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Tanggung jawab hukum orang tua terhadap perzinaan anak perspektif asas Fikih Jinayah dan teori tujuan hukum Gustav Radbruch
Get PDFABSTRAK
Perzinaan anak menjadi problematika yang belum selesai di Indonesia. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan tingkat dispensasi kawin akibat hamil di luar nikah yang masih tinggi dan cenderung naik dari tahun ke tahun. Padahal ada pihak yang memegang berperan penting di dalam masalah ini yaitu orang tua. Namun, beberapa hukum positif di Indonesia masih belum memiliki penyelarasan mengenai pengaturan tanggung jawab hukum orang tua terhadap perzinaan anak. Fokus penelitian ini adalah (1) Bagaimana pengaturan perzinaan anak di dalam hukum positif di Indonesia? (2) Bagaimana Tanggung Jawab Hukum Orang Tua terhadap perzinaan anak perspektif fikih jinayah? (3) Bagaimana Tanggung Jawab Hukum Orang Tua terhadap perzinaan anak perspektif teori tujuan hukum Gustav Radbruch?
Jenis penelitian ini adalah termasuk jenis penelitian normatif atau disebut juga penelitian kepustakaan (libraru research). Dalam konteks penelitian ini digunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan perbandingan. Pada penelitian ini juga menggunakan pisau analisis Asas Fikih Jinayah dan Teori Tujuan Hukum Gustav Radbruch.
Hasil penelitian ini: (1) Hukum positif di Indonesia yang pada penelitian ini merupakan undang-undang mengatur mengenai perzinaan anak secara inplisit di dalamnya ada 3 undang-undang. Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan. Kemudian Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Dan Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak. (2) Analisis tentang tanggung jawab hukum orang tua terhadap perzinaan anak perspektif Asas Fikih Jinayat di dalam undang-undang perkawinan telah terpenuhi asas keadilan saja dan asas manfaat. Kemudian undang-undang KUHP yang memenuhi dari asas manfaat dan asas legalitas. Adapun selanjutnya undang-undang perlindungan anak memenuhi asas keadilan dan asas manfaat namun tidak dari asas legalitas. (3) Kemudian berdasarkan perspektif Teori Tujuan Hukum Gustav Radbruch. Dalam undang-undang perkawinan aspek keadilan dan kepastian hukum sudah ada namun aspek kemanfaatan hukum yang belum terwujud. Kemudian pada undang-undang KUHP hanya kepastian hukum yang terwujud. Undang-undang perlindungan anak yang dapat diwujudkan adalah keadilan dan kemanfaatan hukum, sedangkan kepastian hukum belum diatur mengenai perzinaan anak di dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang ada.
ABSTRACT
Child adultery is an unsolved problem in Indonesia. This is proven by the level of marriage dispensation due to pregnancy outside of marriage which is still high and tends to increase from year to year. Even though there are parties who play an important role in this problem, namely parents. However, several positive laws in Indonesia still do not have harmonization regarding the regulation of parental legal responsibility for child adultery. The focus of this research is (1) How is child adultery regulated in positive law in Indonesia? (2) What is the legal responsibility of parents regarding child adultery from the perspective of jinayah jurisprudence? (3) What is the legal responsibility of parents for child adultery from the perspective of Gustav Radbruch's theory of legal objectives?
This type of research is a type of normative research or also called library research. In the context of this research, a statutory approach, a conceptual approach and a comparative approach are used. This research also uses the analysis of the Principles of Jinayah Jurisprudence and Gustav Radbruch's Theory of Legal Objectives.
The results of this research: (1) Positive law in Indonesia, which in this research is a law regulating child adultery implicitly, contains 3 laws. Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. Then Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code. And Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection. (2) Analysis of the legal responsibility of parents for child adultery from the perspective of the Jinayat Jurisprudence principle in marriage law has fulfilled the principle of justice alone and the principle of benefit. Then the Criminal Code law fulfills the principle of benefit and the principle of legality. Furthermore, the child protection law fulfills the principles of justice and the principle of benefit but not the principle of legality. (3) Then based on the perspective of Gustav Radbruch's Theory of Legal Objectives. In marriage law, aspects of justice and legal certainty already exist, but aspects of legal benefit have not been realized. Then in the Criminal Code law only legal certainty is realized. Child protection laws that can be realized are justice and legal benefits, while legal certainty has not been regulated regarding child adultery in existing laws and regulations.
مستخلص البحث
زنا الأطفال مشكلة لم يتم حلها في إندونيسيا. ويتجلى ذلك في مستوى إعفاء الزواج بسبب الحمل خارج إطار الزواج الذي لا يزال مرتفعا ويميل إلى الارتفاع من سنة إلى أخرى. رغم أن هناك أطرافاً تلعب دوراً مهماً في هذه المشكلة، وهم الأهل. ومع ذلك، لا تزال العديد من القوانين الإيجابية في إندونيسيا تفتقر إلى التنسيق فيما يتعلق بتنظيم المسؤولية القانونية للوالدين عن زنا الأطفال. يركز هذا البحث على (1) كيف يتم تنظيم زنا الأطفال في القانون الوضعي في إندونيسيا؟ (2) ما المسؤولية القانونية للوالدين فيما يتعلق بزنا الأطفال من منظور فقه الجناية؟ (3) ما هي المسؤولية القانونية للوالدين عن زنا الأطفال من منظور نظرية الأهداف القانونية لجوستاف رادبروخ؟
هذا النوع من البحث هو نوع من البحث المعياري أو يسمى أيضًا البحث المكتبي. وفي سياق هذا البحث، تم استخدام المنهج القانوني، والمنهج المفاهيمي، والمنهج المقارن. كما يستخدم هذا البحث تحليل أصول فقه الجناية ونظرية الأهداف القانونية لغوستاف رادبروخ.
نتائج هذا البحث: (1) القانون الوضعي في إندونيسيا، وهو في هذا البحث قانون ينظم زنا الأطفال ضمنا، يحتوي على 3 قوانين. قانون رقم 16 لسنة 2019 بتعديل القانون رقم 1 لسنة 1974 بشأن الزواج ثم القانون رقم 1 لسنة 2023 في شأن قانون العقوبات. وعلى القانون رقم 35 لسنة 2014 بتعديل القانون رقم 23 لسنة 2002 في شأن حماية الطفل. (2) تحليل المسؤولية القانونية للوالدين عن زنا الأطفال من منظور مبدأ فقه الجنايات في قانون الزواج حقق مبدأ العدالة وحدها ومبدأ المنفعة. ومن ثم فإن قانون العقوبات يحقق مبدأ المنفعة ومبدأ المشروعية. كما أن قانون حماية الطفل يحقق مبادئ العدالة ومبدأ المنفعة وليس مبدأ الشرعية. (3) ثم بناءً على منظور نظرية الأهداف القانونية لجوستاف رادبروخ. وفي قانون الزواج، توجد بالفعل جوانب العدالة واليقين القانوني، ولكن جوانب المنفعة القانونية لم تتحقق. ثم في قانون القانون الجنائي يتحقق اليقين القانوني فقط. إن قوانين حماية الطفل التي يمكن تحقيقها هي العدالة والمنافع القانونية، بينما لم يتم تنظيم اليقين القانوني فيما يتعلق بزنا الأطفال في القوانين والأنظمة القائم
Peran kantor urusan agama dalam meminimalisasi kasus perkawinan di bawah umur pada masa pandemi Covid-19: Studi Kasus di KUA Kecamatan Dau Kabupaten Malang
Get PDFABSTRAK
Perkawinan di bawah umur merupakan problematika perkawinan yang masih banyak terjadi di Kecamatan Dau. Ditambah lagi dengan keadaan pandemi covid-19 yang melanda maka terjadi dinamika di dalam praktik perkawinan di bawah umur di Kecamatan Dau.
Kantor Urusan Agama sebagai instansi layanan dan bimbingan perkawinan yang paling memahami pengaturan batasan umur di dalam perkawinan. Rumusan masalah pada penelitian ini yaitu; Apa faktor yang melatarbelakangi perkawinan di bawah umur di masa pandemi Covid-19 di Kecamatan Dau? Dan bagaimana peran Kantor Urusan Agama Kecamatan Dau dalam meminimalisasi kasus perkawinan di bawah umur pada masa pandemi Covid-19?
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode jenis penelitian empiris dan pendekatan kualitatif. Untuk cara memperoleh data di lapangan melalui wawancara dan dokumentasi. Sedangkan proses pengolahan data digunakan teknik pemeriksaan data, klasifikasi, verifikasi, analisis, dan kesimpulan.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi perkawinan di bawah umur di KUA Kecamatan Dau di masa pandemi covid-19 ialah faktor sosial budaya berupa pola pikir dan kebiasaan masyarakat yang kaku, faktor agama dengan kekhawatiran orang tua terhadap perilaku hubungan anaknya, faktor pergaulan bebas yang berujung kepada hamil di luar nikah, faktor ekonomi dengan dalih menjadi teman kerja sebagai petani, dan faktor pendidikan yang kurang. Sehingga semua faktor tersebut menjadi landasan untuk melegalkan perkawinan di bawah umur melalui proses dispensasi kawin.
Peran KUA Kecamatan Dau dalam meminimalisasi kasus perkawinan di bawah umur pada masa pandemi covid-19 ialah peran penghulu sekaligus Kepala KUA dalam melakukan sosialisasi beserta penyuluhan, pengetatan pendaftaran perkawinan, dan menjalin kerja sama sektoral. Peran para penyuluh agama dengan datang di forum-forum di masyarakat serta menasihati calon pengantin saat Jomblokan. Terakhir ialah peran para modin desa dengan mengedukasi masyarakat melalui penyuluhan dan saran untuk menunda perkawinan di bawah umur.
ABSTRACT
Underage marriage is a problem of marriage that still occurs in Dau District. Coupled with the Covid-19 pandemic that hit, there were dynamics in the practice of underage marriage in Dau District.
The Office of Religious Affairs as a marriage service and guidance agency very understands about the regulation of age limits in marriage. The formulation of the problem in this research are; What are the factors behind underage marriage during the Covid-19 pandemic in Dau District? And what is the role of the Dau District Religious Affairs Office in minimizing cases of underage marriage during the Covid-19 pandemic?
This research uses empirical research type method and qualitative approach. For how to obtain data in the field through interviews and documentation. While the data processing technique used data inspection techniques, classification, verification, analysis, and conclusions.
The results of this study indicate that the factors behind underage marriage in the Office of Religious Affairs of Dau District during the covid-19 pandemic are socio-cultural factors in the form of rigid community mindsets and habits, religious factors with parental concerns about their child's relationship behavior, social factors freedom which leads to pregnancy out of wedlock, economic factors under the pretext of being a co-worker as a farmer, and lack of education. So that all these factors become the basis for legalizing underage marriage through the marriage dispensation process.
The role of the Office of Religious Affairs of Dau District in minimizing cases of underage marriage during the covid-19 pandemic is the role of the chief as well as the Head of Office of Religious Affairs in conducting socialization and counseling, tightening marriage registration, and establishing sectoral cooperation. The role of religious instructors by coming to forums in the community and advising brides and grooms when they are single. The last is the role of the village apparatus by educating the community through counseling and advice on delaying underage marriages.
مستخلص البحث
زواج القاصرات هو مشكلة زواج ما زالت تحدث في مقاطعة داو. إلى جانب جائحة كوفيد ١٩.الذي ضرب ، كانت هناك تقلبات في ممارسة زواج القاصرات في مقاطعة داو.
يتفهم مكتب الشؤون الدينية ، بصفته وكالة إرشادية وخدمة الزواج ، بشكل أفضل تنظيم حدود السن في الزواج. صياغة المشكلة في هذا البحث هي ؛ ما هي العوامل الكامنة وراء زواج القاصرات أثناء انتشار جائحة كوفيد ١٩ في مقاطعة داو؟ وما هو دور مكتب الشؤون الدينية بمقاطعة داو في التقليل من حالات زواج القاصرات أثناء جائحة كوفيد ١٩
؟
يستخدم هذا البحث أسلوب نوع البحث التجريبي والنهج النوعي. لكيفية الحصول على البيانات في الميدان من خلال المقابلات والتوثيق. بينما استخدمت تقنية معالجة البيانات تقنيات فحص البيانات والتصنيف والتحقق والتحليل والاستنتاجات.
تشير نتائج هذه الدراسة إلى أن العوامل الكامنة وراء زواج القاصرات في مكتب الشؤون الدينية بمقاطعة داو أثناء وباء كوفيد ١٩. هي عوامل اجتماعية وثقافية في شكل عقليات وعادات مجتمعية جامدة ، وعوامل دينية مع مخاوف الوالدين بشأن سلوك علاقة أطفالهم ، حرية العوامل الاجتماعية التي تؤدي إلى الحمل خارج إطار الزواج ، والعوامل الاقتصادية بحجة كونك زميل في العمل كمزارع ، ونقص التعليم. بحيث تصبح كل هذه العوامل أساس تقنين زواج القاصرات من خلال عملية الإعفاء من الزواج.
دور مكتب الشؤون الدينية في التقليل من حالات زواج القاصرات أثناء انتشار جائحة كوفيد ١٩هو دور الر ئيس وكذلك رئيس مكتب الشؤون الدينية في إجراء التنشئة الاجتماعية وتقديم المشورة ، وتشديد تسجيل الزواج ، وإقامة تعاون قطاعي. دور المرشدين الدينيين من خلال الحضور إلى المنتديات في المجتمع وتقديم النصح للعرائس والعرسان عندما يكونون غير متزوجين. الأخير هو دور مودين القرية من خلال تثقيف المجتمع من خلال تقديم المشورة والمشورة بشأن تأخير زواج القاصرات
Limitation for the practice of excessive religious moderation
Get PDFReligious moderation is urgent to be implemented in Indonesia because Indonesia is a diverse country in unity. However, the fact is that there are practices of excessive religious moderation that tend to be extreme. So to restore the meaning of religious moderation that Wasathiyyah is in the middle as mandated by Allah SWT. in the Qur'an Surah Al-Baqarah verse 143, it is necessary to limit the practice of religious moderation. So we need a concrete solution to this problem. So this research has several objectives: (1) Describe excessive religious moderation practices, (2) Analyze efforts to limit excessive religious moderation practices. This research is a type of qualitative research. So the research method used is a normative approach that collects data using literature studies from some of the literature used. The results and discussion of this study is that the excessive practice of religious moderation is the intention of carrying out religious practices with the aim of moderation not being strict but too loose so that it tends to give rise to a new pole of liberal extremism that leads to polytheism. For example, General "D"'s a controversial statement and Gus Samsudin's medical practices. The efforts to limit the practice of excessive religious moderation are carried out by studying and understanding the 4 (four) indicators or limitations of religious moderation by the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia, namely a strong national commitment, being tolerant properly, being non-violent, and accommodating to local culture. So that the practice of religious moderation can be carried out properly and not excessively, which tends to be extreme. Finally, it is necessary to reformulate the proper practice of religious moderation by the guidance of the Al-Qur'an and Hadith. So that new extreme poles that are radical or liberal do not arise
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Legalization Of The Sexual Violence Law Perspectives Rule Of Jurisprudence Maslahah Leader Policy
Get PDFCases of sexual violence in Indonesia from year to year are increasing. The government also responded by passing the Law on Sexual Violence in 2022. It aims to ensure protection for Indonesian society, especially women and children, from the threat of sexual violence. But, there is a rule of jurisprudence whose essence is that the policies of the leader must cause benefit to his people. Therefore, this study aims to describe the purpose of establishing and ratifying the Sexual Violence Law and to analyze the benefits of the leader's policy in the passage of the Sexual Violence Law. The research method is descriptive normative by conducting literature studies from the main sources of the Academic Manuscript of the Law on the Crime of Sexual Violence. The results and discussion of this study state that the main content of the formation and ratification of this law is an effort to update a comprehensive legal umbrella that realize protection for society in general and victims of sexual violence in particular. When viewed from the rules of jurisprudence that theoretically the ratification of this law has implemented the policy of a good leader, namely based on the content of the articles in it although rudimentary. However, it practically cannot be categorized as a policy of a good leader because this law has just been passed and has not been implemented in society as a whole and only partially
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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