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Voluntary Restraint Sebagai Hukum Untuk Membatasi Penggunaan Hak Veto Negara dalam Kasus Penyelesaian Mass Atrocity
Full text linkThis research objective is to analyze Voluntary Restraint as a legal concept to limiting the veto used by P5 countries of United Nation Security Council (5 permanent member of UNSC) in settlement of mass atrocity case. This research is a normative juridical research that used conceptual and historical approach. Veto is used by P5 countries only for their benefits and national interest, even in cases that are clearly a serious violation of principles in UN and International community, and because of that the used of veto must be limited. Voluntary Restraint is a legal concept that essentially limits or prohibits the veto use, especially in mass atrocity cases and this is in line with Jus Cogens principle, which is the peremptory norm that has been agreed by the international community including by the P5 countries. The findings of this research are that Voluntary Restraint is a Law itself and as a manifestation of the Jus Cogens principle. Ideally this concept should be a written norm in the UN charter, but this concept can be implemented or not is back to the commitment about world peace, international security and respect of Human Rights from the P5 countries itself.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis voluntary restraint sebagai konsep hukum untuk membatasi hak veto yang digunakan oleh 5 negara anggota permanen dari Dewan Keamanan PBB dalam penyelesaian kasus mass atrocity crimes (kekejaman massal). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif yang menggunakan pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan historis. Veto digunakan oleh negara-negara P5 hanya untuk kepentingan dan keuntungan nasionalnya bahkan dalam kasus-kasus yang jelas-jelas merupakan pelanggaran serius terhadap prinsip-prinsip PBB dan masyarakat Internasional, Sehingga oleh karena itu penggunaan hak veto harus dibatasi. Voluntary Restraint merupakan konsep hukum yang pada intinya membatasi atau melarang penggunaan hak veto, terutama dalam kasus-kasus kejahatan kekejaman massal dan hal ini sejalan dengan prinsip jus cogens yaitu norma dasar yang telah disepakati oleh masyarakat internasional termasuk negara-negara P5. Temuan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa voluntary restraint merupakan salah satu bentuk hukum dan merupakan perwujudan dari prinsip jus cogens. Idealnya konsep ini harus menjadi norma tertulis dalam piagam PBB, namun agar konsep ini dapat diimplementasikan atau tidak, kembali kepada komitmen mengenai perdamaian dunia, keamanan internasional dan penghormatan terhadap Hak Asasi Manusia dari negara-negara P5 itu sendiri
Comparative Perspectives on Rice Field Protection Policies in Solok City and Alor Setar
Full text linkRice fields are a vital natural resource, especially in major rice-producing countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia. However, the existence of paddy fields is increasingly threatened by high land conversion due to development pressure and population growth. This research aims to compare the rice field protection policies in Solok City, Indonesia, and Alor Setar, Malaysia, and analyze their effectiveness in preventing land conversion and maintaining the sustainability of rice production. This research uses a normative method with a comparative approach, by analyzing relevant laws, regulations, and literature. The results show that the two cities have differences in the policy approach to protecting paddy fields. Solok City has comprehensive local regulations as it uses the principle of regional autonomy, while Alor Setar relies more on national laws and the role of government agencies such as MADA. However, both cities face challenges in policy implementation, especially in terms of socialization, law enforcement, and effective monitoring. This study provides policy recommendations for the improvement of sawah protection in both cities, including increased socialization, strengthened institutional capacity, increased economic incentives for farmers, and improved data and information systems. This research is expected to contribute to efforts to protect rice fields and maintain food security in Indonesia and Malaysia
UJI PATOGENISITAS CENDAWAN Metharizium anisopliae DAN Beauveria bassiana TERHADAP LARVA Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) DI LABORATORIUM
Full text linkCendawan entomopatogen Metarhizium anisopliae dan Beauveria bassiana memiliki potensi tinggi sebagai agen hayati untuk mengendalikan populasi hama. Spodoptera litura merupakan hama utama pada beberapa komoditi pertanian. Pengendalian yang umum dilakukan petani untuk menekan populasi hama ini adalah penggunaan insektisida sintetik. Penggunaan insektisida sintetik yang tidak bijaksana dapat menimbulkan dampak negatif seperti kerusakan lingkungan, kematian organisme non target, residu pada produk tanaman serta resistensi hama. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan alternatif pengendalian yang ramah lingkungan, salah satunya dengan pengendalian hayati. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji patogenisitas isolat M. anisopliae dan B. bassiana terhadap larva S. litura di laboratorium. Prosedur penelitian mencakup perbanyakan isolat menggunakan media beras, pemeliharaan serangga S. litura, serta pengujian patogenisitas dengan metode pencelupan daun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan M. anisopliae menyebabkan mortalitas larva tertinggi pada perlakuan M2, M4, dan M5 sebesar 8%. Kegagalan terbentuknya pupa tertinggi tercatat pada perlakuan M5 sebesar 92% dan kegagalan terendah pada perlakuan M1 sebesar 0%. Perlakuan B. bassiana menunjukkan mortalitas larva tertinggi pada perlakuan B3, B4 dan B5 sebesar 4% sedangkan mortalitas terendah pada perlakuan B1 dan B2 sebesar 0%. Kegagalan pupa sebesar 100% pada perlakuan B1 dan B2 sedangkan perlakuan B3, B4 dan B5 mengalami kegagalan pupa sebesar 96%.
Kata kunci: Spodoptera, Metharizium, Beauvaria, patogenitas, laboratoriu
PENGARUH UMUR BIBIT DAN JUMLAH BIBIT/LUBANG TANAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI PADI SAWAH (Oryza sativa L.) DENGAN METODE HAZTON
Full text linkKendala dalam budidaya padi ialah rendahnya produktivitas. Dalam upaya peningkatan produktivitas padi, beberapa input teknologi dicoba di lapangan termasuk metode Hazton. Hazton adalah metode penanaman padi yang dirancang untuk meningkatkan produksi dengan menggunakan lebih banyak benih/lubang tanam. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh umur bibit dan jumlah bibit terhadap pertumbuhan dan produktivitas padi sawah. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan petak terbagi (RPT) dengan desain faktorial 3x3 dan empat ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah umur bibit padi (U), yang terdiri dari tiga taraf: U1 = 20 hari setelah tanam (HST), U2 = 25 HST, dan U3 = 30 HST. Faktor kedua adalah jumlah bibit/lubang tanam (J) pada juga terdiri dari tiga taraf, yaitu J1 = 20 bibit/lubang (kepadatan rendah), J2 = 25 bibit/lubang (kepadatan sedang), dan J3 = 30 bibit/lubang (kepadatan tinggi). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Perlakuan umur bibit U1 (20 HST) merupakan perlakuan umur bibit terbaik dengan tanaman paling tinggi, jumlah anakan/rumpun paling banyak, produksi gabah dan 1000 butir gabah paling berat dibanding perlakuan umur bibitU2 (25 HST) dan U3 (30 HST). Sementara perlakuan jumlah bibit/lubang tanam J1 (20 bibit/lubang tanam) dan J2 (25 bibit/lubang tanam) lebih baik dibanding perlakuan J3 (30 bibit/lubang tanam) dalam produksi gabah dan 1000 butir gabah. Temuan ini dapat memberikan panduan bagi petani untuk meningkatkan hasil dan efisiensi dalam budidaya padi
Implikasi Hukum Pasca Perubahan Nama Perseroan Terhadap Izin Usaha Perseroan
Full text linkChanges to the Articles of Association related to changes in the name of the Company are regulated in Article 21 Paragraph 2 of Law No. 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies. In this article, the author examines how changing a company's name can have implications for the status of the company's business license. The problem discussed was the problem with the Company's Business License Decree because after the Ministry of Law and Human Rights' Approval Decree was issued regarding the change in the company's name, it had no impact on the change in the Business License Decree, so there were differences in the recording of company names between Ministries. This resulted in the company not being able to carry out its business license. Legal standing in protecting the company's actions is very necessary to create legal certainty in the licensing process. The case occurred with a company operating in the mining sector. There was a shift in authority between the Ministry of Investment and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, resulting in losses for the company
Consumer Protection Towards The Spread Of Hiv By Tattoo Business Actors In Indonesia
Full text linkHIV is a virus that targets the body's white blood cells, or lymphocytes, weakening the immune system in people. The use of syringes and needles in tattooing is one of the many ways that HIV can spread. This is assumed to be the result of non-sterile syringes used by tattoo parlors that don't adhere to standard operating procedures before providing tattoo services. Business actors must uphold their customer rights under the Consumer Protection Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection when customers get HIV as a result of using tattoo needles that don't follow SOP. This research aims to analyze the legal responsibility of tattoo business actors towards the spread of HIV to customers by unsterilized needles. The method used in this research is doctrinal legal research and analyzed with descriptive qualitative technique. The result of this study shows that negligence committed by tattoo service businesses can occur because they do not apply Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) before practicing tattooing consumer conditions. The occurrence of errors and omissions by tattoo service businesses can also be due to a lack of attention to the needles used. If there is a loss to the consumer, it is entirely the responsibility of the tattoo business. As reported in the Provision of Unlawful Acts (PMH) which is reflected in Article 1365 of the Civil Code. if the consumer gets a loss, there will be a Consumer Protection Law. Consumer Protection Law includes civil liability (compensation) and criminal liability
Hak Cipta Sebagai Jaminan Hutang Berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Tentang Ekonomi Kreatif
Full text linkWhen a method or product is developed that enhances human existence, intellectual property rights (IPR) are rights derived from human cognition. IPR can be granted or transferred by grant, inheritance, or alternative methods permitted by applicable laws and regulations. The purpose of this Journal is to pursue new research on copyright as a means of debt protection in accordance with Government Regulation Number 24 of 2022 concerning Creative Economy. The existence of economic benefits in the future that can be received by owners or authorized users is known as intellectual property value. The value of this intellectual property can result in financial gains, one of which may be a license. Utilizing qualitative data from books, literature reviews, and other sources, normative juridical research methodology is used in these investigations. In view of that, this study will talk about the state of copyright and its enforceability related to Government Regulation Number 24 of 2022 which regulates the Creative Economy
Pemberi Layanan Akomodasi Wisata Berbasis E-Commerce Terhadap Wanprestasi Dari Customer Terkait Pembayaran Paylater
Full text linkThe progress and development of information and communication technology has an impact on changes in all activities in daily life and also in all fields, which can cause changes in human life, this can also influence the emergence of new forms of legal acts in the country's legal system. Indonesia. This development has penetrated various fields, one of which is the tourism sector which has produced e-tourism or tourism services where people can use tourism planning products easily. This research aims to determine the legal relationship that occurs regarding the use of the Paylater payment system in purchasing services for tourism and to determine the legal remedies for the tourism service provider (Traveloka) if the user defaults on a payment agreement using Traveloka Paylater. This research uses normative juridical research methods. Data collection was carried out by means of literature and document studies. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive analytical methods and using a qualitative approach. The research results show that the existence of this legal relationship arises from an electronic agreement which can have legal consequences for the parties so that the other party suffers losses as a result of the breach of contract, so the party who has committed the breach of contract must bear the consequences of the party's demands
Criminal Liability Towards The Crime Of Illegal Fundraising With Investment Mode
Full text linkOne of the modes that has developed is the effort to raise funds for profit through investment or investment that is lured with very lucrative profits or with interest beyond reasonable limits. This research aims to analyze the implementation of criminal liability towards the crime of illegal fundraising with investment mode in Indonesia. This research uses normative legal research as a methodology where this approach is used in legal writing. The data source as a reference for this research uses secondary data. The result of this research shows that Legal arrangements regarding criminal threats to fraudulent investment and public fundraising with investment mode have different rules and different legal sanctions. The legal regulation on the collection of public funds with the investment mode is regulated in Article 46 of the Banking Law which reads the collection of funds with the investment mode. The person who gives orders and/or the party acting as the leader of a legal entity in the form of a Limited Liability Company, Association, Foundation, or Cooperative to collect funds from the public in the form of deposits, and without a business license from the Head of Bank Indonesia (currently the Head of OJK) as a Commercial Bank or Rural Bank, is defined as a bank criminal under Article 46 paragraph (2) of the Banking Law
DETERMINANTS OF ACUTE FATIGUE AMONG BUS DRIVERS IN INDONESIA: EVIDENCE FROM PT X 8X MALANG
Full text linkThis study aims to analyze the prevalence and determinants of acute fatigue among bus drivers, a high-risk occupational group in the transportation sector. Given the potential consequences of fatigue for both occupational health and public safety, identifying its predictors is essential for designing preventive strategies. Previous studies have highlighted fatigue among professional drivers globally, but evidence from Indonesia remains limited. This study contributes new insights by focusing on intercity bus drivers in Malang, East Java, where prolonged driving hours and irregular rest schedules are common. The findings provide context-specific evidence to inform workplace health programs and transport safety regulations. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving all 40 bus drivers employed at PT X 8X in Malang. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire based on the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), covering sociodemographic, individual, and occupational factors. Associations were tested using chi-square analysis, followed by multivariate logistic regression to identify dominant predictors of acute fatigue. The prevalence of acute fatigue was 62.5%. Multivariate analysis identified smoking habit (OR = 5.65; 95% CI:1.72–10.45), history of chronic disease (OR = 4.08; 95% CI: 1.40–8.62), and working duration exceeding 8 hours/day (OR = 2.79; 95% CI: 1.11–6.13) as significant predictors. Protective factors included older age (OR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.21–0.89) and better nutritional status (OR = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.24–0.91). These results suggest that lifestyle and health conditions exert stronger effects on fatigue than demographic variables. cute fatigue is highly prevalent among bus drivers and strongly associated with smoking, medical history, and long working hours. Workplace interventions such as smoking cessation programs, regulation of driving hours, and routine health monitoring are recommended. Policymakers should establish evidence-based fatigue management policies to enhance driver welfare and reduce traffic accident risks