1,721,590 research outputs found
Confucianism, Taoism and “Small-Talk Religion” of Feng Shen Yan Yi
No full text[[abstract]]成書於明代的神魔小說《封演義》 ，其內容係兼採前話本《武王伐紂平話》及當時民間流傳的各種商周戰爭故事，並加上作者豐富想像力而成。全書以「天命」角度敘寫武王伐紂、太公封神之事，但因藝術手法不如說部「四大奇書」，歷來由文學方面所作的評論頗為低下。本文透過「同其情的理解」角度，對《封神演義》進行價值重估，探討書中對既有的儒家義理、道家思想、道教神普的接受與改造，並反思該書「小說之教」對於中國、臺灣的道教與民間信仰所產生的影響。由是，吾人可知，就思想及對宗教信仰的影響層面而言，《封神演義》是一部不宜加以忽視 的古典小說。[[abstract]]The fantasy novel Feng Shen Yan Yi, written during the Ming Dynasty and adapted from the Huaben novel Wu Wang Fa Zhou Ping Hua, fictionalized the folktales of Shang and Zhou war stories using rich imagination. This book recounts the stories of King Wu’s crusade against King Zhou and Investiture of the Gods from the perspective of “fate”; however, its appraisal is much less favorable than the Four Great Masterpiece due to its artistic skills. From the view point of “empathetic understanding,” this paper reassesses the value of Feng Shen Yan Yi, discusses the reception and transformation of the existing Confucianism, Taoism and theogony of Taoism, and reflects on the effects of the “small-talk religion” on Taoism and folk religions in China and Taiwan. As a classical novel it is understood that the effects of Feng Shen Yan Yi on Chinese thought and religious beliefs cannot be underestimated
[[alternative]]A Story of Taoist Immortals in ＂Feng Shen Yan Yi＂
No full text[[abstract]] 《封神演義》，俗稱《封神榜》，又稱《封神傳》、是明代長篇神魔小說。作者運用自身豐富的想像力及廣博的宗教知識，整理當時民間流傳的戲曲、詞話、小說等，構築一個結構層次分明的封神世界，形成一部家喻戶曉的偉大著作。書中有為數眾多、各形各色的神仙、妖魔，他們各自擁有不同屬性的道術、法寶豐富多樣。這些仙人們不同於凡人的特殊能力，引發人們諸多的想像。他們的形象早以深入人心，成為人們耳熟能詳的人物，甚至成為民間信仰的宗教人物。因此本論文以《封神演義》中的道教神仙人物為主要研究對象，探究相關文獻，尋找神仙信仰中的文化意涵。 本論文共分成五章，第一章為緒論，提出研究動機與目的，接著描述與《封神演義》相關的前人研究成果，最後說明研究方法及章節安排。 第二章為「作者探究與故事溯源」，本章分三個部分：作者探究，以支持許仲琳說及陸西星說者較多，近年則以世代積累說的論點漸受到重視。故事溯源：追溯武王伐紂故事發生的源頭，探究《封神演義》與《武王伐紂平話》、《列國志傳》卷一、《三教源流搜神大全》及當時民間玄帝收魔故事的關係。人物設定依據：書中人物各有不同的來源依據，分別可從道教、佛教、泛靈信仰、上古神話中發現其淵源。 第三章為「封神世界的建構與神譜的分析」，封神世界的構築是一個輪迴不已的世界、神仙位階的的劃分自有作者獨特的安排，形成有別一般道教的神譜，提高仙人的地位，修仙到某一境界，得享悠遊自在的生活，而三百多位正神構成的天庭，成為類似一個以昊天上帝為首的天庭公務單位，為世間萬民服務，無形中形成一種神格的降黜。 第四章為「神仙人物的文化意涵」，探究《封神演義》中的宗教色彩，探索其在民間信仰與媒體傳播的現代意義。 第五章為結論，說明《封神演義》雖是以史實為框架，加入作者豐富的想像力所虛構而成的神魔小說，但它融合了三教與民間宗教的特色，重新加以組合，創造了與古籍不同的新神仙，佛道雜揉，充滿了世俗性格。藉由通俗文學及現代媒體的傳播功能，轉而成為民間信仰的新形象，進到傳統民俗文化的歷史傳承脈絡中，成為一股穩定民心的信仰力量。[[abstract]] ＂Feng Shen Yan Yi＂, commonly known as ＂Feng Shen Bang＂, also known as ＂Feng hen Zhuan＂, is a demon novel in the Ming Dynasty. The author used his rich imagination and extensive religious knowledge to organize the operas, words, novels, etc. that were popular at the time, and built a structured world with a clear hierarchy, forming a great work that is well known to all households. There are many gods and demons of various kinds in the book, and they each have a variety of Taoism and magic weapons with different attributes. These immortals have special abilities that are different from mortals and cause many imaginations. Their images have long been deeply rooted in people's hearts, and they have become familiar characters, even religious figures of folk beliefs. Therefore, this thesis takes the Taoist immortal characters in “Feng Shen Yan Yi” as the main research object, explores the relevant literature, and finds the cultural meaning in the immortal faith. This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction. It puts forward the research motivation and purpose, then describes the previous research results related to ＂Feng Shen Yan Yi＂, and finally explains the research methods and chapter arrangements. The second chapter is ＂Author's Inquiry and Story Tracing＂. The author's inquiry supports Xu Zhong Lin's and Lu Xixing's sayings more. In recent years, the argument based on the accumulation of generations has gradually gained attention. Tracing the origin of the story: trace back to the origin of the story of King Wu of Zhou defeating King Zhou of Shang, and explore the relationship between ＂ Feng Shen Yan Yi ＂ and ＂king of Wu's Conversation＂, ＂Biography of the Kingdoms＂ Volume 1, ＂The Complete Collection of the Three Religious Sources and Searching God＂ and the folk Emperor Xuan Emperor to conquer the demon. Character setting basis: The characters in the book have different origins, and their origin can be found in Taoism, Buddhism, folk beliefs, and drama novels. The third chapter is ＂The Construction of the God-Fighting World and the Analysis of God's Genealogy＂ The construction of the God-fighting world is a world of endless reincarnation. The division of the immortal ranks has its unique arrangement by the author, forming a different genealogy of Taoism, improving the status of the immortals, practicing immortality to a certain level, and enjoying a leisurely life. The heavenly court composed of more than 300 orthodox gods has become a heavenly court official unit headed by the God of Hao Tian, serving the peoples of the world, virtually forming a form of deities. The fourth chapter is ＂The Cultural Implications of the Immortal Characters＂, explores the religious features of worshipping and suppressing the Buddha in “Feng Shen Yan Yi ＂, and explores its modern significance in folk beliefs and modern media transmission. Chapter 5 is the conclusion, which shows that although ＂Feng Shen Yan Yi＂ is based on the historical facts and adds the author's rich imagination to the fictional demon fiction, it combines the characteristics of the Three Religions and folk religions and recombines them. This created a new deity different from ancient books, mixed with Buddhism and Taoism, full of worldly character. Through the popularization of popular literature and modern media, it has become a new image of folk beliefs, entered the historical heritage of traditional folk culture, and has become a belief force that stabilizes people's hearts
Health Shocks, Village Elections, and Long-Term Income: Evidence from Rural China
Full text linkUsing a sample of households in 48 Chinese villages for the period 1986-2002, this paper studies the dynamic effects of major health shocks on household income and the role played by village elections in mitigating these effects. Our results show that in the first 15 years after a shock, a shock-hit household on average falls short of its normal income trajectory by 11.8% and its recovery would take 19 years. Based on the premise that shock-hit families impose negative externalities on richer families by borrowing from them, our political economy model predicts that the outcome of village elections would differ from that of a standard median voter model in that the elected village leaders tend to adopt pro-poor policies. Our empirical study finds that villages are more likely to establish a healthcare plan after the election is introduced. In addition, village elections reduce the probability of a household to borrow by 16.7% when one of its working adults is seriously sick. As a result, they reduce more than half of the negative effect of a health shock on household income.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Personalized ontology learning for enhancing text mining effectiveness
No full textOver the last decade, the majority of existing search techniques is either keyword- based or category-based, resulting in unsatisfactory effectiveness. Meanwhile, studies have illustrated that more than 80% of users preferred personalized search results. As a result, many studies paid a great deal of efforts (referred to as col- laborative filtering) investigating on personalized notions for enhancing retrieval performance. One of the fundamental yet most challenging steps is to capture precise user information needs. Most Web users are inexperienced or lack the capability to express their needs properly, whereas the existent retrieval systems are highly sensitive to vocabulary.\ud
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Researchers have increasingly proposed the utilization of ontology-based tech- niques to improve current mining approaches. The related techniques are not only able to refine search intentions among specific generic domains, but also to access new knowledge by tracking semantic relations. In recent years, some researchers have attempted to build ontological user profiles according to discovered user background knowledge. The knowledge is considered to be both global and lo- cal analyses, which aim to produce tailored ontologies by a group of concepts.\ud
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However, a key problem here that has not been addressed is: how to accurately match diverse local information to universal global knowledge.\ud
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This research conducts a theoretical study on the use of personalized ontolo- gies to enhance text mining performance. The objective is to understand user information needs by a \bag-of-concepts" rather than \words". The concepts are gathered from a general world knowledge base named the Library of Congress Subject Headings. To return desirable search results, a novel ontology-based mining approach is introduced to discover accurate search intentions and learn personalized ontologies as user profiles. The approach can not only pinpoint users' individual intentions in a rough hierarchical structure, but can also in- terpret their needs by a set of acknowledged concepts. Along with global and local analyses, another solid concept matching approach is carried out to address about the mismatch between local information and world knowledge. Relevance features produced by the Relevance Feature Discovery model, are determined as representatives of local information. These features have been proven as the best alternative for user queries to avoid ambiguity and consistently outperform the features extracted by other filtering models. The two attempt-to-proposed ap- proaches are both evaluated by a scientific evaluation with the standard Reuters Corpus Volume 1 testing set. A comprehensive comparison is made with a num- ber of the state-of-the art baseline models, including TF-IDF, Rocchio, Okapi BM25, the deploying Pattern Taxonomy Model, and an ontology-based model.\ud
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The gathered results indicate that the top precision can be improved remarkably with the proposed ontology mining approach, where the matching approach is successful and achieves significant improvements in most information filtering measurements.\ud
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This research contributes to the fields of ontological filtering, user profiling, and knowledge representation. The related outputs are critical when systems are expected to return proper mining results and provide personalized services. The scientific findings have the potential to facilitate the design of advanced preference mining models, where impact on people's daily lives
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Tracing the fate of steroids through a hypersaline microbial mat (Kiritimati, Kiribati/Central Pacific)
No full textEukaryotic steranes are typically absent or occur in very low concentrations in Precambrian sedimentary rocks. However, it is as yet unclear whether this may reflect low source inputs or a preservational bias. For instance, it has been proposed that eukaryotic lipids were profoundly degraded in benthic microbial mats that were ubiquitous prior to the advent of vertical bioturbation in the Cambrian ("mat-seal effect"). It is therefore important to test the microbial turnover and degradation of eukaryotic steroids in real-world microbial mats. Here we assessed steroid inventories in different layers of a microbial mat from a hypersaline lake on Kiritimati (Central Pacific). Various eukaryote-derived C27 -C30 steroids were detected in all mat layers. These compounds most likely entered the mat system as unsaturated sterols from the water column or the topmost mat, and were progressively altered during burial in the deeper, anoxic mat layers over c. 103 years. This is reflected by increasing proportions of saturated sterols and sterenes, as well as the presence of thiosteranes in certain horizons. Sterol alteration can partly be assigned to microbial transformation but is also due to chemical reactions promoted by the reducing environment in the deeper mat layers. Notably, however, compounds with a sterane skeleton were similarly abundant in all mat layers and their absolute concentrations did not show any systematic decrease. The observed decrease of steroid/hopanoid ratios with depth may thus rather indicate a progressive "dilution" by lipids derived from heterotrophic bacteria. Further, pyrolysis revealed that steroids, in contrast to hopanoids, were not sequestered into non-extractable organic matter. This may lead to a preservational bias against steroids during later stages of burial. Taken together, steroid preservation in the microbial mat is not only controlled by heterotrophic degradation, but rather reflects a complex interplay of taphonomic processes
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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