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Ivaretar byggeprosjekter i Trondheim blågrønne verdier? En analyse av grøntstruktur i byggeprosjekter ved bruk av blågrønn faktor
No full textEn av de største konsekvensene i Norge ved global oppvarming er mer ekstremvær. Økt andel tette flater i urbane områder har også ført til at byene er mindre motstandsdyktige mot store vannmengder. Blågrønne strukturer i landskapet er en av de mest effektive måtene å håndtere vannmengdene på, samtidig som de gir tilbake i form av økosystemtjenester. Trondheim kommune holder på å innføre en ny KPA 2022-2034, der de har utviklet en egen norm for rammeverket blågrønn faktor som har som mål å styrke posisjonen til blågrønne strukturer i planlegging. Det er i dag uvisst hvor godt blågrønne strukturer ivaretas ved byggeprosjekter, og denne oppgaven ønsker å utforske dette ved bruk av rammeverket blågrønn faktor. Dette ble gjennomført gjennom kartanalyser av 12 bolig og skoleprosjekter ble bygget mellom 2003 og 2024 i Trondheim, som deretter ble satt sammen til en statistikk for blågrønn faktor. Gjennom statistikk, analyse av arealfaktorer som utnyttelsesgrad og sammenligning med krav i norm og eksisterende analyser fra Oslo, ble det funnet at de blågrønne strukturene ikke er i stor grad ikke er ivaretatt i byggeprosjektene i Trondheim. Det var kun tre prosjekter som oppnådde kravet til faktor i fra den foreslåtte normen i Trondheim, der to av dem har vært involvert i utvikling og kravsetting i normen. Det ble også funnet at det ikke nødvendigvis er en sammenheng mellom utnyttelsesgrad og blågrønn faktor, og de prosjektene som oppnår best faktor har utnyttet blågrønne tiltak. Gjennom oppgaven ble det også funnet at prosjekter som har hatt et likt utgangspunkt for utvikling i form av nybygg på jordbruksareal også ivaretar faktoren på et nesten identisk nivå, som gir en indikasjon på at kravene fra offentlig forvaltning gir relativt likt resultat, og at bruk av blågrønn faktor har en god sannsynlighet for å gi en mer bærekraftig grøntstrukturplanlegging.One of the biggest consequences of global warming in Norway is an increase in extreme weather. An increased proportion of dense surfaces in urban areas has also meant that the cities are less resistant to increased runoff and extreme weather events. Blue-green structures in the landscape are one of the most effective ways of managing large water volumes, while also giving back to society in the form of ecosystem services. Trondheim municipality is in the process of introducing a new municipal area plan for 2022-2034, where they have developed a separate norm for the blue-green factor framework which aims to strengthen the position of blue-green structures in planning. It is currently unknown how well blue-green structures are taken care of in building projects, and this thesis wants to explore this using the blue-green factor framework. The thesis analysis was carried by mapping 12 housing- and school- construction projects built between 2003 and 2024 in Trondheim, which were then compiled into a statistic using the blue-green factor framework. Through statistics, analysis of area factors such as degree of utilization and comparison with requirements in norms and existing datasets from Oslo it was found that the blue-green structures are largely not taken care of in construction projects in Trondheim. There were only three projects that achieved the norm requirements for bluegreen factor in Trondheim, where two of the three have been involved in developing and setting requirements for the norm. There are also no inherent connection between grade of utilization and bluegreen factor, and the best scoring projects all have good utilization of blue green measures. Through the thesis, it was also found that projects that have had a similar starting point for development in the form of new buildings on agricultural land also take care of the factor at an almost identical level, which gives an indication of requirements from public administration gives a relatively similar result, and when using blue-green factor has a good probability of providing a more sustainable green structure planning
Hva medfører arealnøytralitet for en norsk kommune? Med Voss herad som analyse område
Full text linkDenne masteroppgaven undersøker virkemidler som kan styrke kommunenes arbeid med arealbruk og klimatilpasning, med Voss herad som case-studie. En deduktiv tilnærming til tidligere forskning og teori, kombinert med metoder som dokumentanalyser, semi-strukturert intervju med kommunen, observasjoner fra lokal konferanse og geografiske analyser, ligger til grunn for studien.
Nedbygging av areal og endringer i habitat, er den største trusselen mot naturmangfoldet i Norge og globalt. Det er behov for bedre oversikt over nåværende og fremtidig arealbruk for å styrke beslutningstakernes kunnskapsgrunnlag innen økonomisk politikk, miljøforvaltning og arealforvaltning. I Norge skjer nedbyggingen gjennom omdisponering til blant annet fornybar energi, bolig- og næringsområder, rekreasjon, hyttebygging og samferdselsanlegg, noe som presser naturtyper avhengige av menneskelig forvaltning for å bevare artsmangfoldet. Kommunene spiller en sentral rolle i Norges arealforvaltning. I løpet av 2023 hadde over 80 kommuner vedtatt arealnøytralitet. Dette innebærer restaurering, mer effektiv arealutnyttelse og gjenbruk av allerede påvirkede arealer for å sikre bærekraftig forvaltning. Utfordringen ligger i mangelen på en felles definisjon og fremgangsmåte for å oppnå arealnøytralitet, noe som fører til variasjoner i praksis fra kommune til kommune.
Denne oppgaven utforsker en mulig tilnærming til arbeidet med arealnøytralitet i Voss herad gjennom to problemstillinger: 1) Hva kan arealnøytralitet medføre for Voss herad i praksis? Og hvilken geografisk kunnskap er nødvendig for å understøtte en slik målsetting? Og 2) I hvilken grad er tilgjengelige data og NINAs metode for identifisering av restaurerbare arealer egnet og tilstrekkelig til å identifisere arealer som kan inkluderes i en strategi for en arealnøytral utvikling i Voss herad?
Funnene i oppgaven viser sentrale elementer som bør inngå i Voss herads strategi for åoppnå arealnøytralitet, samt mangler og muligheter ved NINAs metode for identifisering av restaurerbare og grå arealer. Arealnøytralitet i Voss herad innebærer en målsetting om netto null tap av naturområder i forbindelse med all fremtidig arealutvikling. Dette kan kommunen oppnå ved å revidere tidligere planer, fortette, gjenbruke og transformere områder som allerede er sterkt endret gjennom menneskelig bruk, eller resstaurere forringede områder. I den anledning trenger Voss herad kunnskap og oversikt over grå arealer, restaurerbare arealer og samlede virkninger av eksisterende og planlagt utbygging. I tillegg vil det være hensiktsmessig med samarbeid mellom kommuner, fylkeskommuner og statlige etater for å dele kunnskap og ressurser.
Når det kommer til NINAs metode for identifisering av restaurerbare og grå arealer viser bruk av metoden at Voss herad har betydelige naturområder med restaureringspotensial og grå areal. Dette understreker mulighetene for å implementere en effektiv strategi for arealnøytralitet. Ved å sammenligne resulatatene fra de geografiske analysene med Nordre Follo ble det avdekket variasjoner i hvilke typer arealer som kan inkluderes i en slik strategi og at dette avhenger av lokale landskapsforhold og arealbruk. Samtidig ble det oppdaget utfordringer knyttet til datakvalitet og klarhet i metodikkens beskrivelse. Samlet sett peker funnene på at metoden er et godt utgangspunkt for å identifsere arealer som kan inkluderes i en arealnøytral startegi, men at regionalt samarbeid og tilpasning av metoden vil sikre bærekraftig arealforvaltning og vern av naturverdier ytterligere.This master's thesis investigates measures to enhance municipalities' efforts in land use and climate adaptation, using Voss municipality as a case study. The study employs a deductive approach to previous research and theory, combined with methods such as document analysis, semi-structured interview with the municipality, observations from local conferences, and geographic analyses.
Land degradation and habitat alteration pose the greatest threats to biodiversity in Norway and globally. There is a critical need for better understanding of current and future land use to bolster decision-makers' knowledge base in economic policy, environmental management, and land use planning. In Norway, land degradation occurs through conversion for renewable energy, residential and commercial areas, recreation, cabin construction, and transport infrastructure, exerting pressure on ecosystems reliant on human management to maintain biodiversity.
Municipalities play a central role in Norway's land management, with over 80 municipalities voluntarily adopting «no net loss» as a goal by 2023. This concept involves land restoration, more efficient land use, and reusing areas already strongly altered by human activity to ensure sustainable land management. However, the lack of a unified definition and approach to achieve no net loss leads to varying practices among municipalities.
This thesis explores an approach to no net loss in Voss municipality through two research questions: 1) What practical implications could land neutrality have for Voss municipality, and what geographical knowledge is necessary to support such a goal? 2) To what extent are available data and NINA's method for identifying restorable areas suitable and sufficient for identifying areas to include in a no net loss development strategy in Voss municipality?
The findings highlight key elements that should be incorporated into Voss municipality's strategy for achieving no net loss, as well as deficiencies and opportunities in NINA's method for identifying restorable and gray areas. No net loss in Voss entails a goal of achieving net-zero loss of natural areas in all future development. This can be pursued through revising previous land use, densification, reuse and transformation of heavily altered areas, and restoration of degraded sites. To this end, Voss municipality needs knowledge and oversight of gray areas, restorable areas, and cumulative impacts of existing and planned developments. Collaboration among municipalities, county councils, and state agencies to share knowledge and resources would also be beneficial.
Regarding NINA's method for identifying restorable and gray areas, application of the method reveals significant natural areas with restoration potential in Voss municipality, alongside gray areas, underscoring opportunities to implement an effective no net loss strategy. Comparing the results with Nordre Follo highlights variations in the types of areas suitable for such a strategy based on local landscape conditions and land use. Challenges related to data quality and clarity in methodology description indicate the need for adaptation and further development. Overall, the findings suggest that the method provides a solid starting point for identifying areas to include in a no net loss strategy, but regional collaboration and method adaptation will enhance sustainable land management and conservation of natural values
Land sparing and land sharing in spatial planning:bridging historical ideals and contemporary applications
No full textThe ‘land sparing and land sharing’ framework clarifies how land use can either concentrate intensive activities in specific areas (‘sparing’) or integrate multiple uses across a wider landscape (‘sharing’). Originally developed in agricultural research, it is increasingly relevant to land-use dilemmas across sectors and scales, including urban growth, forestry, and energy. This perspective article explores its potential to support spatial planning. I show that the framework’s key concerns—land-use intensity, multifunctionality, and spatial arrangement—have deep roots in applied geography, planning, and conservation. Coupled with insights from land system science, the framework offers a structure for clarifying trade-offs, anticipate unintended consequences, and guide blended strategies along a sparing–sharing continuum. As its empirical foundations continue to develop, the framework can offer planners a useful lens for exploring land-use trade-offs and comparing alternative development strategiespublishedVersio
Mapping and analysis of landscape diversity
No full textLandscapes and ecosystems all over the world are changing at an increasingly rapid rate. Systematically structured knowledge about nature’s diversity is a prerequisite for knowledge-based spatial planning and nature management.
This thesis, explores methods for mapping and analysis of the diversity and distribution of ecosystems and landscapes. The thesis consists of five subprojects presented in five scientific articles. They involve a gradual progression from establishing a conceptual and theoretical framework to applying this framework to analyse and map landscape diversity throughout Norway.
Main contributions include a set of general principles and methods for the systematisation of landscape diversity. The results provide new insights into the geography of Norwegian marine, coastal and inland landscapes, including the spatial distribution of landscape types, landforms, ecosystem types and other landscape elements.
A wide range of current and potential applications of the findings are demonstrated, with emphasis on the relevance of the research for environmental monitoring, spatial planning and nature management
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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