1,720,955 research outputs found
Suhu dan Rasio Kukus Optimum pada Proses Gasifikasi Kukus Berkatalis K2CO3 terhadap Arang Batu bara Lignit Hasil Pirolisis dengan Laju Pemanasan Terkontrol
Get PDFIn order to fulfill the raw material needs of Fischer Tropsch process for producing synthethic fuel (synfuel), high yield of synthesis gas (syngas) with H2/CO ratio ≈ 2.0 should be obtained from lignite coal gasification. Steam gasification can enhance H2 composition in syngas. Lower activation energy of gasification reaction can be obtained using K2CO3 catalyst during the process. Pyrolysis step with controlled heating rate will affect pore surface area of char which will influence the composition and yield of syngas. In this study, lignite char from pyrolysis with controlled heating rate with 172.5 m2/g surface area and K2CO3 catalyst was fed in fixed bed steam gasification reactor. Steam to char mass ratio (2.0; 3.0; 4.0) and gasification temperature (675; 750; 825C) was varied. Optimum condition for syngas production obtained in this study was steam gasification at 675C with steam/char mass ratio 2.0. This condition will produce syngas with H2/CO ratio 2.07 and gas yield 1.128 mole/mole C (45% carbon conversion).
Keywords: lignite, controlled pyrolysis, catalytic steam gasification, fixed bed reactor
Untuk memenuhi persyaratan bahan baku pembuatan bahan bakar cair sintetis (synfuel) melalui proses Fischer Tropsch, diperlukan proses gasifikasi batu bara lignit yang menghasilkan gas sintesis dengan rasio H2/CO ≈ 2,0 dan yield gas yang tinggi. Metode gasifikasi kukus dapat meningkatkan komposisi H2 dalam gas sintesis. Energi aktivasi reaksi gasifikasi dapat diturunkan dengan menggunakan katalis K2CO3. Laju pemanasan terkontrol pada tahap pirolisis menentukan ukuran pori arang yang berpengaruh pada komposisi dan yield gas sintesis. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengumpankan arang batu bara lignit hasil pirolisis dengan laju pemanasan terkontrol yang memiliki luas permukaan pori 172,5 m2/g bersama dengan katalis K2CO3 ke dalam reaktor unggun tetap. Rasio massa kukus/arang yang ditambahkan bervariasi 2,0; 3,0; 4,0 dan suhu gasifikasi 675, 750, 825C. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kondisi reaksi gasifikasi yang sesuai untuk produksi gas sintesis bahan baku proses Fischer Tropsch adalah reaksi gasifikasi berkatalis K2CO3 pada suhu 675C dan rasio massa kukus/arang 2,0. Kondisi ini menghasilkan gas sintesis dengan rasio H2/CO 2,07 dengan yield gas 1,128 mol/mol C (45% konversi karbon).
Kata kunci: lignit, pirolisis terkontrol, gasifikasi kukus berkatalis, reaktor unggun teta
Lump Kinetic Analysis of Syngas Composition Effect on Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis over Cobalt and Cobalt-Rhenium Alumina Supported Catalyst
Get PDFThis study investigated lump kinetic analysis of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over Cobalt and Cobalt-Rhenium Alumina supported catalyst (Co/γ-Al2O3 and Co-Re/γ-Al2O3) at 20 bars and 483 K using feed gas with molar H2/CO ratios of 1.0 to 2.1. Syngas with H2/CO molar ratio of 1.0 represents syngas characteristic derived from biomass, while the 2.1 molar ratio syngas derived from coal. Rhenium was used as the promoter for the cobalt catalyst. Isothermal Langmuir adsorption mechanism was used to build kinetic model. Existing kinetic model of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over cobalt alumina supported catalysts only valid for operating pressure less than 10 bar. CO insertion mechanism with hydrogenation step of catalyst-adsorbed CO by catalyst-adsorbed H component as the rate-limiting step is valid for operating condition in this research. Higher H2/CO ratio makes faster hydrogenation step and less-product dominated in the associative CO adsorption step and dissociative H2 adsorption equilibrium step. Kinetic constant for hydrogenation step increases 73-421% in syngas with 2.1 H2/CO molar ratio compared to condition with 1.0 H2/CO molar ratio. Faster hydrogenation step (with higher kinetic constant) results in higher reactant conversion. Equilibrium constant for associative CO adsorption and dissociative H2 adsorption step decreases 53-94% and 13-82%, respectively, in syngas with higher H2/CO molar ratio. Less product dominated reactant adsorption step (lower equilibrium constant for CO and H2 adsorption step) gives higher CH4 product selectivity, which occurred on 2.1 molar ratio of syngas. Rhenium (Re) metal on cobalt catalyst with composition 0.05%Re-12%Co/γ-Al2O3 only gives effect as structural promoter, which only increases reactant conversion with the same product selectivity. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reserved
Received: 10th November 2015; Revised: 10th February 2016; Accepted: 16th February 2016
How to Cite: Tristantini, D., Suwignjo, R.K. (2016). Lump Kinetic Analysis of Syngas Composition Effect on Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis over Cobalt and Cobalt-Rhenium Alumina Supported Catalyst. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 11 (1): 84-92. (doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.1.424.84-92)
Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.1.424.84-9
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Syngas Production from Lignite Coal Using K2CO3 Catalytic Steam Gasification with Controlled Heating Rate in Pyrolysis Step
No full textAbstractGasification uses steam increases H2 content in the syngas. Kinetics of gasification process can be improved by using K2CO3 catalyst. Controlled heating rate in pyrolysis step determines the pore size of charcoal that affects yield gas and H2 and CO content in the syngas. In previous research, pyrolisis step was performed without considering heating rate in pyrolysis step. This experiment was performed by catalytic steam gasification using lignite char from pyrolysis with controlled heating rate intended to produce maximum yield of syngas with mole ratio of H2/CO ≈ 2. Slow heating rate (3°C/min) until 850°C in the pyrolysis step has resulted in largest surface area of char. This study was performed by feeding Indonesian lignite char particles and K2CO3 catalyst into a fixed bed reactor with variation of steam/char mole ratio (2.2; 2.9; 4.0) and gasification temperature (750°C, 825°C, and 900°C). Highest ratio of H2/CO (1.682) was obtained at 750°C and steam/char ratio 2.2. Largest gas yield obtained from this study was 0.504mol/g of char at 900°C and steam/char ratio 2.9. Optimum condition for syngas production was at 750°C and steam/char mole ratio 2.2 with gas yield 0.353mol/g of char and H2/CO ratio 1.682
- …
