1,721,031 research outputs found
A lifespan perspective on attachment and care for others: Empathy, altruism, and prosocial behavior
No full textItem does not contain fulltextAttachment theory (Bowlby, 1969/1982, 1973, 1980) is, at its core, a theory of prosocial behavior. It explains how, in early childhood, interactions with mindful, caring, and supportive parental figures ("attachment figures") create and solidify children's positive mental representations of others (as competent, dependable, and well intentioned), their pervasive sense of safety and security, and their ability to recognize, acknowledge, and regulate emotions. The theory has been supported by decades of developmental research, summarized in this volume, which implies the existence of an intergenerational transmission of security (or insecurity) that potentially creates a continuing crossgenerational stream of prosocial behavior - or its absence. The extension of the theory to some of the topics encountered in the broader psychological literature on prosocial behavior - empathy, compassion, generosity, forgiveness, and altruism (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2010, 2012) - is quite natural, and in recent years it has been accomplished in studies of the prosocial behavior of children, adolescents, and adults. Our purpose in this chapter is to highlight attachment-related research on prosocial behavior in different phases of the lifespan. We begin with a brief explanation of how the theory's basic concepts relate to prosocial attitudes, motives, emotions, and behavior. This explanation is summarized in a conceptual model of the association between parental sensitive responsiveness on one hand, and a child's empathy and prosocial behavior on the other, mediated by the child's attachment security, internal working models (IWMs), and effective emotion regulation. We follow the theoretical introduction with two major sections on prosocial emotions and behavior in childhood and in adulthood. We conclude the chapter with suggestions for future research involving children and adults
Attachment theory within a modern evolutionary framework
No full textBook synopsis: From foremost authorities, this comprehensive work is more than just the standard reference on attachment-it has "become indispensable" in the field. Coverage includes the origins and development of attachment theory; biological and evolutionary perspectives; and the role of attachment processes in personality, relationships, and mental health across the lifespan. The second edition has been substantially revised and expanded to incorporate significant recent advances in theory, research, and clinical applications
The malleability of forgiveness
No full textContains fulltext :
77228.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)In the last decade, the concept of forgiveness has received increasing theoretical and
empirical attention in both social, clinical, and developmental psychology.
Forgiveness is generally conceptualized as an intentional act by which people seek to
overcome their revengeful feelings and their inclination to avoid an offender. In our
lecture and chapter we will suggest that, despite the idea that forgiveness is
determined by deliberative and intentional processes, one’s level of forgiveness is at
least partly influenced by situational factors, and it may often be affected by
unconscious processes. To support this idea, we will review recent research findings
demonstrating that (a) over time, level of forgiveness regarding a past offense
fluctuates considerably, and that (b) subtle priming techniques can trigger people’s
willingness to forgive their offenders. For example, it has been demonstrated that
increased accessibility of prosocial values (i.e., helpfulness, social justice) facilitates
forgiveness, as do closeness primes, power primes, and subtle manipulations of
increased subjective temporal distance from the offense. Contrary to the notion of
forgiveness as a purely intentional and deliberative process, such findings suggest that
forgiveness is relatively malleable and that, over time, implicit situational cues may
help people to overcome their resentment toward an offender. Implications regarding
conceptualizations of forgiveness, as well as possible practical, therapeutic, and
societal implications will be discussed
Oxytocinergic circuitry motivates group loyalty
No full textHumans empathize with others (Batson, 1998), form long-term attachments to close others (see Chapter 1, this volume), and sacrifice their immediate self-interests to promote the overarching interests of the groups and communities they belong to (Dawes, 1980; Komorita & Parks, 1995; Ostrom, 1998; see also Chapter 19, this volume). These and related tendencies indicate that humans are a cooperative species (Bowles & Gintis, 2011; Nowak, Tarnita, & Wilson, 2010) and fit the idea that throughout evolution, prosocial behavior promotes the functioning of the individual’s ingroup, which in turn provides for levels of security and prosperity well beyond what individuals could possibly achieve alone (Darwin, 1873; Henrich & Henrich, 2007; Wilson, 2012). If these claims about humans’ sociality are true, it stands to reason that group affiliation has its roots in evolved neurobiological systems and circuitries. Here I pursue this possibility by focusing on emerging streams of research, from my own laboratory and those of others, on the role of brain oxytocin (OT). OT is a nine-amino-acid neuropeptide that functions as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter (Donaldson & Young, 2008; see also Chapters 1, 3, and 8, this volume) and has a well-documented role in reproduction and pair-bond formation (e.g., Carter, Grippo, Pournajafi-Nazarloo, Ruscio, & Porges, 2008). Here I argue and show that its functions are broader and include a range of social behaviors that promote the functioning of an individual’s group, including the tendency to protect the ingroup through competitive reactions to threatening outsiders. The starting point is a model (De Dreu, 2012a) delineating how hypothalamic release of OT modulates two critical functions underlying parochial cooperation, namely, ingroup trust and concern for (members of) the ingroup. Subsequent sections review the research evidence for these propositions and the implication that OT also motivates noncooperation toward rival outgroups. The final section summarizes the main conclusions and identifies avenues for new research into the link between OT and the regulation of intra- and intergroup relations
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
