1,720,986 research outputs found
Holocene hunter-gatherer plant use and foraging choice: a test from Minas Gerais, Brazil
Get PDFArchaeological remains of plant materials collected in dry caves from the cerrado region of Brazil were analyzed in light of prehistoric human diet. Focus was on the subsistence in the later half of the Holocene. At two sites, Lapa dos Bichos and Lapa Pintada, in the northern portion of the state of Minas Gerais domesticated plant foods occur in the archaeological deposits. At the site of Lapa dos Bichos, maize (Zea mays) and manioc (cassava, Manihot esculenta) are first found in the archaeological strata dating between 2000 and 750 years BP. In the deposits dated between 750 and 150 years BP squash and beans are also found. Alongside the remains of domesticated edible foods are native foods and many other plants. In total the research cataloged 822 morphological types of seed and fruit remains collected in two millimeter or larger screen sizes. Of these, 98 types have been identified. Notable native plant foods include palm nuts (Syagrus oleracea), passion fruit (Passiflora sp.), jatobá (Hymenaea sp.), umbu (Spondias tuberosa), and pequi ( Caryocar brasiliensis). Analysis of the plant remains from Lapa dos Bichos and Lapa Pintada addressed various questions. Within the archaeological sites, features presented excellent preservation of numerous plant seeds and fruits. Consideration of the possible functions of these features in relation to their form and composition led to the conclusion that they were likely accumulations of garbage. The archaeological record indicated that the introduction of domesticated species did not occur at one time; rather there were temporal variations for when these species were first utilized. Alongside the results of other projects, this observation indicates that the spread of domesticated plants was not driven by large scale population migration, but rather by a process of technological diffusion. The predictions of foraging theory models for changes in subsistence choices associated with the introduction of domesticated plant foods are not substantiated in the archaeological record of these two sites. The diversity of edible native plant foods increased with increases in the number of domesticated species utilized
People, plants, animals and other beings: a multi-perspective approach to amazonian cultural landscapes
No full textThis thesis employs a transdisciplinary and multi-perspective approach to explore how humans and a multitude of non-human beings in Amazonia interact to construct and sustain cultural landscapes. It investigates these relationships across both temporal and spatial scales, with a particular focus on the Ponta da Castanha archaeological site, a mosaic of cultural forests located in the Tefé National Forest in the middle Solimões River basin, Central Amazonia.Programa de Doctorat en Històri
Arqueobotânica no sítio Terra Preta do Mangabal, região do alto rio Tapajós
Get PDFThe present work proposes to investigate the relationship between people and plants in the upper Tapajós river from 1,200 years before the present (BP). The research study is based on the archaeobotanical remains recovered from the Terra Preta do Mangabal archaeological site, in the municipality of Itaituba, southwestern Pará. This site is found within the territory traditionally occupied by riverine people, descedants of rubber tappers and indigenous women, located within a Project of Agroextractive Settlement Montanha and Mangabal. To carry out this proposal, we will discuss the perspectives that have guided archaeobotanical studies, especially regardind the way in which they enable to contemplate and explore the issue of diversity. When closing the focus on the studied region, we will present an outline of the historical process of regional occupation through archaeological and ethno-historical works. Macroremains from the Terra Preta do Mangabal site, situated adjacente to strech of rapids the Tapajós river, will be an important point for reflection over the use of plants and spaces, as well as the human contributions to the floristic composition of its the region or the sites current vegetation.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESO presente trabalho tem como proposta investigar as relações entre pessoas e plantas no alto rio Tapajós a partir de 1.200 anos antes do presente (AP). O estudo da pesquisa é baseado nos vestígios arqueobotânicos recuperados no sítio arqueológico Terra Preta do Mangabal, no município de Itaituba, sudoeste do Pará. Esse sítio faz parte de território tradicionalmente ocupado por beiradeiros, descendentes de seringueiros e mulheres indígenas, situado dentro de um Projeto de Assentamento Agroextrativista (PAE) Montanha e Mangabal. Para realizar essa proposta serão discutidas as perspectivas que têm norteado trabalhos dentro da arqueobotânica, a forma que contemplam e exploram a questão da diversidade. Ao fechar o foco sobre a região estudada, apresenta um esboço do processo histórico de ocupação regional por meio de trabalhos arqueológicos e etnohistóricos. O sítio Terra Preta do Mangabal, acima das primeiras corredeiras do Tapajós, junto com as análises de macrovestígios botânicos, será um importante ponto para reflexão sobre o uso de plantas e espaços, assim como uma forma de discutir as contribuições humanas para a composição florística.Laranjeira
Archaeobotany and Social Changes in the Southwestern Amazon during the Middle Holocene
No full textNos últimos dez anos, há um crescente esforço na Arqueologia Amazônica para repensar as mudanças sociais e econômicas acerca dos processos de longa duração dos povos indígenas durante o período pré-colonial. O Período Formativo, cunhado para alocar tais populações em um estágio intermediário de evolução, vem sendo descontruído em prol de perspectivas alternativas sobre as formas de organização e interação que refletem o tecer e o constante re-tecer das redes ameríndias, com base em historicidades cíclicas contra-estatais que inibem a centralização política. Neste contexto, diversos estudos vêm contribuindo para a desvinculação dos traços materiais \"formativos\", tais quais a emergência da vida sedentária, de plantas domesticadas, da produção de cerâmicas utilitárias e um processo progressivo de intensificação da produtividade agrícola. Há uma gradativa mudança do fator ambiental, de gatilho de adaptações humanas para produto das escolhas sociais na formação de florestas antrópicas e criação de uma biodiversidade de plantas úteis. A crítica ao determinismo agrícola e à presença de staple foods se combina com um crescente investimento na compreensão acerca da convivência entre espécies domesticadas e silvestres e da existência de contextos de abandono de espécies domesticadas (como o milho), e nos abrem espaço para repensar o papel do cultivo na Amazônia Antiga. Neste cenário, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo reunir e produzir dados arquebotânicos que permitissem uma avaliação do modelo de intensificação agrícola e da construção de florestas antropogênicas. O Sudoeste Amazônico, marcado por uma transição entre savanas, cerrados e florestas, é a região em que teria ocorrido a domesticação de importantes cultivares indígenas (como a mandioca e a pupunha), e foi caracterizado como um dos locais de avanço do Período Formativo no passado. Através de uma análise diacrônica dos macro-vestígios vegetais presentes no sambaqui Monte Castelo entre as ocupações dos estratos Sinimbu (cal 7.423 - 6.936 A.P. a cal. 4.987 - 4.566 A.P.) e Bacabal (cal. 4.628 - 3.982 a cal. 803 - 624 A.P.), buscamos avaliar estas mudanças socioeconômicas transcorridas entre o Holoceno Médio e Tardio. Caracterizamos uma assembleia botânica formada por espécies domesticadas, manejadas e silvestres, típicas de diferentes ambientes, que indicam uma prática conjunta e constante de cultivo, manejo e coleta, que pode ter sido modificada no Holoceno Tardio por conta de transformações sociais na bacia do Rio Guaporé. Em suma, acompanhamos a história dos cultivos, junto à história dos processos de mudanças e continuidades nos padrões de mobilidade humana, e de dispersão das espécies identificadas, permeando-nos por um debate crítico acerca dos conceitos de agricultura, domesticação, evolução e complexidade social.In the last ten years, there has been a growing effort in Amazonian Archeology to rethink the social and economic changes in the long-term processes of indigenous peoples during the pre-colonial period. The Formative Period, coined to allocate such populations in an intermediate stage of evolution, has been deconstructed in favor of alternative perspectives on the forms of organization and interaction that reflect the weaving and constant re-weaving of Amerindian networks, based on cyclical historicities and counter-state policies that inhibit political centralization. In this context, several studies have contributed to the untying of the \"formative\" material traits, such as the emergence of sedentary life, domesticated plants, the production of utilitarian ceramics and a progressive process of intensification of agricultural productivity. There is a gradual change in the environmental factor, from the trigger of human adaptation to the product of social choices in the formation of anthropic forests and the creation of a biodiversity of useful plants. The critique of agricultural determinism and the presence of staple foods is combined with a growing investment in the understanding of the coexistence between domesticated and wild species and the existence of contexts of abandonment of domesticated species (such as corn), and open space for us to rethink the role of cultivation in the Ancient Amazon. In this scenario, the present research had the objective of gathering and producing archeobotanical data that allowed an evaluation of the model of agricultural intensification and the construction of anthropogenic forests. The Amazon Southwest, marked by a transition between savannas and forests, is the region in which the domestication of important indigenous cultivars (such as cassava and peach palm) would have occurred, and was characterized as one of the places of advancement of the Formative Period in the past. Through a diachronic analysis of plant macro-remains present in sambaqui Monte Castelo between the occupations of Sinimbu strata (cal 7423-6936 AP to cal 4987 - 4566 PA) and Bacabal (cal 4628 - 3982 to cal 803 - 624 AP ), we sought to evaluate these socioeconomic changes between the Middle and Late Holocene. We characterized a botanical assembly formed by domesticated, managed and wild species, typical of different environments, indicating a joint and constant practice of cultivation, management and collection that may have been modified in the Late Holocene due to social transformations in the Guaporé River basin. In short, we follow the history of crops, together with the history of the processes of changes and continuities in the patterns of human mobility, and of dispersion of the identified species, permeating us by a critical debate about the concepts of agriculture, domestication, evolution and social complexity
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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