328,569 research outputs found
Tækifæri framhaldsskólanema til að hafa áhrif á nám sitt: Menntun til lýðræðis eða ógn við námsmarkmið?
No full textÞað er ástæða til að byrja á því að gera athugasemd við yfirskrift greinarinnar – að tækifæri nemenda til að hafa áhrif á nám sitt sé annað hvort menntun til lýðræðis eða ógn við námsmarkmið. Það er auðvitað ekki annað hvort eða; að ef við höfum meira af lýðræði þá höfum við minna af uppfylltum námsmarkmiðum. En stundum er umræðan á þá leið að það sé bara hægt að gera annað hvort. Jafnframt er gjarnan sett jafnaðarmerki á milli áhrifa, þátttöku og lýðræðis. Það er ekki heldur svo einfalt – það að geta haft áhrif á námið sitt þarf ekki að vera skylt lýðræði eða lýðræðismenntun.
Í þessari grein ætla ég reyndar lítið að fjalla um lýðræði en svolítið um niðurstöður doktorsrannsóknar minnar tækifærum framhaldsskólanema til að hafa áhrif á nám sitt. Rannsókn mín er hluti af umfangsmikilli rannsókn á starfsháttum í framhaldsskólum, þar sem gögnum var safnað í níu framhaldsskólum (sjá Sérrit Netlu, Framhaldsskólinn í brennidepli). Etnógrafísk gögn úr einum framhaldsskóla, þar sem ég tók þátt í daglegu starfi skólans í fjórar vikur, eru einnig hluti doktorsrannsóknarinnar. Þar fylgdist ég með kennslustundum hjá tveimur námshópum og ræddi formlega og óformlega við nemendur og kennara. Alls eru um 100 nemendur og nokkrir kennarar úr um þriðjungi íslenskra framhaldsskóla sem eiga rödd í gögnunum sem liggja til grundvallar þessari grein.Óritrýn
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Measuring states of pathological (un)consciousness: research dimensions, clinical applications, and ethics
No full textpeer reviewedConsciousness is a multidimensional construct with no widely accepted definition. Especially in pathological conditions, it is less clear what exactly is meant by (un)consciousness, how it can be reliably observed or measured. Here, we aim at (i) bringing together state of the art approaches to classification of single patients suffering from disorders of consciousness by means of motor-independent assessment of consciousness states with electrophysiology and functional neuroimaging, (ii) showing how each proposed metric translates into clinical practice and (iii) raising a discussion on the ethical aspects of consciousness measurements.We realize that when dealing with patients some issues commonly pertain to each method- ology discussed here, such as the overall clinical condition, clinical heterogeneity, and diagnostic uncertainty. When pre- dicting patients’ diagnosis, though, each method adopts a different approach to determine (a) a “gold standard” of the benchmark population upon which the metric is computed and (b) the generalization and replicability in the attempt to avoid overfitting. From an applied ethics perspective, the focus is, hence, on knowing what one is measuring and on the validity of measurements.We conclude that, when searching for consciousness in pathological conditions, confident diag- nosis can be based on the use of probabilistic predictions as well as on accumulative evidence stemming from multiple non-overlapping assessments with different modalities. A framework which will regulate the application order of these techniques (balancing their availability, sensitivity, and specificity, based on underlying clinical assumptions about a patient’s conscious state), is expected to ameliorate clinical management and further inform on the critical patterns of (un)consciousness
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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No full textCan archives of audiovisual TV interviews be used to make authors more visible to students, and thereby reduce the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers in college classes? We examined students in a college course who learned about one scholar's ideas through watching an audiovisual TV interview (i.e., visible author format) and about another scholar's ideas through reading a formal text description (i.e., invisible author format). For the invisible author, native language speakers scored significantly higher than the non-native language speakers on a corresponding exam question (i.e., a cognitive measure), generated more words on the exam question (i.e., a motivational measure), and mentioned the author's name more often in answering the exam question (i.e., an affective measure). For the visible author, the groups did not differ on any of these measures. These findings provide evidence for the idea that making the author visible through audiovisual TV interviews can eliminate the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers. 3 Universities around the world serve students who are non-native speakers of th
Hundägares och kattägares relation till sitt djur
No full textThe relationship between the pet and it's owner is a very important and interesting
issue. Unfortunately there is not so much research on this and in addition to that
Swedish veterinarian education does not put much emphasis on pet's role in society
or their pattern of behaviour nor treatment. This thesis is based on an opinion poll
that 20 dog owners and 20 cat owners contributed. The main purpose of the thesis
was to compare the relationships that the pet (dog or cat) and its owner can have.
The issues such as the pet owner's attitude to his/her pet, how the pet owner
percieves and interprets the signals from the animal, and what they think about the
natural behaviours and needs that their pets (might) have.
The results show that dog- and cat owners are people who generally love animals,
that they used to have even other animal species in the past, but when it comes to
choice between a new dog or a new cat they choose the one that they previously
have had and that they are used to. Most of a dog owners choose the dog to be their
pet because of the company while the majority of a cat owners choose cat because
cats are independent and they are used to cats. Both dog- and cat owners have a
close and emotional relationship to their pet, but the results show that cat owners
find this issue even more important. Dogs influence their owners rather physically
while in the cats' case, the owners are influenced psychologically. A dog owners'
social life becomes richer since they meet new people thanks to their pet, while
owning a cat can lead both to positive and negative contacts with people.Relationen mellan djurägare och deras djur är ett mycket viktigt och aktuellt ämne,
men tyvärr finns det inte mycket forskning om detta. Undervisningen om djurens
roll i samhället, djurs beteende, samt behandling av problembeteenden är också
mycket begränsad. Den här undersökningen är en enkätstudie som tjugo hundägare
och tjugo kattägare har deltagit i. Syftet med undersökningen var att jämföra hundoch
kattägare i deras relation till sitt djur, t.ex. deras attityd till sitt djur, hur de
tolkar sitt djurs signaler gentemot dem själva, samt hur de ser på djurets naturliga
beteende och behov. Av resultatet framgick att de flesta hundägarna väljer hund
som husdjur på grund av sällskapet och majoriteten av kattägarna väljer katt på
grund av att det är ett självständigt djur och för att de är vana vid katter. Både
hund- och kattägare har ett nära och känslomässigt förhållande till sitt djur, men
kattägare har enligt studien en ännu närmare relation till sitt djur än vad hundägare
har. Hundarna har vidare en större fysisk påverkan på sina ägare än katter, men
katterna har en större psykisk påverkan på sina ägare. Hundägarna får fler positiva
nya kontakter tack vare sin hund och ökar på så sätt sitt sociala nätverk, medan
kattägare får både positiva och negativa nya kontakter på grund av sin katt. Studien
visade också att hund- och kattägare är människor som generellt tycker om djur och
som över lag har haft flera olika djurslag, men när det gäller att skaffa ett nytt djur
så verkar djurägare föredra det djurslag (hund eller katt) som han eller hon har haft
förut och är vana vid
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
No full textAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
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