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Widow Stigma: A Critical Study of the Discrimination of Widow in Public (Islamic Perspective and Gender)
Full text linkThis article aims to describe the stigma of the people of Tukum village, Tekung sub-district, Lumajang district towards women with widow status. It uses field research with a qualitative approach and an analysis of Islam and gender. The results are the emergence of negative perceptions of widow status because of male dominance in social life. They underestimate widowed women more easily than widowed men. Even though two widower statuses are the equivalent of widowed status because of the end of a divorce. However, there is also a positive stigma found by assuming that a widow cannot be underestimated. This is supported that there are widows who can be the backbone of their husbands after a divorce. Through gender analysis, differences in the image of widows were historically formed based on several factors. It was then socialized, strengthened, and built through socio-cultural, even supported by myths or religious misinterpretations. In Islam, the principle of justice is strongly upheld, equality of rights and obligations to men and women. They are adjusted to their respective responsibilities without preferences and discrimination that benefit men and harm women.Artikel ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan stigma masyarakat Desa Tukum, Tekung Kabupaten Lumajang terhadap wanita berstatus janda. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dalam analisis Islam dan gender. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah munculnya persepsi negatif terhadap status janda dikarenakan dominasi laki-laki dalam kehidupan sosial masyarakat. Mereka cenderung lebih mudah menganggap rendah janda daripada duda, padahal status duda adalah padanan status janda sebagai dampak berakhirnya sebuah perceraian. Namun stigma positif, menunjukkan seorang janda juga tidak bisa dianggap remeh. Hal ini didukung oleh fakta bahwa janda justru mampu menjadi tulang punggung suami setelah adanya perceraian. Melalui analisis gender pembedaan citra janda secara historis terbentuk berdasarkan beberapa faktor yang kemudian disosialisasikan, dikuatkan, dibangun melalui sosio-kultural, bahkan didukung oleh mitos atau kekeliruan interpretasi agama. Dalam Islam prinsip keadilan sangat dijunjung tinggi. Kesetaraan dan kesederajatan hak dan kewajiban kepada laki-laki dan wanita disesuaikan dengan tanggung jawabnya masing-masing tanpa preferensi dan diskriminasi yang menguntungkan laki-laki dan merugikan wanita
Widow Stigma: A Critical Study of the Discrimination of Widow in Public (Islamic Perspective and Gender)
Full text linkThis article aims to describe the stigma of the people of Tukum village, Tekung sub-district, Lumajang district towards women with widow status. It uses field research with a qualitative approach and an analysis of Islam and gender. The results are the emergence of negative perceptions of widow status because of male dominance in social life. They underestimate widowed women more easily than widowed men. Even though two widower statuses are the equivalent of widowed status because of the end of a divorce. However, there is also a positive stigma found by assuming that a widow cannot be underestimated. This is supported that there are widows who can be the backbone of their husbands after a divorce. Through gender analysis, differences in the image of widows were historically formed based on several factors. It was then socialized, strengthened, and built through socio-cultural, even supported by myths or religious misinterpretations. In Islam, the principle of justice is strongly upheld, equality of rights and obligations to men and women. They are adjusted to their respective responsibilities without preferences and discrimination that benefit men and harm women.Artikel ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan stigma masyarakat Desa Tukum, Tekung Kabupaten Lumajang terhadap wanita berstatus janda. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dalam analisis Islam dan gender. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah munculnya persepsi negatif terhadap status janda dikarenakan dominasi laki-laki dalam kehidupan sosial masyarakat. Mereka cenderung lebih mudah menganggap rendah janda daripada duda, padahal status duda adalah padanan status janda sebagai dampak berakhirnya sebuah perceraian. Namun stigma positif, menunjukkan seorang janda juga tidak bisa dianggap remeh. Hal ini didukung oleh fakta bahwa janda justru mampu menjadi tulang punggung suami setelah adanya perceraian. Melalui analisis gender pembedaan citra janda secara historis terbentuk berdasarkan beberapa faktor yang kemudian disosialisasikan, dikuatkan, dibangun melalui sosio-kultural, bahkan didukung oleh mitos atau kekeliruan interpretasi agama. Dalam Islam prinsip keadilan sangat dijunjung tinggi. Kesetaraan dan kesederajatan hak dan kewajiban kepada laki-laki dan wanita disesuaikan dengan tanggung jawabnya masing-masing tanpa preferensi dan diskriminasi yang menguntungkan laki-laki dan merugikan wanita
Konversi agama pasca pernikahan perspektif teori sistem hukum dan Sadd Al-Dzari’ah: Studi di Kabupaten Lumajang
Full text linkمستخلص البحث
تحول الدين كان الأصلي العقيدة هو تهريب قانوني في سياق الزواج، في قرية سيندورا الفرعية سيندورا و قرية تونجونج ريجو الفرعية يوسويلانغون منطقة لوماجانج. هناك زوجين، عاد أحدهم إلى الدِين بعد الزواج. في النظام القانوني الإندونيسي، حظر اختلاف الدين فى الزواج تشير أن الدين هو جانب مهم ولأن الدولة توفير الحماية من خلال حظر اختلاف الدين فى الزواج. ولذلك تحول الدين الأصلي في الزواج يجب ممنوع. لحفاظ على الالتزامات الدينية المتفق عليها بين الزوج والزوجة عند الزواج.
هذا البحث نتائج التحليل على تركيز الدراسة وهي: 1) كيف ظاهرة التحول الدين بعد الزواج في لوماجانج؟. 2) لماذا الزوجين اختلاف الدين في لوماجانج التحول إلى الدين الأصلي ؟. 3) كيف ظاهرة التحول الدين بعد الزواج في لوماجانج عند منظور نظرية النظام القانوني وسد الذريعة؟.
هذا البحث هي البحث التجريبي بنهج نوعي الظاهري. جمع البيانات باستخدام أساليب المقابلة والوثائق. تقنيات تحليل البيانات تبدأ بالتحقق من صحة البيانات باستخدام تثليث المصدر، وتعرض البيانات، مع سلسلة من التحليلات باستخدام نظرية النظام القانوني وسد الذريعة.
نتائج هذه الدراسة: 1) ظاهرة التحول إلى الدين الأصلي التي تفعل راوية بهذه الدراسة، ينقسم إلى قسمين.أولا، تحول الدين إلى العقيدة الأصلي التخطيط منذ قبل الزواج. ثانيا، عاد الرغبة في القيام بتحول الدين، تظهر بعد الزواج. 2) أسباب تحول الدين إلى معتقدات أصلية هي: قوة المعتقدات الأصلية، الزوجين أو العائلة عدم اختلاف الدين بينهما، البيئة، من خلال الارتباط في بيئة التي تهيمن عليها أتباع الديانة الأصلية. 3) عند منظور سد الذريعة، يجب منع تحول الدين إلى العقيدة الأصلي لأنها أن تكون وسيطة المفاسد، يعنى : تهريب القانوني، تحيزات الوضع الديني ، الصراعات بين الأزواج أو الصراعات الأفقية. فى منظور نظرية النظام القانوني لدعم الجهود الرامية إلى منع التحول الديني، إذن: يجب تكميل المواد القانونية المتعلقة بالزواج، عمارة القانوني كجهات مختصة، اتخذ الخطوة الوقائية بحيث لم يحدث التحول إلى الدين. الثقافة القانونية في هذين الموقعين للبحث لا تزال منخفضة نسبيا.
ABSTRACT
The conversion of religion to the original belief was a legal smuggling in the context of marriage, in Senduro Village, Senduro Subdistrict and Tunjungrejo Village, Yosowilangun Subdistrict, Lumajang District, there was a couple which is reverted to religion after marriage. In Indonesian legal system the prohibition of interfaith marriages indicates that religion is an important aspect and therefore the state needs to provide protection by prohibiting interfaith marriages. Based on this conversion the original religion in marriage must be prevented, in order to maintain the religious commitments agreed upon by the husband and wife when the marriage takes place.
This study aims to describe the results of the analys based on the focus of the study, namely: 1) What is the phenomenon of religious conversion of marriage in Lumajang Regency?, 2) Why do different religious couples in Lumajang Regency convert to the original religion?, 3) What is the phenomenon of religious conversion in marriage in Lumajang Regency from the perspective of legal system theory and sadd al-dzari'ah ?.
This research includes field research with a phenomenological qualitative approach. Data collection uses interview and documentation methods. The data analys technique starts with checking the validity of the data using source triangulation, data exposure, and a series of analyzes useed by legal system theory and sadd al-dzari'ah.
The results showed that: 1) The phenomenon of conversion to the original religion conducted by the speakers of this study, it can be divided into two, first, the conversion of religion to the original belief which had been planned since before marriage. secondly, the desire to convert again, arises after marriage. 2) Reasons for converting religion to original beliefs are: the strength of the original beliefs, couples or families do not question the differences in religion between them, the environment, by associating in an environment dominated by followers of the original religion. 3) In the perspective of sadd al-dzari'ah, the conversion of religion to the original belief must be prevented because it can be an intermediary against mafsadat in the form of: legal smuggling, religious status biases, potential conflicts both between couples and horizontal conflicts. In the perspective of a legal system theory to support efforts in preventing religious conversion, then: legal material regarding marriage needs to be improved, the legal structure as an authority has taken preventive measures so that conversion to the original religion does not occur. The legal culture in these two research locations is still relatively low.
ABSTRAK
Konversi agama pada keyakinan semula adalah sebuah penyelundupan hukum dalam konteks pernikahan, di Desa Senduro Kecamatan Senduro dan Desa Tunjungrejo Kecamatan Yosowilangun Kabupaten Lumajang terdapat pasangan yang salah satunya melakukan konversi agama kembali pasca melangsungkan pernikahan. Dalam tata hukum Indonesia adanya larangan pernikahan beda agama mengindikasikan bahwa keagamaan merupakan aspek penting dan oleh sebab itu negara perlu memberikan perlindungan dengan melarang pernikahan beda agama. Berdasarkan hal tersebut konversi pada agama semula dalam pernikahan harus dicegah, demi menjaga komitmen keagamaan yang telah disepakati pasangan suami isteri ketika melangsungkan pernikahan.
Penelitian ini akan mendeskripsikan hasil analisa berdasarkan fokus penelitian, yaitu: 1) Bagaimana fenomena konversi agama pasca pernikahan di Kabupaten Lumajang?, 2) Mengapa pasangan beda agama di Kabupaten Lumajang melakukan konversi pada agama semula?, 3) Bagaimana fenomena konversi agama dalam pernikahan di Kabupaten Lumajang perspektif teori sistem hukum dan sadd al-dzari’ah?
Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian lapangan (field research) dengan pendekatan kualitatif fenomenologis. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data dimulai dengan pengecekan keabsahan data menggunakan triangulasi sumber, pemaparan data, serta serangkaian analisa menggunakan teori sistem hukum dan sadd al-dzari’ah.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Fenomena konversi pada agama semula yang dilakukan oleh para narasumber penelitian ini, dapat dibedakan menjadi dua, pertama, konversi agama pada keyakinan semula telah direncanakan sejak sebelum pernikahan. kedua, keinginan melakukan konversi agama kembali, muncul pasca pernikahan. 2) Alasan melakukan konversi agama pada keyakinan semula, adalah: masih kuatnya keyakinan semula, pasangan atau keluarga tidak mempermasalahkan perbedaan agama diantara mereka, lingkungan, dengan bergaul di lingkungan yang didominasi oleh pengikut agama semula. 3) Dalam perspektif sadd al-dzari’ah, konversi agama pada keyakinan semula harus dicegah sebab dapat menjadi perantara terhadap mafsadat berupa: penyelundupan hukum, bias status keagamaan, potensi konflik baik antar pasangan maupun konflik horizontal. Dalam perspektif teori sistem hukum guna mendukung upaya pencegahan terhadap konversi agama, maka: materi hukum tentang pernikahan perlu disempurnakan, struktur hukum sebagai pihak yang berwenang, telah mengambil langkah preventif agar supaya konversi pada agama semula tidak sampai terjadi. budaya hukum di dua lokasi penelitian ini masih tergolong rendah
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Marriage and Religion: Dynamics of Religious Conversion in Marriage and The Advancement of Community Religious Life Perspective of Religious Psychology and Sociology (Study in Lumajang Regency)
No full textThis study analyzes how and why interfaith couples tend to return to their religions after marriage. The results showed that the choice of interfaith couples to embrace their partner\u27s religion at the time of marriage is necessary, because they saw that their new religion provides attractive rewards (marriage). The discovery of the converters who later reverted to their original religion indicated that the religious conversion was carried out for the purpose of marrying their partners only. There were three reasons for the conversion: a) A strong belief in the original religion so that it is difficult to completely convert to a new religion when getting married. b) Freedom of religious observance given by the spouses and the families becomes social support which makes the converters remain calm and confident about their actions. c) The surrounding environment is also the reason as to why conversion occurs; the religion of the majority of the surrounding community can also influence conversion to the original religion.
Penelitian ini akan menganalisis bagaimana dan apa alasan pasangan beda agama melakukan konversi agama kembali pasca perkawinan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pilihan pasangan beda agama untuk memeluk agama pasangannya ketika menikah adalah sebuah keniscayaan, sebab mereka melihat agama baru yang dianut memberikan reward yang menarik (menikah). Ditemukannya pelaku konversi yang kemudian kembali menganut agama asal menandakan konversi agama yang dilakukan tidak sungguhan, hanya sebatas untuk dapat mengawini pasangannya. Ada tiga alasan tindakan konversi yang dilakukan informan penelitian: a) Kuatnya keimanan pada agama asal sehingga sulit untuk harus secara total melakukan konversi agama ketika melangsungkan perkawinan. b) Kebebasan dalam menganut agama yang diberikan oleh pasangan dan keluarga menjadi dukungan sosial yang menjadikan pelaku konversi tetap tenang dan percaya diri atas tindakannya. c) Lingkungan sekitar juga menjadi alasan pelaku konversi, agama mayoritas masyarakat sekitar juga dapat mempengaruhi tindakan konversi pada agama semula
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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