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Fluency: an aim in teaching and a criterion in assessment
No full textThis article investigates the concept ‘fluency’ from different perspectives. When fluency is an aim in teaching, a thorough comprehension of the concept among teachers is a prerequisite for appropriate planning of instruction, including the choice of appropriate classroom activities. When fluency is an assessment criterion, it is even more important that examiners have a shared perception of the concept. The present article starts by presenting common perceptions of the concept and goes on to explore some of the current research. Next, it provides a historical overview of the place of fluency in teaching theory and explains some of the preconditions for the inclusion of this concept among teaching objectives and assessment criteria. It will also, as an illustration, give an outline of the position of the concept over time in the Norwegian school system on the basis of an analysis of the relevant syllabuses. Finally, the article explicates the notion of language use as a complex cognitive skill and explores current method¬ological ideas about teaching towards fluency
Skolefaget engelsk. Fra britisk engelsk til mange slags "engelsker" - og veien videre
No full textI artikkelen redegjør jeg for valg av engelskvariant i skolefaget engelsk i Norge, fra Skoleloven av 1936, da engelsk ble innført som fag i den obligatoriske folkeskolen, og fram til i dag. Skolefagets læreplaner utgjør her kildene til kunnskap om engelskvariant som modell for elevenes egen læring av uttale, elevenes forståelse av ulike uttalevarianter og opprinnelseslandet til kulturelementer representert. Analysen viser at først i 1987 ble de to hovedvariantene av engelsk uttale, britisk engelsk og amerikansk engelsk, formelt likestilt. Denne læreplanen hadde videre som målsetting at elevene skulle lytte til uttalevarianter også fra verden utenfor Storbritannia og USA og lære å akseptere dem som likeverdige. I den påfølgende planen fra 1997 skulle elevene også lære å skille mellom ulike uttalevarianter. Både 1987- og 1997-planen refererer til engelsk som internasjonalt språk, men først i læreplanen fra 2006 konkretiseres dette blant annet ved at elevene skal få innsikt i hvordan språket brukes som internasjonalt kommunikasjonsmiddel. Kulturkomponenten i skolefaget blir ikke studert per se i artikkelen, men trekkes inn i den grad den kan forstås som en drivkraft for valg av språkvariant. I en ramme rundt artikkelens hovedmålsetting skiller jeg blant annet mellom hovedtyper brukere av engelsk, og jeg diskuterer den internasjonale debatten i samtiden om å gjøre engelsk som lingua franca til modell for fremmedspråkopplæringen men viser samtidig til undersøkelser av holdninger og meninger hos norske elever og lærere som påviser at den innfødte talers modell fortsatt står sterkest
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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