708 research outputs found
Musika eta Mintzairaren Sorrera
No full textEn el presente artículo el autor se refiere a la relación evolutiva entre música y lenguaje y a la naturaleza de ambas habilidades, exponiendo distintas teorías del pasado y actuales en torno a la cuestión. El articulista defiende con B.G. Levman que tanto el lenguaje como la música nacieron de una misma capacidad primitiva y considera aquel lenguaje fundamentalmente como música. Da cuenta de los pros y los contras de las hipótesis que adelanta. En este sentido, expone las conductas de diversos pueblos y razas y diferentes animales, componiendo un tratamiento particularmente completo del tema con análisis efectuados desde diversas disciplinas: etnomusicología, etología, antropología, psicología, acústica.Artikulu honetan autoreak musika eta mintzairaren harreman ebolutiboaz nahiz bi gaitasunon izaeraz dihardu, horren gainean diren eta izan diren teoria ezberdinak azalduz. B.G. Levman artikulugileak berak bai mintzaira eta bai musika antzin-gaitasun beretik sortu zirela defenditzen du, eta orduko mintzaira hura funtsean musikazkotzat jotzen du. Agertzen dituen hipotesien aldekotasun eta kontrakotasunak ematen ditu. Horretarako mundu zabaleko hainbat herri eta animalia arrazen jokamoldeak ekartzen ditu paperera, eta etnomusikologia, etologia, antropologia, psikologia, akustikaren ikuspegitik aztertzen, gaiaren tratamendu bereziki borobila eta osatua eginez.Dans cet article, l'auteur parle de la relation évolutive entre musique et langage et la nature de ces deux talents, en exposant différentes théories du passé et du présent concernant cette question. L'auteur et B.G. Levman défendent la théorie qui soutient que le langage et la musique naquirent d'une même capacité primitive et considèrent ce langage fondamentalement comme de la musique. Il explique le pour et le contre de l'hypothèse qu'il avance. Dans ce sens, il expose les conduites de divers peuples et races et de différents animaux, en traitant le sujet d'une façon particulièrement complète, avec des analyses sur diverses disciplines: ethno-musicologie, éthologie, anthropologie, psychologie, acoustic.In the present article the author makes reference to the evolutionary relationship between music and language and to the nature of both skills, exposing different theories in the past and present in connection with this issue. The author maintains, together with B.G.Levman, that both language and music were born out of the same primitive capacity and considers that language is, fundamentally, music. He also reports on the pros and cons of the hypothesis he advances. In this sense, he describes the conduct of various peoples and races and of various animals, constructing a particularly complete treatment of the topic with analysis carried out from various disciplines: ethnomusicology, ethology, anthropology and psychology
Multilocus sequence typing of Candida albicans: strategies, data exchange and applications
No full textInternational audienceMultilocus sequence typing of Candida albicans: strategies, data exchange and applications. Bougnoux, M.-E., Aanensen, D.M., Morand, S., Théraud, M., Spratt, B.G., and d'Enfert, C. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. C. albicans is a commensal of humans and animals but is also the main fungal pathogen of humans, ranking fourth among the microorganisms responsible for hospital-acquired bloodstream infections. Information on the genetic diversity and dynamics of the C. albicans population and on the characteristics of C. albicans strains causing invasive infections in immunocompromised patients is important in order to adapt prevention policies. Important results in this field have been obtained using the Ca3 fingerprinting probe. Recently, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) based on the sequencing of 6-8 selected house-keeping genes and identification of polymorphic nucleotide sites has been introduced for the characterization of C. albicans isolates. Combination of the alleles at the different loci results in unique diploid sequence types (DSTs) that can be used to discriminate strains. MLST has now been successfully applied to study the epidemiology of C. albicans in the hospital as well as the diversity of C. albicans isolates obtained from diverse ecological niches including human and animal hosts. Furthermore, MLST data for C. albicans are available in a public database (http://calbicans.mlst.net) that provides a new resource to evaluate the worldwide diversity of C. albicans and the relationships of isolates identified at various location
B.G. Wood
No full textMade available by the Northern Territory Library via the Publications (Legal Deposit) Act 2004 (NT).Date:1985-03Acknowledgements:
The author acknowledges the field and office assistance of Ian Hall and
Jon Burgess during the preparation and completion of this project
Beginselen en voorbeelden van regelgeving en beleid ten aanzien van de opsporing en winning van aardolie en aardgas
No full textCivil Engineering and Geoscience
МУЛЬТИЛОКУСНОЕ СИКВЕНСТИПИРОВАНИЕ ШТАММОВ STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE, ВЫДЕЛЕННЫХ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ ПОЖИЛОГО ВОЗРАСТА С ВНЕБОЛЬНИЧНЫМИ ПНЕВМОНИЯМИ
No full textComuunity-acquired pneumonias in aged patients is the significant epidemiology problem for the public health of almost all the countries. Even more important the problem of microbiological monitoring and epidemiology surveillance for the S. pneumoniae strains as one of the ubiquitous pathogens causing as the community-acquired pneumonias as well the other infections of respiratory tract, what defines their different epidemiological meaning.Multilocus sequence typing is the perspective method of molecular epidemiological surveillance allowing to define the epidemiologically dangerous clones of the ubiquitous microorganisms as Streptococcus pneumomiae. The aim of our research was to conduct the multilocus sequence typing of pneumococci strains isolated in patients with community acquired pneumonias, bronchitis in aged patients.Materials and methods. There were taken 14 strains of S. pneumoniae, isolated in patients with community-acquired pneumonias (seven of them were multiresistant), eight strains were isolated from patients with the chronical onstructive lung diseases and four strains from carriers. Multilocus sequence typing was conduected according to method to M.C. Enright and B.G. Spratt (1998).Results. The strains, isolated in all populations were the related isolates of the species S. pneumoniae, the most of them had the unique genotype defining the sequence type for every strain. There were 6 strains of Taiwan 19F-14 genotype from 14 strains isolated in aged patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Among strains isolated from carriers there were prevailing the strai of R6 genotype.Conclusion. Multilocus sequence typing allows to identify the new genotypes and to prognose the appearing of epidemiologically dangerous strains with new peculiarities
Raadgevende ingenieurs en groot-onderhoud; Uitbesteding van projektmanagement in de sociale huursector
No full textArchitectur
Flood Risk Evaluation: Validation and Smart Flood Risk City Management
No full textRiver floods are considered one of the most important natural disasters and causes huge damages every year, both in economic consequences and fatalities. Out of historical perspectives, human settlements are located in fertile and economic attractive delta regions. Deltas tend to be constantly changing nodes of economic and urban growth leading to increasing exposure to flooding. Climate change may lead to a higher intensity and magnitude of flood events in the future. This development puts huge pressures on government and other decision-making authorities to cope with these threat by developing adequate flood mitigation plans. It is recognized that prevention is not possible and a shift towards integrating flood management into urban planning making it both robust and adaptive to future uncertainties is required to reduce the risk. Finding the set of measures appropriate for the risk situation of a city is difficult, because for a lot of non-structural measures the benefit is not yet defined in a quantitative way. Flood risk assessments are useful tools for indications of economic damage and identifying the most vulnerable cities worldwide. However, only considering economic damage as flood indicator will lead to an one-sided quantification of flood risk. Therefore, other risk indicators need to be considered to give a more comprehensive indication of flood risk. In this research, a framework is suggested to get a quick overview of the flood risk management of a city containing preventive, spatial, emergency, recovery and adaptive status. The economic risk is extended with the risk indicators; individual risk, household risk and a damage distribution. Based on this, an evaluation of the flood risk situation of a city can be derived, resulting in a preliminary advice for the appropriate measures and measures where the highest cost benefit ratio can be achieved. Focusing on the most beneficial measures could save a lot of time and resources. Next to that, this framework could eventually lead to a more proper flood risk assessments for identifying vulnerable cities and a way to communicate flood management status leading to some sort of competition between cities to come up with sustainable solution to be as safe as possible. Two historical flood events are being used as case study, namely the 2011 Thailand Flood and the 2013 Central Europe flood focusing on Germany. Both events are being assessed using the Flood Risk Assessment Tool (FIAT), where the calculated damages of the events are compared with the official reported damages. This gives an indication of the validity of this tool for damage calculations. After that, a closer look into the flood management of Bangkok by looking at the risk reduction plans after the flood event is conducted related to our suggested framework. For Germany, the cities of Hamburg and Dresden are being assessed by combining the flood risk indicator and smart city flood risk framework to come up with a qualitative assessment if the cities recognized their shortcomings and turned the tables. This is also done for Rotterdam and Vienna eventually leading to a comparison between these two cities and Hamburg and Dresden to assess the multi-layer flood management status. In the end, the calculated damages compared to the reported damages were in the same order of magnitude for both events within a 10% boundary. However, looking more closely at the German state, results are less accurate. A closer look at the city of Bangkok showed that the weak spots of the urban flood management are still not recognized and focus on preventive measures still dominates. Including individual risk, household risk and damage distribution led to evaluation of the top 25 German cities, where differences between cities led to different advises. For instance, the city of Bonn has really high individual risk and high share of residential damage making insurance, precautionary measures and flood prove building appropriate measures. The city of Dresden managed to reduce its vulnerability from 25% to only 4.5% by finding appropriate measures. Hamburg is the frontrunner for flood risk management integrated into urban planning by shifting to an adaptive flood risk approach. By comparing the four citieswith approximately the same economical and individual risk showed that each city has managed to incorporate measures from different flood mitigation layers into the urban footprint. Rotterdam and Vienna largely rely on the high protection standards, where the German cities shift the responsibility more to household level. Rotterdam and Hamburg are inspirational cities how flood mitigation measures could be implemented in urban planning to cope with increasing urbanization rates and climate change threat. However, shortcoming are also recognized for all cities which makes room for improvements possible in the future.Civil Engineering and GeosciencesHydraulic Engineerin
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