1,720,981 research outputs found
Le Musée de l’eau de Loumbila : essai de valorisation de la ressource en eau et la symbolique des usages traditionnels des objets associés
No full textThe governance applicative to the water resource preoccupies moreover the actors, always the research of citizen’s adhesion. In the undeveloped countries the inequal access to this resource is shouting. The habits linked to the extraction and the protection-keeping of water, is again an actuality in greatly localities (area). It’s in this view that the water museum has all its meaning. In fact, it’s a obscure institution, but well worked, should permit both to the convergence and the discovery of practices once used and the comprehension of working of concerned communities. Since ten years, in the village of Loumbila, in fortnight kilometers of Ouagadougou, function more or less one of precious museum dedicate to the water in Africa; it’s in the discovery of museum, its ambitions and the solutions that it propose that this article is consecrated. How, through the musual experience, we could improve water management in the cities in expansion and elsewhere? How can we sensitize more the populations about water conservation, of health, and environment, in term, through exhibition in museum?La gouvernance applicable à la ressource en eau préoccupe de plus en plus les acteurs, toujours à la recherche de l’adhésion des citoyens. Dans les pays dits en développement, l’inégal accès à cette ressource est préoccupant. Les habitudes de l’approvisionnement à travers des sources et des récipients traditionnels restent actuelles dans bien de nos localités. C’est dans cette perspective que le Musée de l’eau prend tout son sens. En effet, il s’agit d’une institution encore mal connue, mais qui, bien exploitée, permettrait à la fois la convergence et la redécouverte des pratiques jadis utilisées, ainsi que la compréhension du fonctionnement des communautés et leurs usages des ressources en eau. Depuis dix ans, dans le village de Loumbila, à une quinzaine de kilomètres de Ouagadougou, est installé un des rares musées dédiés à l’eau en Afrique. C’est à la découverte de ce musée, ses aspirations et les solutions qu’il propose que cet article est consacré. Comment, à partir de l’expérience muséale, on pourrait améliorer la gestion de l’eau dans les villes en expansion et ailleurs ? Comment peut-on davantage sensibiliser les populations à la préservation de l’eau, de la santé et de l’environnement, dans la durée, à partir de l’exposition en musée
Daily practices, issues and management of water resources in urban areas of Burkina Faso : a comparative anthropological case study : Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso
No full textLa présente recherche porte sur l’épineux problème d’accès à l’eau potable et de gestion des ressources en eau, dans le contexte de Ouagadougou et de Bobo-Dioulasso, les deux plus grandes villes du Burkina Faso. La question de l’eau potable et de l’assainissement qui s’inscrit par ailleurs dans les objectifs du programme onusien du Millénaire pour le développement, se traduit dans ces villes et plus généralement dans les pays en développement, par la mise en place de programmes destinés à faciliter un accès adéquat des populations à la ressource. La distribution, et l’accès à l’eau dans des villes en constante croissance démographique et spatiale, se révèlent de plus en plus problématiques, cette réalité étant en partie liée à l’exode rural, à la pauvreté des ménages. Le cadre de gestion institué par l’Office National de l’Eau et de l’Assainissement (O.N.E.A.) impliquant plus ou moins les différents acteurs locaux, fait difficilement face aux nouveaux défis organisationnels et structurels issus du processus d’évolution générale. Les nombreux enjeux qui accompagnent les problèmes de gestion, sont à la fois politiques, techniques, juridiques et socioculturels. En analysant les réalités quotidiennes liées à l’accès aux ressources en eau, cette thèse met en lumière les acquis et les limites du système de gestion. Elle vise à éclairer également les inégalités imputables à la nature des modèles de gestion étudiés, à travers les stratégies développées par les gestionnaires de l’eau, et par les populations. Ces inégalités sont manifestes dans les logements collectifs ou cours communes, et dans les habitats précaires des périphéries urbaines. Les difficultés d’accès à l’eau sont moins liées à une rareté de la ressource qu’à l’adaptation de la politique de gestion, et au manque des moyens financiers.This research focuses on the thorny problem of access to safe drinking water and management of water resources in the context of Ouagadougou and Bobo -Dioulasso, the two largest cities in Burkina Faso. The issue of drinking water and sanitation which is also part of the objectives of the UN Millennium Agenda for Development, leads in these cities and more generally in developing countries, to the establishment of programs to facilitate adequate access of the population to the resource. Distribution, and access to water in cities in constant demographic and spatial growth, are proving increasingly problematic; this reality is partly due to rural exodus and households poverty. The Management framework established by the National Office for Water and Sanitation ( ONEA) involving more or less different local actors, hardly meets new organizational and structural challenges arising from the overall process. The many challenges that accompany the management issues are both political, technical, legal and socio cultural. By analyzing the daily realities of access to water resources, this thesis highlights the achievements and limitations of the management system. It also aims at informing inequalities due to the nature of management models studied, through strategies developed by water managers, and peoples living in both cities . These inequalities are obvious in collective dwellings or common courtyards, and in fragile habitats in peripheries. Difficulties in having access to water are less related to scarcity than adaptation policy management, and lack of financial resources
拘束圧に対する強度非線形性を考慮した、複合荷重を受ける層状地盤上の基礎の支持力評価
No full textDue to the complexity of the interaction mechanism between soil and foundation, foundation design, is still considered as one of the most difficult tasks in geotechnical engineering. There are many types of foundation, and the bearing capacity of each foundation type is governed both by its structural strength, the supporting soil properties and the forces acting on it. In this thesis, the bearing capacities of three types of foundations are being investigated using: An in-house FEM code, namely, the rigid-plastic finite element method; Physical modeling and 3D elastic-Plastic FEM. (1) the bearing capacity of strip footing on two-layered c-φ soils, (2) the end bearing capacity of Incompletely End Supported Pile (IESP), (3) the bearing capacity characteristics of spiral pile subjected to combined loads. In the case of strip footing, the bearing capacity was investigated by considering layer factors. The influences of the following ratios on the bearing capacity factors were investigated: The ratio of the tangent of the angle of friction of the bottom layer to that of the top layer; the ratio of the cohesion of the bottom layer to that of the top layer; the ratio of the unit weight of the bottom layer to that of the top layer, and the ratios of the embedment of the footing and the thickness of the top layer to the footing width. Based on the influences of those ratios, layer factors are determined. Several types of failure mechanics were found and the conditions of occurrence of each failure type are summarized in a chart. A new approach for stimating the bearing capacity of strip footings on two-layered c-φ soils is proposed. A comparison with available methods in the literature has confirmed the reliability of the proposed method, showing the application limitation of the past research. In the case of IESP, the end bearing capacity was investigated considering shear strength nonlinearity of soil against confining pressure, and soil-foundation interaction. The effect of the distance between the pile tip and the bottom hard soil layer (d/B) on the end-bearing capacity of IESP was mainly investigated. The influence of ratio (r) of the end bearing capacity of the pile when it reaches the bottom hard layer to the end bearing capacity of the pile when the bottom layer has no influence was also investigated. As a result, the consideration of the shear strength non-linearity leads to accurate estimation of the end bearing capacity, affects the failure patterns and matches previous analytical, experimental and numerical solutions. It is found that the end bearing capacity inversely decreases with the distance d/B and becomes constant around d/B = 3. Based on the results, a formula for estimating the end bearing capacity of IESP is proposed. And comparisons with methods in existing literature have confirmed the reliability of the proposed equation. In the case of the spiral pile, a series of push-in, pull-out and horizontal loading tests on spiral piles constructed on soft and viscous ground was conducted, and a method to easily consider the integration effect of surrounding ground by rotational press-fitting is proposed. Subsequently, based on the proposed method, a small-diameter spiral pile is modelled with FEM analysis, various test results were reproduced and parameters to consider the integration effect of the surrounding ground, in numerical analysis, are identified. By the same FEM analysis method, using the identified parameters, the bearing capacity characteristics of the vertical and batter spiral pile for the combined load are obtained. Finally, based on the results, formulas for the bearing capacity envelopes in H-V-M space are proposed and the accuracies of the formulas are verified
Bearing capacity evaluation of various types of foundations subjected to combined load in layered grounds considering nonlinearity of strength against confining pressure
No full textGoing Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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