiques subis par les firmes. Dans une perspective assurantielle, répondre à cette question implique de distinguer les chocs permanents des chocs structurels, ce qui constitue un défi empirique important. La stratégie empirique s’appuie sur l’article de Guiso et al qui, bien que répliqué dans un certain nombre de pays européens, n’a jamais été appliquée à la France. La situation française pose à cet égard des questions particulières, en raison de la faiblesse fréquemment débattue de la flexibilité des salaires. L’estimation montre le marché du travail français offre une assurance très forte aux employés du secteur privé, qui n’absorbent les chocs structurels qu’à hauteur de 15 % et sont immunisés contre les chocs conjoncturels. Ce résultat semble indépendant de la taille des firmes. Le troisième et dernier essai s’intéresse à l’asymétrie de l’ajustement du salaire réel aux fluctuations conjoncturelles en fonction de la taille des firmes. Cette question s’inscrit dans une littérature en plein essor, sous l’impulsion notamment des travaux de Moscarini et Postel-Vinay qui montrent une forte asymétrie en fonction de la taille dans les ajustements des entreprises en termes de volume d’emploi. L’approche statistique de Carneiro et al. est appliquée au cas Britannique et montre que l’élasticité des salaires au niveau de chômage est plus élevée dans les entreprises de grande taille.It is well-known that in the US labor market the average black worker is exposed to a lower employment rate and earns a lower wage compared to his white counterpart ? Less attention has been given to the profile of these differences along workers’ skill distribution. Lang and Lehmann (2012) argue that wage and employment gaps are smaller for high-skill workers. Chapter 1 shows that a model of employer taste-based discrimination in a labor market characterized by search frictions and skill complementaries in production can replicate these regularities. It builds on Shimer and Smith (2000) and assume that a positive share of employers are prejudiced against workers of a certain race. The model generates sorting along two dimensions : race/prejudice and skill. The model is estimated with US data using simulated methods of moments. Chapter’s quantitative results portray the degree of employer prejudice in the US labor market as being strong widespead. Chapter 1 concludes that the ability distributions of black and white workers differ somewhat, but this explains little of the observed racial variation in labor market outcomes. Chapter 2 quantifies the responsiveness of French business sector wages to firm-level shocks. Following Guiso et al. (2005), the chapter offers the first estimates of this measure of wage flexibility using French data. The main finding is that French are partially exposed to permanent shocks and that firms provide insulation against temporary shocks. The economic implications of these facts are found to be small : the transmission of firm-level shocks acounts for about 15 percent of overall earnings variability. The final chapter presents new empirical evidence that of the fact that the strenght of real wage cyclicality in continuing jobs in the UK is negatively related to employer size measured by the number of employees in a firm. Specifically, it establishes that 1 percent increase in firm suize lowers the semi-elesticity of real wages in continuing jobs with respect to the unemployment rate by 0.18 points
Statistical Discrimination in a Search Equilibrium Model: Racial Wage and Employment Disparities in the US
No full textInternational audienceIn the US, black workers spend more time in unemployment, lose their jobs more rapidly, and earn lower wages than white workers. This paper quantifies the contributions of statistical discrimination, as portrayed by negative stereotyping and screening discrimination, to such employment and wage disparities. We develop an equilibrium search model of statistical discrimination with learning based on Moscarini (2005) and estimate it by indirect inference. We show that statistical discrimination alone cannot simultaneously explain the observed differences in residual wages and monthly job loss probabilities between black and white workers. However, a model with negative stereotyping, larger unemployment valuation and faster learning about the quality of matches for black workers can account for these facts. One implication of our findings is that black workers have larger returns to tenure. JEL Codes: J31, J64, J71
Statistical Discrimination in a Search Equilibrium Model: Racial Wage and Employment Disparities in the US
Full text linkIn the US, black workers spend more time in unemployment, lose their jobs more rapidly, and earn lower wages than white workers. This paper quantifies the contributions of statistical discrimination, as portrayed by negative stereotyping and screening discrimination, to such employment and wage dis- parities. We develop an equilibrium search model of statistical discrimination with learning based on Moscarini (2005) and estimate it by indirect inference. We show that statistical discrimination alone cannot simultaneously explain the observed differences in residual wages and monthly job loss probabilities between black and white workers. However, a model with negative stereotyping, larger unemployment valuation and faster learning about the quality of matches for black workers can account for these facts. One implication of our findings is that black workers have larger returns to tenure
Darbuotojų srautai Lietuvos darbo rinkoje gyvenimo ciklo kontekste
No full textReikšminiai žodžiai: Darbo jėgos dalyvavimas; Darbo rinkos institucijos; Darbuotojų srautai; Darnusis turizmas; Gyvenimo ciklas; Lankytojų patirtys; Nedarbas; Tamsusis turizmas; Teminė analizė; Užimtumas; Dark tourism; Employment; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Institutions; Life cycle; Sustainable tourism; Thematic analysis; Unemployment; Visitor experiences; Worker FlowsWe use survey micro-data for 31 European countries, and estimate the life-cycle profiles of worker transition probabilities across employment, unemployment and nonparticipation. The estimated transition probabilities are then used to explain aggregate difference in employment rates between Lithuania and Europe. We show that the separations from employment is a key in understanding differences in labor market outcomes of both genders, and that demographics play a large negative role for Lithuanian employment rates. The results have important implications for economic policies that are discussed at the end of the analysis
Statistical Discrimination in a Search Equilibrium Model: Racial Wage and Employment Disparities in the US
No full textIn the US, black workers spend more time in unemployment, lose their jobs more rapidly, and earn lower wages than white workers. This paper quantifies the contributions of statistical discrimination, as portrayed by negative stereotyping and screening discrimination, to such employment and wage dis- parities. We develop an equilibrium search model of statistical discrimination with learning based on Moscarini (2005) and estimate it by indirect inference. We show that statistical discrimination alone cannot simultaneously explain the observed differences in residual wages and monthly job loss probabilities between black and white workers. However, a model with negative stereotyping, larger unemployment valuation and faster learning about the quality of matches for black workers can account for these facts. One implication of our findings is that black workers have larger returns to tenure
Productivity-enhancing reallocation during the great recession: evidence from Lithuania
No full textThis paper studies the impact of the Great Recession on the relationship between reallocation and productivity dynamics in Lithuania. Using detailed microlevel data, we first document the aggregate contribution of firm exit and employment reallocation to productivity growth. Next, we estimate firm-level regressions to confirm the findings and to perform a heterogeneity analysis. This analysis shows that productivity shielded firms from exit, and that this relationship became stronger during the Great Recession. Moreover, we demonstrate that more productive firms experienced on average lower employment losses, and that this effect was even stronger during the economic slump. Taken together, our results suggest that reallocation was productivityenhancing during the Great Recession. However, the analysis also indicates that reallocation intensity varied with sector's dependence on external financing or international trade as well as market concentration. Keywords: firm dynamics, job reallocation, productivity, Great Recession
Earnings Inequality and Risk over Two Decades of Economic Development in Lithuania
No full textUsing Social Security records between 2000 and 2020, we provide a comprehensive analysis of labor earnings inequality and its dynamics over the course of Lithuania's economic development. Since 2000, there has been a substantial decline in earnings inequality, largely driven by the rapid growth of earnings at the bottom of the distribution, while earnings volatility has hardly changed. Importantly, we estimate a relatively high sensitivity of earnings growth to changes in real GDP, which declines with the level of permanent income. Additionally, we find that the idiosyncratic earnings risk of individuals at the bottom of the permanent income distribution is less sensitive to aggregate growth than that of individuals in the top half. Taken together, our findings underscore that analyzing earnings risk is critical to properly understanding the dynamics of inequality and designing effective policies to address it
Wage and employment impact of minimum wage: evidence from Lithuania
No full textThis paper evaluates the worker-level effects of a historically large and permanent increase in the minimum wage in Lithuania. Our identification strategy leverages variation in workers’ exposure to the new minimum wage, and exploits the fact that there has been no increase in the minimum wage in previous years, to account for heterogeneous labor market prospects of low-wage workers relative to high-wage workers. Using detailed administrative records to track workers before and after the policy change, we show that the minimum wage hike significantly increased the earnings of low-wage workers. This direct effect was amplified by wage spillovers reaching the median of the income distribution. Overall, we find no negative effects on the employment prospects of low-wage workers. However, we provide suggestive evidence that young workers, highly exposed municipalities, and tradable sectors may be more negatively affected. Taken together, our findings imply an employment elasticity with respect to the minimum wage of -0.021, and an own-wage elasticity of -0.033, suggesting that wage gains dominated employment losses. Keywords: Minimum Wage, Employment, Wages
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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