1,720,963 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The concept of terrorism and historical time: comparing 9/11 to the "Terreur"
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Le “terrorisme”, un phénomène contestataire moderne ? Le discours du “nouveau terrorisme” à l’aune de l’histoire conceptuelle
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Comment désigner l’ennemi public international ? Pour une histoire conceptuelle de l’antiterrorisme onusien
No full textInternational audienceHow does the UN define “terrorism”? Starting from the ambiguity and political nature of the concept of terrorism, this text traces the history of UN debates on how to define the notion, following the method of conceptual history (Begriffsgeschichte). Faced with the difficulties posed by the pursuit of a universal definition, the practice of listing developed at the turn of the 21st century, with consequences for the meaning of the concept and its concrete scope. Through listing, a more unilateral, police-oriented and decentralised type of counterterrorism takes shape, replacing the legal and multilateral version that used to prevail with the idea of a general definition of terrorism. Through this history, the aim is to test the shifting contours of UN counterterrorism, as well as to pave the way for a possible way of writing the history of international criminal concepts.Comment l’ONU désigne-t-elle le « terrorisme » ? Partant du constat de l’ambiguïté et du caractère politique du concept de terrorisme, ce texte retrace l’histoire des débats onusiens entourant la façon de fixer la notion, en suivant les méthodes de l’histoire conceptuelle (Begriffsgeschichte). Devant les difficultés posées par la poursuite d’une définition universelle, la pratique du listage émerge au tournant du XXIe siècle, ce qui n’est pas sans conséquence sur le sens du concept et sa portée concrète. Avec le listage, c’est un antiterrorisme plus unilatéral, policier et décentralisé qui prend forme, aux dépens de la version juridique et multilatérale induite auparavant par l’idée d’une définition générale du terrorisme. Par le biais de cette histoire, il s’agit d’éprouver les contours mouvants de l’antiterrorisme onusien, et de poser les jalons de ce en quoi pourrait consister l’histoire des concepts pénaux internationaux
Comment désigner l’ennemi public international? : une histoire conceptuelle du terrorisme
Full text linkThèse réalisée en cotutelle entre l'École de criminologie de l'Université de Montréal et le Département d'histoire de l'Université de Caen Normandie.Pourquoi parle-t-on tant de « terrorisme », alors même que l’imprécision de la notion et, en particulier, l’impossibilité à la définir d’une façon satisfaisante, sont inlassablement soulignées depuis plus d’un siècle ? Ce paradoxe, bien souvent attribué à sa nature politique et donc nécessairement polémique, est pourtant balayé, la plupart du temps sans grande explication, par les chercheur·euse·s du champ des terrorism studies, qui continuent d’ériger le « terrorisme » en concept analytique pertinent et objectivable. Les mêmes problèmes se donnent à voir en pratique avec ce qui se dit « antiterrorisme » et qui, par la désignation ambiguë de ses objets, peut dévier vers une forme de répression politique qui ne dit pas son nom. Le but de cette thèse est de prendre le constat de cette ambiguïté et polémicité du « terrorisme » au sérieux, constat trop facilement réduit à un lieu commun (résumé par l’adage selon lequel « Les terroristes des uns sont les combattants de la liberté des autres ») alors même que sa tangibilité historique aussi bien que ses effets politiques sont indéniables. L’enjeu est donc de retracer l’histoire des controverses sémantiques qui entourent le concept sociopolitique de terrorisme. Défini, avec Reinhart Koselleck, comme un concept historique fondamental, le « terrorisme », notion apparue en France à la fin de l’été 1794 (comme nom de l’épisode dit de la « Terreur »), est à historiciser afin de voir en quoi son sens (loin d’aller de soi) et ses usages (toujours conflictuels) ont évolué au fil du temps. Il s’agit de réaliser une histoire du concept international de terrorisme, par le biais des discussions entourant sa désignation au sein de la Société des Nations puis de l’Organisation des Nations unies. La polysémie et l’ambiguïté du concept sociopolitique de terrorisme seront approchées au travers de la tension qui entoure sa désignation, tiraillée entre l’idéal d’une définition, juridique et universelle, et la réalité présente du listage, instrument policier également ouvert au « jeu des puissances ». Il sera vu qu’après un XIXe siècle au cours duquel le « terrorisme » devient concept, celui-ci circule et commence à être formulé comme un problème international pendant l’entre-deux-guerres. Se globalisant jusqu’aux années 1970, le concept appelle en premier lieu une définition juridique. L’impossibilité de celle-ci est bientôt admise ; de là, il s’agit de la contourner, ce pour quoi le concept se trouve morcelé en une multitude d’actes définis un à un, puis bientôt en une myriade d’acteurs : le listage finit par s’imposer à la fin des années 1990, sans que l’idéal d’une définition universelle ne disparaisse jamais vraiment. Derrière la tension entre définition et liste, il s’agira d’approcher les contradictions intrinsèques au concept de terrorisme, oscillant constamment entre des usages scientifiques, juridiques ou techniques qui tendent à le présenter comme un phénomène objectivable et ceux, plus clairement politiques, qui voient dans le « terroriste » la figure de l’ennemi public international. Ce faisant, cette histoire du concept de terrorisme sera aussi une histoire de la modernité et de la communauté internationale dites « antiterroristes », dont les contours sont sans cesse (re)négociés au travers de la désignation de l’illégitime international.Why is “terrorism” so central today, even though the imprecision of the notion and, in particular, the impossibility of defining it in a satisfying way, have been tirelessly emphasized for over a century? This paradox, often attributed to its political (hence polemical) nature, is generally dismissed without much explanation by researchers in the field of terrorism studies, who continue to approach “terrorism” as a relevant and objectifiable analytical concept. The same problems can be seen in practice with what calls itself “counterterrorism” and which, through the ambiguous designation of its object, can drift towards unspoken political repression. The aim of this thesis is to take the ambiguity and polemical nature of “terrorism” seriously, despite being often too easily reduced to a truism (according to which “One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter”), even though its historical tangibility and political effects are undeniable. The aim of this thesis, then, is to trace the history of the semantic struggles that surround the sociopolitical concept of terrorism. Defined with Reinhart Koselleck as a basic historical concept, “terrorism” is a notion that appeared in France at the end of summer 1794 (as the name of the episode known as the “Terreur”) and which needs to be historicized in order to see how its meaning (far from being self-evident) and uses (always contested) have evolved over time. The aim is to provide a history of the international concept of terrorism, through the discussions surrounding its designation at the League of Nations and then the United Nations. The polysemy and ambiguity of the sociopolitical concept of terrorism will be explored through the tension that surrounds its designation, torn between the ideal of a legal and universal definition and the present-day reality of listing, as a policing instrument that is also open to “power politics”. It will be seen that, after becoming a concept during the 19th century, “terrorism” travelled and began to be formulated as an international problem during the interwar era. As the concept globalized until the 1970s, it required a legal definition. The impossibility of such a definition was soon acknowledged, hence the concept being split into a multitude of acts defined one by one, and then soon into a myriad of actors: listing finally became the norm in the late 1990s, without the ideal of a universal definition ever really disappearing. Through the tension between definition and listing, the aim is to approach the contradictions that are inherent to the concept of terrorism, as one constantly oscillating between scientific, legal and technical uses that tend to present it as an objectifiable phenomenon, and the more clearly political uses that perceive the “terrorist” as the figure of the international public enemy. In so doing, this history of the concept of terrorism will also be a history of the so-called “antiterrorist” modernity and international community, whose contours are constantly (re)negotiated through the designation of this form of absolute illegitimacy
De la Terreur de l'An II à la War on Terror : pour une histoire conceptuelle du "terrorisme"
Full text linkDispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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