180 research outputs found
Long term impact of conjugate vaccines on haemophilus influenzae meningitis: Narrative review
No full textH. influenzae serotype b (Hib) used to be the commonest cause of bacterial meningitis in young children. The widespread use of Hib conjugate vaccine has profoundly altered the epidemiology of H. influenzae meningitis. This short review reports on the spectrum of H. influenzae meningitis thirty years after Hib conjugate vaccine was first introduced into a National Immunization Program (NIP). Hib meningitis is now uncommon, but meningitis caused by other capsulated serotypes of H. influenzae and non-typeable strains (NTHi) should be considered. H. influenzae serotype a (Hia) has emerged as a significant cause of meningitis in Indigenous children in North America, which may necessitate a Hia conjugate vaccine. Cases of Hie, Hif, and NTHi meningitis are predominantly seen in young children and less common in older age groups. This short review reports on the spectrum of H. influenzae meningitis thirty years after Hib conjugate vaccine was first introduced into a NIP.Full Tex
Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) Vaccines
No full textIt is now more than 30 years since Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine was first introduced into the routine infant immunization schedule in Finland, and the vaccine is now used in all European countries. From being the most important cause of bacterial meningitis, epiglottitis and other bacteraemic infections in young children, H. influenzae type b is now uncommon. The majority of invasive H. influenzae infections are now caused by non-typeable H.influenzae (NTHi), predominantly occurring in neonates and older adults with underlying comorbidities. There has been a slight increase in infections caused by other encapsulated strains, notably serotypes f (Hif) and e (Hie), which also tend to cause infection in older adults with underlying risk factors. Hib conjugate vaccine has been a remarkable success story but the persistence of small numbers of Hib infections in Europe emphasizes the importance of maintaining high vaccine coverage and continuing surveillance of all types of H. influenzae in all ages to assess the evolving epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae infections.No Full Tex
Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Infections after 3 Decades of Hib Protein Conjugate Vaccine Use.
Get PDFHaemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) was previously the most common cause of bacterial meningitis and an important etiologic agent of pneumonia in children aged <5 years. Its major virulence factor is the polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) polysaccharide capsule. In the 1980s, PRP-protein conjugate Hib vaccines were developed and are now included in almost all national immunization programs, achieving a sustained decline in invasive Hib infections. However, invasive Hib disease has not yet been eliminated in countries with low vaccine coverage, and sporadic outbreaks of Hib infection still occur occasionally in countries with high vaccine coverage. Over the past 2 decades, other capsulated serotypes have been recognized increasingly as causing invasive infections. H. influenzae serotype a (Hia) is now a major cause of invasive infection in Indigenous communities of North America, prompting a possible requirement for an Hia conjugate vaccine. H. influenzae serotypes e and f are now more common than serotype b in Europe. Significant year-to-year increases in nontypeable H. influenzae invasive infections have occurred in many regions of the world. Invasive H. influenzae infections are now seen predominantly in patients at the extremes of life and those with underlying comorbidities. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the current global epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae infections in different geographic regions of the world. It discusses those now at risk of invasive Hib disease, describes the emergence of other severe invasive H. influenzae infections, and emphasizes the importance of long-term, comprehensive, clinical and microbiologic surveillance to monitor a vaccine's impact
Proceedings of the third international molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) meeting
No full textFull author list omitted for brevity. For the full list of authors, see article.Molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) is a transdisciplinary and relatively new scientific discipline that integrates theory, methods, and resources from epidemiology, pathology, biostatistics, bioinformatics, and computational biology. The underlying objective of MPE research is to better understand the etiology and progression of complex and heterogeneous human diseases with the goal of informing prevention and treatment efforts in population health and clinical medicine. Although MPE research has been commonly applied to investigating breast, lung, and colorectal cancers, its methodology can be used to study most diseases. Recent successes in MPE studies include: (1) the development of new statistical methods to address etiologic heterogeneity; (2) the enhancement of causal inference; (3) the identification of previously unknown exposure-subtype disease associations; and (4) better understanding of the role of lifestyle/behavioral factors on modifying prognosis according to disease subtype. Central challenges to MPE include the relative lack of transdisciplinary experts, educational programs, and forums to discuss issues related to the advancement of the field. To address these challenges, highlight recent successes in the field, and identify new opportunities, a series of MPE meetings have been held at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, MA. Herein, we share the proceedings of the Third International MPE Meeting, held in May 2016 and attended by 150 scientists from 17 countries. Special topics included integration of MPE with immunology and health disparity research. This meeting series will continue to provide an impetus to foster further transdisciplinary integration of divergent scientific fields
Effects of PCV10 and PCV13 on pneumococcal serotype 6C disease, carriage, and antimicrobial resistance
No full textBackground: The cross-protection of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) against serotype 6C is not clearly documented, although 6C represents a substantial burden of pneumococcal disease in recent years. A systematic review by the World Health Organization that covered studies through 2016 concluded that available data were insufficient to determine if either PCV10 (which contains serotype 6B but not 6A) or PCV13 (containing serotype 6A and 6B) conferred protection against 6C. Methods: We performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and observational studies published between January 2010 – August 2022 (Medline/Embase), covering the direct, indirect, and overall effect of PCV10 and PCV13 against 6C invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), non-IPD, nasopharyngeal carriage (NPC), and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Results: Of 2548 publications identified, 112 were included. Direct vaccine effectiveness against 6C IPD in children ranged between 70 and 85 % for ≥ 1 dose PCV13 (n = 3 studies), was 94 % in fully PCV13 vaccinated children (n = 2), and −14 % for ≥ 1 dose of PCV10 (n = 1). Compared to PCV7, PCV13 efficacy against 6C NPC in children was 66 % (n = 1). Serotype 6C IPD rates or NPC prevalence declined post-PCV13 in most studies in children (n = 5/6) and almost half of studies in adults (n = 5/11), while it increased post-PCV10 for IPD and non-IPD in all studies (n = 6/6). Changes in AMR prevalence were inconsistent. Conclusions: In contrast to PCV10, PCV13 vaccination consistently protected against 6C IPD and NPC in children, and provided some level of indirect protection to adults, supporting that serotype 6A but not 6B provides cross-protection to 6C. Vaccine policy makers and regulators should consider the effects of serotype 6A-containing PCVs against serotype 6C disease in their decisions.Full Tex
A avaliação e controle dos estoques e suas influências no resultado de empresas
Get PDFTCC (Graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro Socioeconômico. Curso de Ciências Contábeis0 problema desta monografia 6: quais são os métodos de avaliação do estoque a serem usados pelas empresas e quais as influências que a avaliação e o controle dos estoques podem acarretar para o resultado dessas empresas? 0 objetivo geral é analisar a viabilidade do controle de estoque para as empresas, através da avaliação de estoque, demonstrando a influência no resultado de empresas. A metodologia utilizada para conseguir resolver o problema da monografia é a pesquisa de bibliografia especifica. Primeiramente, se elaborou a conceituação, a caracterização, a importância, as funções e os tipos de estoques. Posteriormente, se fez a apresentação do funcionamento dos principais métodos de avaliação de estoque, suas principais diferenças e a principal influência no resultado de empresas. Foi elaborada também a análise sobre inventário, suas características e funcionalidades, além de fazer a comparação entre os regimes de inventário, e tratar de introduzir alguns aspectos relevantes sobre as fichas de controle de estoques. Dentre os possíveis problemas para as empresas, na falta de um controle de estoque, temos o registro equivocado do custo dos produtos vendidos e um acumulo muito grande de produtos ou matérias-prima (no caso de indústrias), o que gera num valor muito elevado de recursos alocados ao estoque. Esses recursos poderiam estar gerando um beneficio melhor para a empresa se fosse direcionado a outro rumo, como o investimento em outras empresas, ou em caixa disponível. Esse controle de estoque também ajuda a empresa a identificar o melhor método de avaliação de estoque a ser utilizada pela mesma para apresentar um melhor resultado
Sistem Penilaian Kinerja Frontliner dengan Metode Perbandingan Eksponensial (MPE) pada Bank Bukopin Capem Kelapa Gading
Get PDF Competition increasingly competitive world of banking trigger Bukopin to better provide satisfactory service to customers in an effort to improve the quality of the company. One technique used by management companies in improving the quality of human resources is by assessing the performance of employees are encouraged. To the authors make a system of performance appraisal using Exponential Comparative Method (MPE). The purpose of this valuation method is to minimize the less objective assessment and can determine employee performance development for several periode.Hasil of the performance appraisal company can provide feedback to employees so that it can decide the steps that can be taken in making decisions such as: promotion, increment occupation, or training for employees in need.Development of this system SDLC RAD (Rapid Application Development) author uses methods ranging from analysis up to application testing. Analysis and design of systems using the author of the Unified Modelling Language (UML). Making an application writer using the programming language PHP with MySQL database, and using the Black Box testing method for testing.
Keywords: Performance Appraisal, Employee, Exponential Comparative Method (MPE), SDLC RAD (Rapid Application Development) , Unified Modeling Language, PHP, MySQL, Black Box
Kesesuaian modul pembelajaran elektronik matapelajaran teknologi pembuatan perabot (DTC 3202) di kalangan pelajar Diploma Kejuruteraan Awam, KUiTTHO
Get PDFKajian ini dijalankan bertujuan untuk melihat kesesuaian Modul Pembelajaran
Elektronik (MPE) matapelajaran Teknologj Pembuatan Perabot (DTC 3202) di kalangan
pelajar Diploma Kejuruteraan Awam, KUiTTHO. MPE yang dihasilkan adalah dalam
bentuk cakera padat (CD) interaktif. Instrumen kajian yang digunakan ialah kaedah soal
selidik dimana pemilihan sampel dilakukan secara rawak dan setiap individu dalam
populasi tersebut mempunyai kebarangkaJian yang sarna untuk dipiIih. Seramai 30
responden yang terdiri daripada pelajar semester akhir Diploma Kejuruteraan Awam
yang mengambil matapelajaran Teknologj Pembuatan Perabot dipilih secara rawak bagi
menjawab soal selidik . Data dianalisis menggunakan SPSS versi 10.0 secara kuantitatif
bagi mendapatkan nilai peratusan dan skor min. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan responden
memberikan respon positif atau bersetuju bahawa motivasi, rekabentuk interaksi,
kefahaman isi dan keselesaan pengguna yang terkandung dalam MPE ini adalah sesuai
manakala responden mempunyai kecenderungan menyatakan bahawa rekabentuk
antaramuka berada pada tahap kurang sesuai. Di bahagian akhir kajian ini beberapa
cadangan yang difikirkan sesuai telah dikemukakan untuk memperbaiki kelemahan yang
dikesan pada MPE tersebut. Adalah diharapkan pelajar-pelajar semester akhir Diploma
Kejuruteraan Awam yang mengambil matapelajaran Teknologj Pembuatan Perabot dapat
memanfaatkan MPE ini dengan bai
Non-abstractness as mental simulation in the representation of number
No full textAbstraction is instrumental for our understanding of how numbers are cognitively represented. We propose that the notion of abstraction becomes testable from within the framework of simulated cognition. We describe mental simulation as embodied, grounded, and situated cognition, and report evidence for number representation at each of these levels of abstraction.</p
[[alternative]]An Initial Study on Minimum Phone Error Discriminative Learning of Acoustic Models for Mandarin Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition
No full text[[abstract]]Discriminative training of acoustic models has been an active focus of much current research in automatic speech recognition (ASR) in the past few years. This thesis extensively investigated the use of the Minimum Phone Error (MPE) approaches for discriminative training and adaptation of acoustic models for Mandarin large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR). All experiments were carried out on the Mandarin broadcast news corpus (MATBN). The experimental results show that MPE training can give significant improvements over the baseline systems whose acoustic models were trained based on the Maximum Likelihood (ML), Maximum Mutual Information (MMI) principles. Comparing to the ML-trained acoustic models, relative reductions of 15.52% syllable error rate (SER), 12.33% character error rate (CER) and 10.02% word error rate (WER) were respectively obtained by using the MPE-trained models. Moreover, unsupervised adaptation of acoustic models via the MPE-trained linear transformation in either the model space or the feature space was studied as well with promising results indicated. However, because there was no correct reference transcript that can be used for accuracy calculation and only the top one automatic transcript can be used instead, the unsupervised MPE-based adaptation techniques may not always accumulate good estimates for the acoustic model parameters and thus their performance will be substantially degraded. To tackle this problem, in this thesis a novel Raw Accuracy Prediction Model (RAPM) was proposed to ameliorate the MPE-based adaptation techniques and slight performance gains were initially demonstrated.
- …
